In a small country town there lived a family of three persons—father, mother, and young son. Comfortably circumstanced, the parents testified their affection for their only child by loving care and gifts innumerable. Their great aim in life seemed to be to bring joy and pleasure into his life. The boy, for his part, reciprocated4 their love, and,[100] though of a somewhat nervous temperament5, was bright, vivacious6, and amiable7. There was nothing to mar8 the happiness of the family circle, which, to the delight of both parents, was one day enlarged by the addition of a little daughter.
They had taken it for granted that the coming of this baby sister would be equally pleasing to their boy, then nearly twelve years old. But his attitude towards her was indifferent, even cold; and, as time passed, he showed a dislike for the child as inexplicable9 as it was disappointing to his father and mother. Also, his disposition10 gradually changed. He was no longer high-spirited, but became moody11 and depressed12. He would sit by himself for hours, lost in mournful reverie. His parents, rightly suspecting that something was preying13 on his mind, tried to get his confidence. He put them off with evasive answers, or brusquely asserted that he was "all right."
The true explanation came to them in startling and gruesome fashion. Late one afternoon, his[101] father being absent from the house and his mother occupied downstairs, the boy made his way to the room, where his tiny sister was peacefully asleep in her crib. Only a short time passed before his mother's return upstairs, but in the interval14 the little one had been smothered15 to death by her jealous brother.
Such an instance of juvenile17 crime incited18 by the demon19 of jealousy is fortunately rare. But it by no means stands alone, and while the hand of reason usually restrains even jealous children, in no individual case is it possible to say with assurance that tragedy will not result if jealousy gets firm lodgment in the child's mind. If for this reason only, parents should regard with concern any repeated manifestations20 of jealousy, in no matter how mild and seemingly harmless a form. As a matter of fact, however, many parents are not in the least disturbed when their children give evidence of being jealous. Some parents seem to be positively22 pleased at signs of jealousy in their children, interpreting them as[102] proofs of the ardour of the children's love. One thoughtless mother put it thus:
"My little Jack23 is so fond of me that he cannot bear to see me show attention to any other child. It is really amusing how displeased24 he gets. He will push the other child away, climb into my lap, and almost smother16 me with kisses. If I persist in paying attention to somebody else, he will pout25 in the cutest way until I take him in my arms again."
It may, to be sure, be difficult at times to refrain from smiling at the absurd behaviour of jealous children. Just the same, jealousy is never a smiling matter and is always something which parents should try to root out without delay. The jealous child, if uncorrected, is all too likely to grow into a jealous adult, with tendencies which bring misery26 to himself, and which, if it becomes a question of sex-jealousy, may bring death to others. The parent who fails to attack jealousy when it first shows itself need not be surprised at any distortion of character or vagary27 of conduct that appears in later life. Jealousy, indeed,[103] may have strange and startling physical consequences. Here, for example, is a story from the experience of a veteran physician:
"I was once summoned to visit a lady who was represented as being very ill. On my arrival I was shown to the so-called sick-room, where three persons were present—an old lady, her daughter, and the daughter's husband. All of them seemed in good health. When I inquired which was my patient, there was silence for a moment. Then the daughter said:
"'I am the patient, and my complaint is jealousy. I am jealous of my husband, and if you do not give me something to relieve me I shall go out of my mind.'
"This, on the face of it, seemed preposterous28. She was a tall, fair, beautiful woman of about thirty. The husband, on the contrary, was several years older, a short, swarthy, plain man. It seemed to me more reasonable to suppose that he might have cause to be jealous of his wife, rather than she of[104] him. But she persisted in her statement, and declared that she had good reason to feel jealous.
"The husband insisted he had done nothing to justify29 her jealousy. She reasserted he had. In the midst of an outburst, distressing30 to listen to, she fell into a queer fit. With rhythmic31 regularity32, she went through various spasmodic convulsions. At one moment she would stand at full length, her body arched forward. The next instant she was in a sitting position, with her legs drawn33 up, her hands clutching her throat, and a guttural noise coming from her mouth. Then she would wildly throw her arms and legs around; after which she would rise to go through the same performance.
"It was necessary to give her a drug to quiet her. I learned that she had been subject to these attacks ever since she began to feel jealous of her husband. Inquiring more closely, I found that, quite without reason, she was specifically jealous of him in connection with a certain woman in the small town where he carried on his business. Thereupon I advised him,[105] for the sake of her health and his own peace of mind, to remove to another town. This having been done, her jealousy abated34 and the convulsive seizures35 ceased."
Of course, this mode of treatment—if treatment it should be called—gave no guarantee that the jealousy and the consequent convulsions would not recur36 under other circumstances. What the jealous wife really needed was psychical37 re-education to give her a saner38 philosophy of life, enabling her to get a better grip on her emotions, and, through this, to control better the workings of her nervous system. Here we touch on what is far and away the most important fact in the problem of jealousy—a fact unappreciated by too many parents, and, for that matter, likewise unappreciated by most writers on the pedagogy of childhood.
This fact is that jealousy, being always an evidence of uncontrollable emotionality, and itself serving still further to weaken emotional control, may, and often does, give rise to functional40 mental and[106] nervous troubles. These may appear during childhood, or their appearance may be postponed41 until adult life, as in the instance cited above. In either event, their underlying42 cause is always the same: failure to train the individual during early life to react with calmness, courage, and moderation to the stresses of existence.
In the case of a person of naturally phlegmatic43 nervous constitution, lack of such training does not do so much harm, for the reason that excessive emotional reactions are unlikely to occur, no matter what the provocation44. But when there is any marked degree of sensitiveness in the nervous organisation—as there usually is in our land: Americans being conspicuously45 of the so-called nervous temperament—the need for training in emotional control becomes imperative46. In the case of persons who have inherited any tendency to nervous ailments47, persons burdened with what is technically48 known as a neuropathic diathesis, absence of this training may be disastrous.
[107]
Parents, accordingly, will make no mistake in regarding any persistent49 manifestation21 of jealousy in their children as—like sulkiness—a danger-signal of real urgency and as indicating a special need for careful upbringing. Also, they should not be surprised if jealousy begins to show itself at an extremely early age. Some instances are on record of its appearance before the end of the first year. The naturalist50 Darwin noted51 its presence in his son at the age of fifteen and a half months. Arnold L. Gesell, one of the few scientists to make any extended research of jealousy, found that "infants will variously hold out their arms, fret52, whine53, or burst into violent crying, cover their face with their hands, or sulk, when their mothers caress54 or hold another baby." From the end of the second year jealousy is much in evidence, and is most variously motivated.
Commonest of all, perhaps, is the jealousy occasioned by the advent55 of a little brother or sister, who is looked upon as a rival for the parents' affections.[108] Or jealousy may be felt against one of the parents, little boys being frequently jealous of their fathers, and little girls of their mothers. Seemingly, they are unable to tolerate the love their parents feel for each other and would monopolise the affection of the parent of whom they are fonder. Again, there may be jealousy, sometimes of a violent sort, with regard to material possessions. Greatly to the profit of toy-makers, innumerable children have broken their toys to pieces in jealous rage at another child having been allowed to play with them. So, too, there may be jealousy with regard to food. A child will often eat food of which he is not really desirous, rather than see another gain pleasure from it.
As the child grows older, other objects and situations cause in him the unpleasant reaction of jealousy. On this point—the shifting causes of jealousy, through later childhood into adolescence—I cannot do better than quote at some length the findings of Professor M. V. O'Shea, of the University of Wisconsin,[109] as given in his "Social Development and Education," a book of great value to parents and teachers:
"The jealous attitude is manifested most strikingly in children from the fifth year on, in situations where competitors seek to exalt56 themselves in the eyes of those who have favours to distribute, or where the deeds and virtues57 of rivals are extolled58 by outsiders. Let K. begin to describe in the family circle some courageous59 or faithful deed he has performed, or painful experience he has endured, or duties he has discharged, and C., his natural rival, will at once seek to minimise the importance of the particular act for which praise is sought, so that K. may not be too highly thought of. Then C. will endeavour to attract attention to his own worth by describing more meritorious60 deeds which he has himself performed. He cannot easily submit to the attempts of his rival to gain the admiration61 of the company before whom he wishes to exhibit himself. But it is different in situations where K. and C. are united[110] in their interests, in opposition62 to other groups. Then C. is glad to reinforce the testimony63 of K. regarding his valorous deeds; and the principle works in just the same way when C. is seeking for favour, and K. is the jealous witness or the faithful comrade.
"It must be impressed that jealousy is an attitude assumed only by individuals in those situations in which they are competing for the same favours. Two children may be intensely jealous in their own homes; but they may abandon this attitude absolutely when they go into the world and compete as a unit with other groups. Normally, the jealousies64 between members of a family tend to disappear in the measure that their interests broaden, and they form new connections in the world. That is to say, according as persons cease to be keen rivals, they tend either to become indifferent to the successes of one another, or they may even rejoice in the good fortune of each other, and lose no opportunity to celebrate one another's virtues and merits. This[111] latter stage is not reached, however, until rivalry65, and so conflict, wholly ceases, and the contestants66 come to appreciate that their interests are mutual67, and each can help himself best by extolling68 the other. This is frequently seen in adult life, especially in political and professional partnerships69....
"As a general principle, the smaller the group of individuals who are in competition with one another, and the narrower the range of their interests, the more intense will be the jealous attitudes developed. As the group increases in membership and their interests and activities become more varied70, particular competitors normally come to occupy a less and less important place in any one individual's attention. It is as though the energy which in a restricted situation finds an outlet71 in one channel, perhaps, is discharged through various channels when the circle of persons and the range of interests to be reacted upon are enlarged. It is probable that most strictly72 social attitudes become less pronounced, though they are likely to become more habitual,[112] according as the occasions which call them forth73 are multiplied.
"This principle has an interesting application to the child when he enters school. His new personal environment makes such demands upon his attention and energy, in order that he may take the first steps in adjustment thereto, that the jealous attitudes are not aroused for some time, though they are liable to appear as he begins to feel at home in the new group. The beginner is usually in the learning or adaptive attitude; he is never, at the outset, resentful towards individuals in the group who may secure greater attention than himself from the teacher or his associates. The novice74 in school seeks, above everything else, to win the favour of those who, for any reason, are prominent in the group. He does not normally oppose his personality to that of any one who stands well with the crowd, or who has the support of tradition in his particular expressions....
"As the child grows to feel at ease in adjustment to the situations presented in the school, he commences[113] to assume attitudes of disapproval75, as well as approval, of the expressions of his associates, and even of the teacher. In due course—often by the fourth year in school, possibly earlier—he begins to manifest some feeling of jealousy towards those of his group who attain76 greater prominence77 in the work of the school than he does himself. However, according to the observations of the present writer, this feeling is not a dominant78 one at any period in the elementary school, except in the case of particular children who are displeased at any distinction in recitations or in conduct attained79 by their classmates.
"In the fourth grade of a certain elementary school of a Western city there are three backward boys who have been in this grade for two years, though they are bright enough in the things of the street. They are in a more or less hostile attitude towards all that goes on in the schoolroom, probably because they cannot succeed in it themselves, and so they would like to escape from it or destroy it. Now,[114] they make it unpleasant, so far as they are able, for all the boys in the grade who apply themselves to their tasks and get 'good marks.' On the playground these dullards 'pick on' the 'bright' boys; and in the school they ridicule80 them by 'snickering' at them, or 'making faces' at them, and so on, with the result that they deter81 some boys from doing their best in the schoolroom. These same three ill-adjusted boys will make fun of their mates who come to school 'dressed up in fine togs.' They are themselves attired82 in plain clothes suited to the rough experience of the street, and they resent the adoption83 of different styles by any of their associates. Further, they show jealous feeling towards boys who come from 'better' homes than their own, or from more 'aristocratic' parts of the city....
"It will not be necessary here to do more than to mention the chief incitement84 to jealousy after the beginning of the adolescent upheaval85, and lasting86 well on into middle life. The testimony of autobiographers, as well as the observations of psychologists,[115] indicates that rivalry for sex favours gives rise to most of the jealous attitudes of the adolescent up until full maturity87 is reached. Often, no doubt, it is the main cause of the jealousies of some people throughout their lives; but, normally, other and more general interests become stronger and more vital as maturity is approached. But, from the age of fifteen or sixteen on to twenty-five, or beyond, the sex needs and interests are supreme88, and the individual is sensitive to sex relations above all others. No pain is so keen at this time as that which arises from slight or indifference89 from persons of the opposite sex, and no experience will stir an individual so deeply as that which threatens to deprive him of the exclusive possession of the affections of the one he loves."
Whatever the cause, I repeat, parents should never delay in combating repeated manifestations of jealousy, in order to make sure of preventing possible acts of extreme violence, subtle distortions of character that may persist through life, and neurotic90[116] maladies of gradual or rapid development. To bring home concretely to every parent who happens to read these lines the danger menacing his own jealous child in this last respect, I cannot do better than cite from real life a few instances of nervous trouble directly and demonstrably due to jealousy.
An eminent91 neurologist had for a patient a young girl whose illness took the form of frenzied92, almost maniacal93, outbreaks. It was necessary at times to control her forcibly, and the fear of her family was that she was on the highway to insanity94, if she were not already insane. The neurologist noticed that she became most violent when her mother approached her bed. She would then cry out, strike at her mother, and wildly order her to leave the room. The mother was in despair at this behaviour, assuring the neurologist that she could not account for it, as she had always treated her daughter most affectionately—a statement which other relatives corroborated95.
To get to the bottom of this mystifying case, the[117] neurologist determined96 to make use of what is known as the method of dream-analysis. This method has, as a fundamental principle, the theory that most dreams, especially the dreams of childhood, represent the imaginary fulfilment of wishes which cannot be, or have not been, realised in the waking life. In the present instance, the application of dream-analysis proved most helpful. It showed that, asleep no less than when awake, the girl's mind was occupied with ideas unfavourable to her mother, and was dominated by a wish that her mother were dead. This was indicated by a number of dreams, in some of which she saw herself and her sisters dressed in mourning, while in others she was attending the funeral of women who resembled her mother.
Quite evidently a mental conflict was in progress, the girl sufficiently97 appreciating the sinfulness of the death—wish to resist its full emergence98 into consciousness, even during sleep. But its presence and persistence99, as revealed by the dreams, made it clear to the physician that he was dealing100, not with actual[118] insanity, but with a case of hysteria motivated by jealousy of the mother. Further analysis disclosed an abnormal fondness for the father, in whose affections the little daughter wished to reign101 alone.
Sometimes the hysteria traceable to jealousy presents symptoms ingeniously calculated to compel sympathetic attention from the parent who otherwise would continue to divide his or her affections in a manner displeasing102 to the jealous child. Thus, a small boy became subject to attacks of severe bodily pain, which came on, usually, at night, and were relieved only when his mother took him to bed with her, sending his father to sleep in another room. In this case, and in similar cases that have been studied by medical specialists, it is not a question of conscious deceit. The pain or other hysterical103 symptom is wholly the result of the sentiment of jealousy having so worked on the mind of a neurotically104 predisposed child as to cause a subconscious105 fabrication of symptoms certain to gain loving care.
Likewise, some children, and particularly children[119] of an inferior mentality106 or those handicapped by physical defects responsible for a seeming or real neglect of them by parents and playmates, will, under the influence of jealousy, become so disturbed nervously107 as to indulge in eccentricities108 of conduct, having for their object the compelling of the attention they feel they have been denied. For example, jealousy often is at the root of the pathological lying of neurotic children, who, on occasion, do not hesitate to bring outrageous109 charges against innocent persons. Their purpose is not to injure these persons; they tell their morbid110 lies simply because they wish to become objects of interested and sympathetic attention. For the same reason, other jealousy-dominated children sometimes concoct111 elaborate deceptions112, notably113 in the way of what are called "poltergeist" performances.
From time to time newspapers report stories of haunted houses, in which small articles of furniture and bric-à-brac are flung about by mischievous114 ghosts—hence the name "poltergeists"—that remain[120] invisible. When investigation115 is made, the "ghost" usually turns out to be a small boy or girl, who frequently is regarded as being merely a naughty child, and is punished accordingly. This is a mistake. It is not naughtiness, but hysteria. And, not infrequently, it is hysteria brought on by jealousy.[7]
President Hall, of Clark University, who has made a special study of children's lies, fittingly comments:
"Without knowing it, these hysterical girls feel disinherited and robbed of their birthright. Their bourgeoning woman's instinct to be the centre of interest and admiration bursts all bounds, and they speak and act out things which with others would be only secret reverie. Thus they can not only be appreciated but wondered at; can almost become priestesses, pythonesses, maenads, and set their mates, neighbours, or even great savants agog39 and agape, while they have their fling at life, reckless of consequences. Thus they can be of consequence,[121] respected, observed, envied, perhaps even studied. So they defy their fate and wreak116 their little souls upon experience with abandon and have their supreme satisfaction for a day, impelled117 to do so by blind instinct which their intellect is too undeveloped to restrain. And all this because their actual life is so dull and empty."[8]
Nor does the mischief118 done by jealousy in the case of nervously inclined children stop here. It is particularly important for parents to know that there may be a postponement119 of its evil effects. That is, though the jealous child, while a child, may not show more than a general nervousness and may seemingly outgrow120 his jealousy without ill effect, it is entirely121 possible that in later life mental or nervous troubles may appear as a result of the subconscious retention122 of the jealous notions that have long since vanished from conscious remembrance. I might cite a number of instances strikingly illustrative of this, but will be content with giving only one—the case of a man[122] about thirty years old, who did not dare go outdoors because he was obsessed123 by a fear that he would kill the first person he met in the street.
"My life," he told the physician whose aid he sought, "is one long torment124. There are days when I have myself locked in my room, as I cannot venture on the street with the murderous longings125 that fill my mind. I spend much of my time planning alibis126 to escape the consequences of the murder I feel sure I shall commit. Is there any hope for me, short of imprisonment127 in an asylum128 for the dangerously insane?"
This man, as his answers to the specialist's questions made clear, was actually of a splendid character and highly cultured. His one peculiarity129 was this dangerous obsession130. Psychological analysis to trace its origin was undertaken, and led back to his childhood. It had, as the setting giving it force and keeping it alive, a deep-seated jealousy of his father, experienced before the age of seven. More specifically, it originated in a murderous wish, entertained[123] one day when father and son were walking together, to push his father from a mountain-top into an abyss. The child had at once recognised that this wish was wicked. He had violently repressed it, had tried to forget it, and had seemingly succeeded in doing so. But in his neurotic subconsciousness131 it had remained alive, to incubate and grow, until it finally blossomed into the murderous and painfully persistent obsession against people in general.
Surely, it is worth while to watch for and eradicate132 jealousy in childhood. Surely, too, it is worth while to develop emotional control in your children while they still are very young, and to avoid giving reason for jealousy by showing a real neglect in satisfying their natural craving133 for sympathy and love. On the other hand, it is equally important to avoid being over-attentive to them. This, as brought out in detail in the second chapter, is the great danger to be feared when there is only one child in the family, the exuberance134 of the parental135 love filling the child[124] with exaggerated ideas of his own importance that are sure to be rudely jostled when he comes into contact with other children.
From these other children, as from his school teachers and casual visitors to his home, he will unconsciously demand the adulation shown by his parents. Failing to receive it, jealousy is all too apt to seize him, and, out of jealousy, nervous symptoms or character kinks are a probable result—symptoms and kinks which may, perhaps, never be entirely overcome.
What, then, is the moral of all this? What practical suggestions may be made that will help parents to cope with the problem of children's jealousy? For one thing, and most important, there must be no showing of favouritism, if you have more than one child. By your whole attitude towards your children you must make plain to them that each one ought to be, and is, equally dear to you. Of course, however, this does not mean that you should go to the foolish extreme of some parents, who carry the[125] principle of equality so far as to give identical presents to their children. This does not serve as a corrective and preventive of jealousy; rather, it simply panders136 to it, and is, at bottom, a confession137 of helplessness on the parents' part.
The real need is to give your children a home environment of such a character that the instinct of human sympathy will be highly developed in them. Jealousy has its roots in selfishness, in an over-development of what may be called the ego-centric instinct. The jealous child is pre-eminently a child unduly138 occupied with thoughts of self. His personal desires and his personal interests are of paramount139 importance to him, just because he has not been taught that the one truly self-satisfying ideal of life is to find joy in bringing joy to others. To be sure, he cannot be taught this by direct instruction when he is very small. But indirectly140, through the subtle force of suggestion, he can be taught it even then, if he is given a good parental example.
His parents themselves, not merely to prevent the[126] budding of the sentiment of jealousy, but for the sake of the child's moral education in general, must set him an example of unselfishness. In their relations with each other, with their friends, with casual visitors to their home, they must maintain an altruistic141, rather than an ego-centric, attitude. Showing true love for their child, they must—and this is especially necessary in the case of an only child—cause the child unconsciously to realise that he is not, and should not be, the sole object of their thoughts; that they have other interests, other duties in life. Unless he is constitutionally abnormal, a child brought up in such an atmosphere of general, self-forgetting kindliness142 is almost certain to acquire the same healthy philosophy of life that his parents have—a philosophy inimical to jealousy in every form.
As an aid to the same end, it is important to begin, at as early a time as possible, to train the child to occupy his mind actively143 with games and studies of educational significance. It is a fact which scarcely[127] needs demonstration144 that the child in whom love of study and interest in subjects of study are developed at an early age will be a child unlikely to become unhealthily occupied with thoughts of himself. He will have too many and too strong external interests to have either time or desire for morbid self-communing.
In fine, you may set this down as certain: the more you inspire in your children external interests in play and work, doing this partly by direct teaching and partly by setting them an example of industrious145 activity, the less reason you will have to fear that they will fall victims to the handicap of jealousy or to the nervous maladies resultant from any form of excessive preoccupation with thoughts of self.
If, however, despite your best efforts, your child does develop jealous characteristics in marked degree, the safest and wisest thing you can do is to take him at once to a good specialist in the treatment of mental and nervous troubles. It may be[128] that the jealousy is only the resultant of some unsuspected error of his upbringing, but it may also be symptomatic of some serious disorder146 requiring careful medical treatment.
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jealousy
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| n.妒忌，嫉妒，猜忌 | |
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disastrous
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| adj.灾难性的，造成灾害的；极坏的，很糟的 | |
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tragic
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| adj.悲剧的，悲剧性的，悲惨的 | |
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reciprocated
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| v.报答，酬答( reciprocate的过去式和过去分词 )；（机器的部件）直线往复运动 | |
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temperament
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| n.气质，性格，性情 | |
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vivacious
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| adj.活泼的，快活的 | |
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amiable
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| adj.和蔼可亲的，友善的，亲切的 | |
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mar
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| vt.破坏，毁坏，弄糟 | |
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inexplicable
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| adj.无法解释的，难理解的 | |
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disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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moody
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| adj.心情不稳的，易怒的，喜怒无常的 | |
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depressed
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| adj.沮丧的，抑郁的，不景气的，萧条的 | |
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preying
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| v.掠食( prey的现在分词 )；掠食；折磨；（人）靠欺诈为生 | |
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interval
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| n.间隔，间距；幕间休息，中场休息 | |
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smothered
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| （使）窒息， （使）透不过气( smother的过去式和过去分词 )； 覆盖； 忍住； 抑制 | |
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smother
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| vt./vi.使窒息；抑制；闷死；n.浓烟；窒息 | |
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juvenile
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| n.青少年，少年读物；adj.青少年的，幼稚的 | |
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incited
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| 刺激，激励，煽动( incite的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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demon
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| n.魔鬼，恶魔 | |
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manifestations
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| n.表示，显示（manifestation的复数形式） | |
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manifestation
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| n.表现形式；表明；现象 | |
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positively
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| adv.明确地，断然，坚决地；实在，确实 | |
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jack
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| n.插座，千斤顶，男人；v.抬起，提醒，扛举；n.（Jake）杰克 | |
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displeased
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| a.不快的 | |
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pout
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| v.撅嘴；绷脸；n.撅嘴；生气，不高兴 | |
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misery
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| n.痛苦，苦恼，苦难；悲惨的境遇，贫苦 | |
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vagary
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| n.妄想，不可测之事，异想天开 | |
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preposterous
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| adj.荒谬的，可笑的 | |
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justify
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| vt.证明…正当(或有理)，为…辩护 | |
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distressing
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| a.使人痛苦的 | |
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rhythmic
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| adj.有节奏的，有韵律的 | |
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regularity
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| n.规律性，规则性；匀称，整齐 | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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abated
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| 减少( abate的过去式和过去分词 )； 减去； 降价； 撤消（诉讼） | |
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35
seizures
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| n.起获( seizure的名词复数 )；没收；充公；起获的赃物 | |
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recur
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| vi.复发，重现，再发生 | |
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psychical
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| adj.有关特异功能现象的；有关特异功能官能的；灵魂的；心灵的 | |
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saner
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| adj.心智健全的( sane的比较级 )；神志正常的；明智的；稳健的 | |
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agog
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| adj.兴奋的，有强烈兴趣的； adv.渴望地 | |
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functional
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| adj.为实用而设计的，具备功能的，起作用的 | |
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41
postponed
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| vt.& vi.延期，缓办，（使）延迟vt.把…放在次要地位；[语]把…放在后面（或句尾）vi.（疟疾等）延缓发作（或复发） | |
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42
underlying
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| adj.在下面的，含蓄的，潜在的 | |
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phlegmatic
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| adj.冷静的，冷淡的，冷漠的，无活力的 | |
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provocation
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| n.激怒，刺激，挑拨，挑衅的事物，激怒的原因 | |
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conspicuously
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| ad.明显地，惹人注目地 | |
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46
imperative
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| n.命令，需要；规则；祈使语气；adj.强制的；紧急的 | |
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ailments
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| 疾病（尤指慢性病），不适( ailment的名词复数 ) | |
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48
technically
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| adv.专门地，技术上地 | |
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49
persistent
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| adj.坚持不懈的，执意的；持续的 | |
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50
naturalist
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| n.博物学家(尤指直接观察动植物者) | |
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51
noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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52
fret
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| v.(使)烦恼；(使)焦急；(使)腐蚀，(使)磨损 | |
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53
whine
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| v.哀号，号哭；n.哀鸣 | |
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54
caress
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| vt./n.爱抚，抚摸 | |
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55
advent
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| n.(重要事件等的)到来，来临 | |
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56
exalt
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| v.赞扬，歌颂，晋升，提升 | |
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57
virtues
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| 美德( virtue的名词复数 )； 德行； 优点； 长处 | |
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58
extolled
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| v.赞颂，赞扬，赞美( extol的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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59
courageous
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| adj.勇敢的，有胆量的 | |
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60
meritorious
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| adj.值得赞赏的 | |
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61
admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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62
opposition
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| n.反对，敌对 | |
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63
testimony
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| n.证词；见证，证明 | |
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64
jealousies
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| n.妒忌( jealousy的名词复数 )；妒羡 | |
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65
rivalry
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| n.竞争，竞赛，对抗 | |
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66
contestants
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| n.竞争者，参赛者( contestant的名词复数 ) | |
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67
mutual
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| adj.相互的，彼此的；共同的，共有的 | |
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68
extolling
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| v.赞美( extoll的现在分词 )；赞颂，赞扬，赞美( extol的现在分词 ) | |
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69
partnerships
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| n.伙伴关系( partnership的名词复数 )；合伙人身份；合作关系 | |
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varied
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| adj.多样的，多变化的 | |
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71
outlet
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| n.出口/路；销路；批发商店；通风口；发泄 | |
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strictly
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| adv.严厉地，严格地；严密地 | |
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73
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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74
novice
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| adj.新手的，生手的 | |
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75
disapproval
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| n.反对，不赞成 | |
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76
attain
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| vt.达到，获得，完成 | |
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77
prominence
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| n.突出；显著；杰出；重要 | |
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78
dominant
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| adj.支配的，统治的；占优势的；显性的；n.主因，要素，主要的人(或物)；显性基因 | |
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79
attained
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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80
ridicule
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| v.讥讽，挖苦；n.嘲弄 | |
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81
deter
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| vt.阻止，使不敢，吓住 | |
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82
attired
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| adj.穿着整齐的v.使穿上衣服，使穿上盛装( attire的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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83
adoption
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| n.采用，采纳，通过；收养 | |
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84
incitement
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| 激励； 刺激； 煽动； 激励物 | |
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85
upheaval
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| n.胀起，(地壳)的隆起；剧变，动乱 | |
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86
lasting
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| adj.永久的，永恒的；vbl.持续，维持 | |
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87
maturity
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| n.成熟；完成；(支票、债券等)到期 | |
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88
supreme
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| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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89
indifference
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| n.不感兴趣，不关心，冷淡，不在乎 | |
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90
neurotic
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| adj.神经病的，神经过敏的；n.神经过敏者，神经病患者 | |
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91
eminent
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| adj.显赫的，杰出的，有名的，优良的 | |
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92
frenzied
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| a.激怒的；疯狂的 | |
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93
maniacal
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| adj.发疯的 | |
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94
insanity
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| n.疯狂，精神错乱；极端的愚蠢，荒唐 | |
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95
corroborated
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| v.证实，支持（某种说法、信仰、理论等）( corroborate的过去式 ) | |
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96
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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97
sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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98
emergence
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| n.浮现，显现，出现，（植物）突出体 | |
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99
persistence
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| n.坚持，持续，存留 | |
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100
dealing
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| n.经商方法，待人态度 | |
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101
reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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102
displeasing
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| 不愉快的，令人发火的 | |
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103
hysterical
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| adj.情绪异常激动的，歇斯底里般的 | |
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104
neurotically
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105
subconscious
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| n./adj.潜意识(的)，下意识(的) | |
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106
mentality
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| n.心理，思想，脑力 | |
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107
nervously
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| adv.神情激动地，不安地 | |
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108
eccentricities
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| n.古怪行为( eccentricity的名词复数 )；反常；怪癖 | |
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109
outrageous
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| adj.无理的，令人不能容忍的 | |
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110
morbid
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| adj.病的；致病的；病态的；可怕的 | |
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111
concoct
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| v.调合，制造 | |
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112
deceptions
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| 欺骗( deception的名词复数 )； 骗术，诡计 | |
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113
notably
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| adv.值得注意地，显著地，尤其地，特别地 | |
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114
mischievous
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| adj.调皮的，恶作剧的，有害的，伤人的 | |
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115
investigation
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| n.调查，调查研究 | |
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116
wreak
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| v.发泄；报复 | |
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117
impelled
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| v.推动、推进或敦促某人做某事( impel的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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118
mischief
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| n.损害，伤害，危害；恶作剧，捣蛋，胡闹 | |
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119
postponement
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| n.推迟 | |
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120
outgrow
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| vt.长大得使…不再适用；成长得不再要 | |
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121
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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122
retention
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| n.保留，保持，保持力，记忆力 | |
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123
obsessed
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| adj.心神不宁的,鬼迷心窍的,沉迷的 | |
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124
torment
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| n.折磨；令人痛苦的东西(人)；vt.折磨；纠缠 | |
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125
longings
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| 渴望，盼望( longing的名词复数 ) | |
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126
alibis
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| 某人在别处的证据( alibi的名词复数 )； 不在犯罪现场的证人； 借口； 托辞 | |
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127
imprisonment
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| n.关押，监禁，坐牢 | |
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128
asylum
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| n.避难所，庇护所，避难 | |
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129
peculiarity
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| n.独特性，特色；特殊的东西；怪癖 | |
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130
obsession
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| n.困扰，无法摆脱的思想(或情感) | |
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131
subconsciousness
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| 潜意识；下意识 | |
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132
eradicate
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| v.根除，消灭，杜绝 | |
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133
craving
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| n.渴望,热望 | |
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134
exuberance
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| n.丰富；繁荣 | |
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135
parental
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| adj.父母的；父的；母的 | |
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136
panders
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| v.迎合（他人的低级趣味或淫欲）( pander的第三人称单数 )；纵容某人；迁就某事物 | |
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137
confession
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| n.自白，供认，承认 | |
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138
unduly
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| adv.过度地，不适当地 | |
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139
paramount
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| a.最重要的，最高权力的 | |
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140
indirectly
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| adv.间接地，不直接了当地 | |
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141
altruistic
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| adj.无私的，为他人着想的 | |
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142
kindliness
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| n.厚道，亲切，友好的行为 | |
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143
actively
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| adv.积极地，勤奋地 | |
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144
demonstration
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| n.表明，示范，论证，示威 | |
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145
industrious
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| adj.勤劳的，刻苦的，奋发的 | |
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146
disorder
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| n.紊乱，混乱；骚动，骚乱；疾病，失调 | |
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