When parents fail to teach their children to control their emotions; when they foster in them exaggerated notions of their importance by giving way to the children in everything, being over-solicitous about them, performing duties for them which the children should early be taught to perform for themselves, selfishness is an almost inevitable10 outgrowth. The children, in addition, may become quite unfitted to cope with the stresses of existence. And they may further become so psychically12 disorganised that, if after a time they no longer find themselves always having their own way, there may develop nervous symptoms which not merely are the product of an inner emotional storm, but are strangely designed to[133] fulfil the nervous one's latent wish to remain the centre of interest and influence. Or, more bluntly stated, nervous attacks frequently are sheer manifestations13 of selfishness. It is selfishness that gives rise to them, and, though the victim may not be at all conscious of the fact, they represent an abnormal effort of the personality to attain14 selfish ends.
This is not theory. It is an established truth, and is demonstrable from the case-histories of many nervous patients, adults and children alike. And, with increasing use of the most advanced methods of mental analysis, the influence of selfishness in causing nervous ailments15 is certain to become more widely appreciated than it is at present. Not that selfishness is the causal factor in all nervous cases. It would be absurdly false to assert anything of the kind, but the proportion of cases in which it does figure is astonishingly high. Parents need to know this; they need to recognise that failure to curb16 selfishness during the formative period of childhood may mean nervous wreckage17, as well as the distorting[134] of character. In the case of a child of so-called "nervous temperament18"—a child, that is to say, who begins life with an unstable19 nervous organisation20 by reason of inherited weaknesses—nervous wreckage is almost certain to be the result of neglect to take precautions against the growth of selfishness. The full effects of parental21 neglect in this regard may not be visible for many years, but frequently they become disconcertingly evident while the child still is young. A case reported to me by a well-known American neurologist and psychopathologist is decidedly to the point in this connection, and may well be given in some detail.
It is the case of a girl of fourteen who was brought to the neurologist because of nervous symptoms which took the form of periods of anxiety and depression, alternating with outbreaks of great irritability22. The girl, her mother stated, seemed to have lost interest in everything. At times she would sit mournfully weeping; at others, fall into a passion for no apparent reason. More than once she had declared[135] that she wanted to die. She could not, or would not, give any explanation of this most singular behaviour.
Making a diagnosis24 of functional, rather than organic, disease, the neurologist resorted to dream-analysis to get at the hidden causes of trouble. At his request, the girl related several dreams, all of which had the noticeable peculiarity26 that in them the dreamer herself was, to an unusual extent, the dominant27 figure of the dream-action. Another striking feature of her dreams was that many of them had to do with imaginary experiences of a painful character befalling either the dreamer's father or her brother. Mindful of the theory that dreams are directly or indirectly28 representative of secret wishes, the neurologist questioned his little patient about her family life. She frankly29 admitted that she disliked her father, and was not overfond of her brother. She disliked the father—or, as she vehemently30 said, "hated" him—because he scolded her. Her coldness towards her brother arose from the fact that her[136] mother had fallen into the habit of tactlessly holding him up as a model of good behaviour.
"I love my mother, though," she added, "because she is good to me, and generally lets me do what I want."
Summoning the mother to a private conference, the physician learned that, from early childhood, his patient had been very obstinate31 and self-willed. Her mother, through mistaken affection, had pampered32 her. She had literally33 made herself a slave to the daughter, even to the extent of giving up evening engagements that she might sit by her daughter's bed, gently stroking her head until she fell asleep.
"She cannot sleep unless I do this," said the mother, "and though I have lately tried to discontinue it, I cannot, because she cries and shrieks35 until I come to her."
To the neurologist the situation was now perfectly36 clear. The daughter's nervous symptoms were manifestly the not surprising reaction of a personality untrained in emotional control and unexpectedly confronted[137] by a novel and painful state of affairs—the mother's half-hearted attempt to break away from her self-imposed slavery. However, it would hardly do to tell the mother that her early mismanagement of the child was responsible for the neurotic38 condition which had developed, and that this neurotic condition was, in reality, only a subconsciously40 originated device to reassert the daughter's waning41 authority over her mother. What the neurologist did say was:
"Madam, if you want your daughter to get well, you must at once stop this practice of stroking her to sleep. I must ask you to begin to-night. Send your daughter to her room, leave her in bed, shut and lock the door, and let her shriek34. This may seem hard and cruel, but it is actually a greater kindness than a continuance of the stroking would be. It is, indeed, a first and necessary step in her cure."
The mother obeyed. For two nights the house resounded42 with the girl's cries. The third night she went to bed and to sleep without a protest. Then the physician once more sent for the mother.
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"You are soon leaving town for the summer, I understand," he said. "What are you going to do with your daughter?"
"Why, take her with us, of course."
"You must do nothing of the sort. Instead, send her to a girls' camp. She needs contact with other girls; she needs the discipline such contact will give her. It is far and away the best medicine she can have. Her recovery depends solely43 on her developing a new point of view, a mental outlook that will extend beyond herself. This is what a good camp for girls can give her."
The outcome vindicated44 his words. That fall the nervously45 depressed46 girl came back from a summer in camp radiantly happy and with a vastly altered disposition47. Since then her parents have had no trouble with her.
Please, however, understand clearly that she was really a sick girl when her mother took her to my neurological friend. It was not simply a question of dealing48 with a "naughty" girl. The depression,[139] the tears, the attacks of irritability were not deliberately49 put on to excite sympathy and to play on the mother's affections. This assuredly was their basic purpose, but they were the product of subconscious39, not conscious, mental action. They were the resultant of an emotional stress, the responsibility for which rested not with the girl herself but with her mother's unwise treatment of her. If she had become neurotic, it was because her mother had made her so. What she needed, and all she needed, was psychic11 re-education, and this she obtained through the neurologist's common-sense method of cure.
The fact that such cases are indicative, not of mere4 naughtiness, but of the action of an inner force operating independently of the victim's conscious volition50, will become more apparent when I add that sometimes the symptoms causing medical aid to be invoked51 are physical instead of mental. In one typical case of this sort a neurologist was summoned to examine a small boy who had been attacked by a peculiar25 weakness of the legs. To all appearance, he was[140] in perfect bodily health, but when he attempted to walk his legs gave way, and he would fall, unless quickly supported. The most careful testing failed to reveal any organic cause for this condition, and a diagnosis of juvenile52 hysteria was made. It was learned that the boy's trouble began soon after he had met in the street a badly crippled, semi-paralysed man, whose appearance had evidently made a deep impression on his mind, as he spoke53 of it, when he got home, in terms partly of astonishment54 and partly of fear. There could be no doubt that the sight of this man had acted as a "suggestion" to cause the development of a somewhat similar condition in the boy himself. The question remained, why should the mere seeing of a crippled man have sufficient suggestive force to bring on an hysterical55 crippling? For undoubtedly56 the boy must have had not a few equally distressing57 experiences long before this one.
On investigation58 it turned out that at the time he saw the cripple he was under considerable mental[141] strain. A petted, spoiled child, he had rebelled against being sent to school. He would much rather stay home and play by himself or with his mother. His parents' desires in the matter were as nothing to him: it was what he wanted that was the important thing. For once, though, the parents insisted on being obeyed by their thoroughly59 selfish boy. He had to go to school, and go to school he did, until the hysterical paralysis60 set in. This paralysis, of course, was somewhat inconvenient61, since it limited his opportunities for play, but it at least had the advantage of keeping him from attending the school that he detested62. The boy himself was not in the slightest conscious of the part thus played by selfish wishing in the development of his diseased condition. He was really frightened at finding himself unable to stand and walk. Nevertheless, so strong was his antipathy63 against school that it was some time before the suggestion of paralysis was broken down by appropriate psychotherapeutic treatment.
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Other cases even more extraordinary are recorded in medical annals. One "spoiled child," a little girl not five years old, had a series of convulsive attacks, following the unexpected refusal of her parents to grant a request that involved risk to her if they granted it. After the convulsions she was paralysed in her lower limbs, and the parents, terrified, called in an eminent64 specialist in nervous diseases. Fortunately, the specialist recognised almost at once that it was a case of hysterical paralysis, brought on by lack of discipline and lack of training in emotional control, and he obtained the parents' permission to isolate65 the little girl and treat her as he deemed best. His treatment was harsh, but exceedingly effective. For two days he starved the child, then put a bowl of bread and milk some distance from her bed. The suggestion of food was too strong for the suggestion of paralysis. Without further ado, she skipped nimbly out of bed and secured the bowl. But the specialist did not reproach her for being a naughty girl. His reproaches were for the parents,[143] to whom he gave some greatly needed advice as to her future upbringing.
Hysterical pains, contractures, swellings, even hysterical blindness, have been observed in children who, after having been unduly66 indulged, feel that their father or mother, as the case may be, is no longer as attentive67 to and lenient68 with them as they would like. More frequently, under such conditions, the symptoms of nervousness are chiefly mental, or, if physical, are confined to muscular twitchings, slight involuntary movements of the face, head, hands, and similar manifestations. Unhappily, the true significance of these is often overlooked. They are thought to be defects which the child will "outgrow," and in many cases they certainly are outgrown69, to all appearance. But, if the moral weaknesses underlying70 them—the self-centredness, the deficiency in emotional control—are not in the meantime corrected, at any crisis in adult life there is likely to result a nervous breakdown71 or a serious attack of hysteria. Indeed, in not a few cases of adult hysteria,[144] the causal agency of selfishness is unmistakably in evidence to those accustomed to interpreting nervous symptoms. There are plenty of men and women whose chronic72 neuroticism73 is motivated by a subconscious craving74 to be the centre of attraction, or to be perpetually dominant in the family life. There are other unfortunates who, when their will is seriously crossed, take refuge, like the boys and girls just mentioned, in various forms of nervous disease. The curious experience of a New England physician, Doctor A. Myerson, for some time connected with the Boston Psychopathic Hospital, is by no means as unique as might be thought.
This physician was summoned to attend a woman suffering from what was supposed to be a cerebral75 hemorrhage. She no longer was able to move her right arm, right leg, or the right side of her face, and had entirely76 lost the power of speech. For many months previous to the onset77 of this deplorable condition she had been troubled at irregular intervals78 by headaches, nausea79, and fainting spells. The patient[145] herself and her friends had little doubt that she was in so serious a condition that recovery could not be expected. But Doctor Myerson, making use of the most up-to-date methods of neurological diagnosis, soon was able to reach a reassuring80 verdict. It was a case, he found, not of organic, but of functional paralysis—in fine, a case of hysteria. And, in the end, by employing what is technically81 known as the method of "indirect suggestion," he actually re-educated the paralyzed woman both to walk and to talk.
Meantime, he made a searching inquiry82 to ascertain83 just why she had been stricken by hysterical paralysis. He discovered, for one thing, that the patient's fainting and vomiting84 spells and her headaches had usually followed bitter quarrels with her husband—and usually had the effect of placing victory on her side. There was one point, nevertheless, on which the husband was immovable. He was a poor man and could not grant his wife's insistent85 demand to move to a more expensive neighbourhood. He[146] would not have granted it if he could, for in the particular neighbourhood to which she wished to move she had friends whom he regarded as undesirable86. It appeared that the attack of paralysis and speechlessness had been preceded by an exceptionally bitter quarrel over this question of moving—"a quarrel which," to quote from Doctor Myerson's report, "had lasted for a whole day and into the night of the attack."
Thus, the attack itself could be correctly interpreted as the supreme87 effort of a self-centred, neurotic personality to gain a desired end. But, while making this interpretation88, Doctor Myerson was quick to add, in his report on the case, that the attack had not by any means been brought on through the patient's "conscious purpose or volition." It was all an affair of her subconsciousness89, working in a blind, abnormal, irrational90 way to help attain the object of her conscious desire. That her subconsciousness should work so abnormally and so disastrously91 was chiefly due, beyond any doubt, to the[147] absence of adequate training in self-control and emotional restraint.
But it is not only as a strange, irrational mode of fulfilling a wish that hysteria and other nervous disorders93 may become manifest in selfish people. Without this element of wishing entering in at all, nervousness is particularly likely to attack the selfish. Many nervous conditions are directly brought on by conscious or subconscious fixing of the thoughts on the bodily processes. We are so constituted that our internal organs work best when we pay no attention to them—or, more strictly95, when we pay no attention to the physical sensations to which they give rise while working. If, for any reason, our attention is turned to and held on these sensations, they at once become exaggerated, and the organs giving rise to them tend to function badly. In this way any bodily organ may be disturbed in its action, and general symptoms of nervousness result through nothing but over-attention.
An eminent New York physician, Doctor J. J.[148] Walsh, who has given special thought to this aspect of the problem of nervousness, states the case more fully23, as follows:
"If something has particularly attracted a patient's attention to some part of his anatomy96, and if his attention is concentrated on it and allowed to dwell long on it, his feelings may be so exaggerated as to tempt37 him to think that they are connected with some definite pathological condition, and he may even translate them into serious portents97 of organic disease. If a patient once begins to waste nervous energy on himself because of solicitude98 with regard to these symptoms, then it will not be long before feelings of tiredness, incapacity for work, at times insomnia99 and certain disturbances100 of memory, are likely to be noted102. Then the neurasthenic picture seems to be complete.
"This is the process so picturesquely103 called 'short-circuiting,' by which nervous energy exhausts itself upon the individual himself instead of in the accomplishment104 of external work. Many of[149] the worst cases of so-called neurasthenia have their origin in this process. It is true that this set of events is much more likely to occur among people of lowered nervous vitality105, but, under certain conditions, it may develop in those who are otherwise in good health up to the moment when the attention happened to be particularly called to certain feelings. The physician can start these patients off anew, after improving their physical condition, if he can only bring them to see how much their concentration of mind upon themselves is the cause of their symptoms."[9]
Now, of all people likely to be thus afflicted, the selfish man or woman is by all means the likeliest, simply because his or her every mode of thinking revolves106 about self. It is the selfish man's wishes, his pleasures, his grievances107, his reverses, that are of supreme importance to him. When, moreover, his early upbringing has been such as to leave him sadly short in emotional control, any passing disturbance101[150] in the workings of his internal organs may easily hold disastrous92 consequences for him. He worries over little ailments—as, for example, a slight attack of indigestion—to which people of less self-centred nature would give little or no thought. And, by his persistent108 worrying and his persistent over-attention to the way his stomach works, it may not be long before he has become a victim of chronic nervous dyspepsia.
Of course, unselfish people who are lacking in emotional control, or carry about with them the unassimilated memory of childhood emotional shocks, may likewise become nervous invalids109 of one sort or another. But they are much less likely to do this than selfish people are, if only because the unselfish are not so eternally occupied with themselves. They have externalised their thoughts; they have neither time nor inclination110 to think about trivial aches and pains. Unless overwhelmed by an unexpected emotional shock—for instance, by the sudden death of a beloved relative or by the shock of some great fright—they[151] are likely to go through life comfortably and normally enough. On the other hand, the selfish person is always in danger of becoming morbidly112 introspective, with resultant damage to the functioning of his nervous system.
Besides all this, there is the important consideration that to be selfish means to be unhappy. Even if actual nervous ailments of a serious sort are escaped by the selfish, unhappiness in the social relations and in the family relations is certain to be experienced. It is my firm belief that, more than any other single cause, selfishness is responsible for misunderstandings and increasing bitterness between husband and wife, ending all too often in a breakdown of the sacred institution of marriage. To deal successfully with that dread113 problem of to-day—the divorce evil—we must, I submit, first appreciate how basic in marriage failure is the factor of selfishness. To this theme I now invite the attention of my parent-readers, for it is a theme of particular interest to them. If I am correct, it is through education[152] for marriage and, most of all, through education against selfishness that the divorce problem can most surely he solved.
What a problem it is! And a problem that has been steadily114 growing in seriousness. In the twenty years from 1867 to 1886, according to figures compiled by the United States Census115 Bureau, 328,716 divorces were granted throughout the country. In the next twenty years—that is, from 1887 to 1906—divorces aggregated116 the enormous total of 945,625. In other words, in a period of only twenty years nearly two million men and women in the United States had their marriage ties legally severed117, the break-up being at the rate of about one hundred and thirty divorces a day.
And this increase has been progressively growing year after year. In 1867 there were only 9,937 divorces for the entire country. In 1906 no fewer than 72,012 divorces were granted. Four years ago an unofficial estimate put the annual divorce crop at nearly one hundred thousand, or, roughly, one[153] hundred divorces for every one hundred thousand of population. The same estimate indicated that one marriage in every twelve ends in divorce.
Nor do these figures afford a complete view of the extent to which marital118 infelicity obtains in the United States. Every year thousands of marriages virtually, or actually, terminate without recourse to the courts. Men and women who have entered into the marriage state really in love with each other, develop so-called "incompatibilities of temperament" which transform love into indifference119, even hate. Reluctant to seek divorce—perhaps conscientiously120 opposed to it—they continue to live together, husband and wife in name only, or they arrange a voluntary separation. Many others escape from what they have come to regard as an intolerable yoke121 by the easy expedient122 of desertion, not necessarily followed by court proceedings123. It is impossible to give exact figures, but unquestionably the number of marriages which collapse124 in divorce is a comparatively small proportion of all unhappy marriages.
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Taking the increase in divorce, however, as a concrete, definite measure of marriage failure, the problem of explanation and remedy remains125 obviously and sufficiently126 urgent. And it must be said that as a rule the offered solutions are either evasive or superficial.
Some investigators127, despairing of finding any solution, insist that the increase in divorce is an unavoidable product of the complex, strenuous128 life of modern civilisation129. Others, much of the same mind, advocate "trial marriages" as a palliative. Still others, singularly lacking in courtesy, or of a myopic130 vision so far as women are concerned, throw the blame on the "feminist131 movement," on the increasing emancipation132 of woman from her old-time position of slavish inferiority. Finally, there are investigators who, noting that the increase in divorce has steadily been gaining momentum133 since the Civil War, attribute this to the difference in economic conditions before and after the war. In effect, they say that there are more divorces because the country is wealthier, the[155] inference being that increased national prosperity has had an unsettling effect on the national life.
That this contention134 is sound cannot be gainsaid135; but it does not go deep enough. Of itself, it no more explains the increase in divorce than it does the increase in crime and the increase in mental and nervous disease, equally in evidence since the Civil War. These, too, there is warrant for affirming, have increased because of changed economic conditions. It remains, however, to ascertain the precise factor or factors brought into operation by this economic change to account for the growth in crime, insanity136, nervous troubles, and divorce. And, in this connection, it is most interesting and important to observe that, so far as concerns crime, insanity, and nervous troubles, recent research has made clear exactly why there has been an increase and how this may best be checked.
It is now recognised that, psychologically speaking, crime, insanity, and nervousness represent an imperfect adaptation to the environment in which the[156] criminal, the lunatic, or the nervous person lives. This failure of adaptation may be due either to inborn137 lack of capacity to meet the requirements of the environment, or to lack of proper training.
Not so many years ago it was the consensus138 of scientific opinion that in most cases of crime, insanity and nervousness the victim was hopelessly handicapped from the start by the nature of his being. There was much talk of "inherited criminality," "congenital brain defects," and "neuropathic inheritance." But observation and experiment have compelled an almost complete abandonment of this doctrine139 of fatal degeneration. To-day scientists largely hold that not more than 1 or 2 per cent. of criminals can be stigmatised as criminals by birth; that insanity is not inheritable, like eye-colour or hair-colour; and that nervousness is, at bottom, an acquired, rather than inherited, disorder94.
Accordingly, if crime, insanity, and nervousness are on the increase, it follows that faults of training, rather than innate140 and unescapable tendencies, are[157] the responsible factors. More specifically, crime, insanity, and nervousness have increased because no adequate effort has been made, by appropriate training, to fit the individual to withstand the extra strain put upon him by the economic changes of the past half century.
Still further, modern scientific research has discovered the specific training fault which, more than anything else, accounts for the failure in adaptation. Stated briefly, this fault consists in neglect to develop moral and emotional control during the first years of life.
In the case of criminality it has been proved, by repeated experiment tried on a large scale,[10] that even the descendants of a long line of criminals, if carefully trained in early childhood, will lead upright lives. In the case of insanity, the discovery that the three principal causes of mental disease are excessive indulgence in alcohol, sexual indiscretions, and emotional stress, points directly to the importance[158] of training, aimed at the development of moral control. But most impressive, as emphasising the need for beginning this training at an early age, is the evidence accumulated in the case of those functional maladies, hysteria, neurasthenia, and psychasthenia—evidence which we have already discussed in much detail in these pages.
Study the history of every case of "nervous breakdown," of psychasthenic fear, of hysterical anxiety and disabilities, of neurasthenic aches and pains, and there will always be found a background of emotional intensity141 and self-centredness, persisting from early childhood. Hence, the demand of the modern neurologist and medical psychologist for training in youth that will foster control of the emotions and that will habituate the individual to forget self in useful activities. "The mind occupied with external interests will have neither time nor inclination to feed upon itself."
If, therefore, the one sure check to the increase in crime, insanity, and nervous disorders is moral training[159] in early life, can it be doubted that the same process offers the strongest means of checking the tendency to flood the divorce courts?
Ninety-nine divorces out of every hundred, it is safe to say, result from errors of thinking and living—errors directly traceable to shortcomings in early training. Selfishness and lack of control—these, I insist, are the usual elements out of which divorces grow. And what are these but bad habits, for which good habits might have been substituted had proper precautions been taken by the parents in the plastic, formative period of youth? Even in respect to the sexual phase of marriage—that phase in which so many marriages come to grief—the trouble, when trouble occurs, may, in most cases, be wholly attributed to parental thoughtlessness or ignorance. On the sexual side, as on all sides of married life, the great need is for education for marriage.
It is not my intention here to go into details. It must suffice to say that investigation has shown that[160] the sexual impulse begins to manifest itself in sundry142 ways far earlier than most parents appreciate, and that unless care is taken to observe and offset143 eccentricities144 of behaviour possibly containing a sexual element, permanent harm may result.
For example, there often is a sexual element in the cruelty with which not a few children treat play-fellows or household pets. The exaggerated affection little boys sometimes display for their mothers, and little girls for their fathers, is to-day likewise regarded by many medical psychologists as a sexual signal calling for educational measures to insure a more even distribution of affection for both parents. These same psychologists insist that at the first obvious signs of interest in sexual matters—as when the child begins to ask questions about his origin—he should be given frank, if tactful, elementary instruction in the facts of sex. Recall the quotation145 previously146 made from Havelock Ellis in this connection. Evasive or untruthful answers will not do. They only fix the attention more strongly on the subject,[161] and from this fixing of the attention a dangerously morbid111 interest in things sexual may develop.
Clearly, parents who would do their full duty by their children have no easy task before them. Yet everything combines to show that unless they make a business of parenthood—and, in especial, unless, by direct instruction and the force of good example, they develop in their children the virtues147 of self-control and self-forgetfulness—the after lives of those children, when themselves married, will be anything but happy, and may, in addition, be lives marred148 by some form of serious nervous or mental disturbance.
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jealousy
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| n.妒忌，嫉妒，猜忌 | |
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blemishes
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| n.（身体的）瘢点( blemish的名词复数 )；伤疤；瑕疵；污点 | |
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harmonious
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| adj.和睦的，调和的，和谐的，协调的 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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condemned
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| adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词 | |
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afflicted
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| 使受痛苦，折磨( afflict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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briefly
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| adv.简单地，简短地 | |
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imperative
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| n.命令，需要；规则；祈使语气；adj.强制的；紧急的 | |
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functional
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inevitable
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| adj.不可避免的，必然发生的 | |
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psychic
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| n.对超自然力敏感的人；adj.有超自然力的 | |
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psychically
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manifestations
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attain
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| vt.达到，获得，完成 | |
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ailments
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curb
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wreckage
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temperament
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unstable
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organisation
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parental
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irritability
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fully
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diagnosis
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peculiar
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peculiarity
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dominant
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indirectly
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frankly
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| adv.坦白地，直率地；坦率地说 | |
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vehemently
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| adv. 热烈地 | |
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obstinate
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| adj.顽固的，倔强的，不易屈服的，较难治愈的 | |
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pampered
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| adj.饮食过量的，饮食奢侈的v.纵容，宠，娇养( pamper的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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literally
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| adv.照字面意义，逐字地；确实 | |
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shriek
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| v./n.尖叫，叫喊 | |
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shrieks
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| n.尖叫声( shriek的名词复数 )v.尖叫( shriek的第三人称单数 ) | |
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perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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37
tempt
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| vt.引诱，勾引，吸引，引起…的兴趣 | |
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38
neurotic
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| adj.神经病的，神经过敏的；n.神经过敏者，神经病患者 | |
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subconscious
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| n./adj.潜意识(的)，下意识(的) | |
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40
subconsciously
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| ad.下意识地，潜意识地 | |
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41
waning
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| adj.（月亮）渐亏的，逐渐减弱或变小的n.月亏v.衰落( wane的现在分词 )；（月）亏；变小；变暗淡 | |
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42
resounded
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| v.（指声音等）回荡于某处( resound的过去式和过去分词 )；产生回响；（指某处）回荡着声音 | |
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43
solely
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| adv.仅仅，唯一地 | |
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44
vindicated
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| v.澄清（某人/某事物）受到的责难或嫌疑( vindicate的过去式和过去分词 )；表明或证明（所争辩的事物）属实、正当、有效等；维护 | |
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nervously
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| adv.神情激动地，不安地 | |
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depressed
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| adj.沮丧的，抑郁的，不景气的，萧条的 | |
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47
disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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48
dealing
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| n.经商方法，待人态度 | |
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49
deliberately
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| adv.审慎地；蓄意地；故意地 | |
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50
volition
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| n.意志；决意 | |
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51
invoked
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| v.援引( invoke的过去式和过去分词 )；行使（权利等）；祈求救助；恳求 | |
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52
juvenile
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| n.青少年，少年读物；adj.青少年的，幼稚的 | |
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53
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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54
astonishment
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| n.惊奇，惊异 | |
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55
hysterical
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| adj.情绪异常激动的，歇斯底里般的 | |
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undoubtedly
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| adv.确实地，无疑地 | |
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57
distressing
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| a.使人痛苦的 | |
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58
investigation
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| n.调查，调查研究 | |
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59
thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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60
paralysis
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| n.麻痹(症)；瘫痪(症) | |
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61
inconvenient
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| adj.不方便的，令人感到麻烦的 | |
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62
detested
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| v.憎恶，嫌恶，痛恨( detest的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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63
antipathy
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| n.憎恶；反感，引起反感的人或事物 | |
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64
eminent
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| adj.显赫的，杰出的，有名的，优良的 | |
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65
isolate
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| vt.使孤立，隔离 | |
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66
unduly
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| adv.过度地，不适当地 | |
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67
attentive
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| adj.注意的，专心的；关心(别人)的，殷勤的 | |
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68
lenient
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| adj.宽大的，仁慈的 | |
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69
outgrown
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| 长[发展] 得超过（某物）的范围( outgrow的过去分词 )； 长[发展]得不能再要（某物）； 长得比…快； 生长速度超过 | |
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70
underlying
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| adj.在下面的，含蓄的，潜在的 | |
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71
breakdown
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| n.垮，衰竭；损坏，故障，倒塌 | |
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chronic
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| adj.(疾病)长期未愈的，慢性的；极坏的 | |
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73
neuroticism
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| n.神经过敏症 | |
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74
craving
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| n.渴望,热望 | |
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75
cerebral
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| adj.脑的，大脑的；有智力的，理智型的 | |
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76
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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77
onset
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| n.进攻，袭击，开始，突然开始 | |
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78
intervals
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| n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息 | |
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79
nausea
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| n.作呕，恶心；极端的憎恶(或厌恶) | |
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80
reassuring
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| a.使人消除恐惧和疑虑的，使人放心的 | |
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81
technically
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| adv.专门地，技术上地 | |
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82
inquiry
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| n.打听，询问，调查，查问 | |
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83
ascertain
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| vt.发现，确定，查明，弄清 | |
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84
vomiting
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| 吐 | |
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85
insistent
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| adj.迫切的，坚持的 | |
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86
undesirable
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| adj.不受欢迎的，不良的，不合意的，讨厌的；n.不受欢迎的人，不良分子 | |
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87
supreme
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| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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88
interpretation
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| n.解释，说明，描述；艺术处理 | |
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89
subconsciousness
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| 潜意识；下意识 | |
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90
irrational
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| adj.无理性的，失去理性的 | |
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91
disastrously
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| ad.灾难性地 | |
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92
disastrous
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| adj.灾难性的，造成灾害的；极坏的，很糟的 | |
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93
disorders
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| n.混乱( disorder的名词复数 )；凌乱；骚乱；（身心、机能）失调 | |
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94
disorder
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| n.紊乱，混乱；骚动，骚乱；疾病，失调 | |
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95
strictly
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| adv.严厉地，严格地；严密地 | |
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96
anatomy
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| n.解剖学，解剖；功能，结构，组织 | |
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97
portents
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| n.预兆( portent的名词复数 )；征兆；怪事；奇物 | |
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98
solicitude
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| n.焦虑 | |
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99
insomnia
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| n.失眠，失眠症 | |
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100
disturbances
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| n.骚乱( disturbance的名词复数 )；打扰；困扰；障碍 | |
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101
disturbance
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| n.动乱，骚动；打扰，干扰；(身心)失调 | |
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102
noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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103
picturesquely
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104
accomplishment
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| n.完成，成就，（pl.）造诣，技能 | |
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105
vitality
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| n.活力，生命力，效力 | |
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106
revolves
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| v.（使）旋转( revolve的第三人称单数 )；细想 | |
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107
grievances
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| n.委屈( grievance的名词复数 )；苦衷；不满；牢骚 | |
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108
persistent
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| adj.坚持不懈的，执意的；持续的 | |
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109
invalids
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| 病人，残疾者( invalid的名词复数 ) | |
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110
inclination
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| n.倾斜；点头；弯腰；斜坡；倾度；倾向；爱好 | |
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111
morbid
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| adj.病的；致病的；病态的；可怕的 | |
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112
morbidly
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| adv.病态地 | |
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113
dread
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| vt.担忧，忧虑；惧怕，不敢；n.担忧，畏惧 | |
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114
steadily
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| adv.稳定地；不变地；持续地 | |
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115
census
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| n.(官方的)人口调查，人口普查 | |
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116
aggregated
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| a.聚合的，合计的 | |
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117
severed
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| v.切断，断绝( sever的过去式和过去分词 )；断，裂 | |
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118
marital
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| adj.婚姻的，夫妻的 | |
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119
indifference
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| n.不感兴趣，不关心，冷淡，不在乎 | |
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120
conscientiously
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| adv.凭良心地；认真地，负责尽职地；老老实实 | |
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121
yoke
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| n.轭；支配；v.给...上轭，连接，使成配偶 | |
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122
expedient
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| adj.有用的，有利的；n.紧急的办法，权宜之计 | |
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123
proceedings
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| n.进程，过程，议程；诉讼(程序)；公报 | |
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124
collapse
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| vi.累倒；昏倒；倒塌；塌陷 | |
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125
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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126
sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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127
investigators
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| n.调查者，审查者( investigator的名词复数 ) | |
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128
strenuous
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| adj.奋发的，使劲的；紧张的；热烈的，狂热的 | |
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129
civilisation
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| n.文明，文化，开化，教化 | |
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130
myopic
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| adj.目光短浅的，缺乏远见的 | |
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131
feminist
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| adj.主张男女平等的，女权主义的 | |
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132
emancipation
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| n.（从束缚、支配下）解放 | |
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133
momentum
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| n.动力，冲力，势头；动量 | |
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134
contention
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| n.争论，争辩，论战；论点，主张 | |
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135
gainsaid
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| v.否认，反驳( gainsay的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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136
insanity
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| n.疯狂，精神错乱；极端的愚蠢，荒唐 | |
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137
inborn
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| adj.天生的，生来的，先天的 | |
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138
consensus
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| n.(意见等的)一致，一致同意，共识 | |
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139
doctrine
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| n.教义；主义；学说 | |
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140
innate
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| adj.天生的，固有的，天赋的 | |
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141
intensity
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| n.强烈，剧烈；强度；烈度 | |
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142
sundry
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| adj.各式各样的，种种的 | |
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143
offset
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| n.分支，补偿；v.抵消，补偿 | |
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144
eccentricities
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| n.古怪行为( eccentricity的名词复数 )；反常；怪癖 | |
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145
quotation
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| n.引文，引语，语录；报价，牌价，行情 | |
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146
previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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147
virtues
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| 美德( virtue的名词复数 )； 德行； 优点； 长处 | |
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148
marred
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| adj. 被损毁, 污损的 | |
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