The Island is a narrow strip of land, little more than one hundred miles across in its broadest portion and only about twenty miles at its narrowest. From Cape Maisi to Cape San Antonio the length of the outer coast line is seven hundred and thirty miles. In the absence of a precise survey, figures are uncertain, and estimates vary, but it is probable that the territory of the Republic, which includes the Isle5 of Pines and a number of outlying cayos, is somewhat less than forty-five thousand square miles in extent; an area slightly greater than that of the State of Pennsylvania.
The upper side of the Island forms a broad converse6 curve, with a northerly trend. It is broken by few marked irregularities. The southern coast takes a corresponding curve and in general parallels the other shore. It differs, however, in having several pronounced indentations, the largest of which are the Golfo de Buena Esperanza and the Golfo de la Broa. Along this periphery7 are found four or five of those peculiar8 pouch-like harbors which,
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RIVER SCENE, ISLE OF PINES.
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together with numerous coral reefs and islands of varying dimensions that fringe the shore line, are the most notable features of the Cuban coast. These cayos, or keys, fall into four distinct groups and number about one thousand three hundred. The principal line of these low lying islands extends from the Ensenado de Cardenas to the vicinity of Nuevitas, and includes Cayo Romano, seventy-four miles in length. The second line runs from Bahia Honda to Cape San Antonio. The third, which is the most numerous, forms a scattered9 group between the Isle of Pines and the mainland. The fourth, known as Cayos de las Doce Leguas, lies off the coast of Camaguey.
The Isle of Pines is distant sixty miles from Batabano, which is the point of communication with the mainland. Its area is about twelve hundred square miles. The northern shores of Cuba are generally characterized by rocky bluffs10, which frequently rise to a height of several hundred feet. The littoral11 of the western bend is low, and this feature prevails along the south to Cape Cruz, with the exception of a rugged12 stretch of about fifty miles to the east of Cienfuegos. Save for this strip, the shore from Cape San Antonio to the mouth of the{4} Cauto is lined with marsh13 of varying depth. The protuberant14 piece of land between the bight of the Broa and Bahia de Cochinos is entirely15 occupied by the great Zapata swamp, which has an area of more than two hundred square miles. It is an almost impenetrable tropical jungle of the densest16 vegetation, teeming17 with animal life. This wilderness18 has often afforded a safe refuge to defeated and harassed19 bands of insurrectos. Along the eastern butt20 of the island the coast is mountainous.
Topographically, the territory of Cuba comprises five distinct divisions, three of them distinctly mountainous, and two in which the surface is low, or of moderate relief. The easternmost of these divisions coincides closely to the boundaries of the Province of Oriente and is for the greater part mountainous. The second, corresponding approximately with the Province of Camaguey, is made up of plains or open rolling country, relieved by occasional hills. The third division includes the mountainous and hilly sections of Santa Clara. The fourth consists of a long stretch of flat or undulating country, accentuated21 here and there by elevations22 of several hundred feet; it includes the western portion of Santa Clara Province and{5} the whole of the Provinces of Matanzas and Habana, as well as about one-fourth of the Province of Pinar del Rio at its eastern end. The fifth division takes in the greater part of the last-named Province, and is characterized by a well defined mountain range, with numerous detached hills and mesas. A clearer conception of the surface conformation of Cuba may be gained by a more detailed23 survey of its mountains and plains, without regard to the natural topographic divisions described.
The Province of Oriente contains a greater mountainous area than is to be found in all the rest of the Island. The system consists of several groups having diverse constructures, but more or less closely connected with one another. Here many peaks exceed five thousand feet and one, Pico Turquino, rises to an altitude of over eight thousand feet. The principal range is the Sierra Maestra, extending from Cape Cruz to Guantanamo Bay. Along its western end, this chain rises abruptly24 out of the seas, but as it approaches Santiago, recedes25 somewhat from the shore, leaving a narrow coastal26 plain. East of Guantanamo there is a range, much less unbroken and uniform than the Sierra Madre, which continues to Cape Maisi and thence along{6} the north coast until it meets the rugged Cuchillas at Baracoa. Extending westward27 from this mountain mass are strings28 of high plateaus and mesas, forming the northern wall of the great amphitheatre which drains into Guantanamo Bay. In this northern section the most prominent feature of the system is the range comprising the Sierras Cristal and Nipe, whose general trend is east and west. To the south is a country having the character of a deeply dissected29 plateau. The broad, flat topped summits of so many elevations in the eastern part of Cuba lead to the belief that all the mountains in this section have been carved from a huge lofty plateau. Considered as a whole, therefore, the mountains of Oriente form two marginal ranges which merge31 at the east end of the Province and diverge32 toward the west. Between these divergent ranges lies the broad, undulating expanse famous as the valley of the Cauto, which widens as it stretches westward and ultimately merges33 with the more extensive plains of Camaguey.
The central mountainous region of Cuba is situated34 in the Province of Santa Clara. This system consists of four groups having a general direction toward north and south and at
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THE FAMOUS PALMS OF CAMAGUEY.
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points reaching both coasts. In the area between Cienfuegos, Trinidad and Sancti Spiritus is an extensive cluster of rounded hills, dominated by Potrerillo, nearly three thousand feet high, and interspersed35 with the most beautiful and fertile valleys.
The Cordillera de los Organos, or Organ Mountains, run almost along the middle line of the Province of Pinar del Rio, paralleling the northern coast. The range commences about twenty miles to the west of the boundary of Habana Province and extends to the estuary36 of the Colorado, thus traversing three-fourths of Pinar del Rio.
The greater part of the Province of Camaguey is free from hills. The principal elevations are found in the north-eastern portion, where the Sierra de Cubitas is situated.
Aside from the mountains and hills described, the general surface of Cuba is a low, gently undulating plain. The elevations of some of the principal interior cities are as follows: Pinar del Rio, one hundred and three feet above sea level; Cuevitas, ninety-eight feet; Camaguey, three hundred and twenty-four feet; Santa Clara, three hundred and forty feet.{8}
Except in the southeast corner of Oriente, the streams of Cuba all follow a normal course to the coast. Owing to the shape of the Island, therefore, none of them has any considerable length or volume, nor are any navigable with the exception of the Cauto, which permits of the passage of light draft boats to a distance of fifty miles from its mouth.
Cuba is noted37 for its spacious38 land-locked harbors. Their extraordinary lake-like formation has been the subject of many more or less fanciful explanations. The following statement of Dr. C. W. Hayes, of the U. S. Geological Survey, seems to fully40 account for the phenomenon:
“The depressions occupied by the water forming these harbors appear to be due to erosion by streams flowing into the sea during a recent geologic39 period when the land stood somewhat higher than now. In other words, drowned drainage basins. Their peculiar shape, a narrow seaward channel and a broad landward expansion, is due to the relation of hard and soft rocks which generally prevail along the coast. Wherever the conditions are favorable for the growth of corals, a fringing reef is built upon whatever rocks happen to be{9} at sea level, and as the land rises or sinks this rock reef forms a veneer41 of varying thickness upon the seaward land surface. The rocks on which this veneer rests are generally limestones42 and marls, much softer and more easily eroded43 than coral rock. Hence several small streams, instead of each flowing directly to the sea by its own channel, are diverted to a single narrow channel through the hard coral rock, while they excavate44 a basin of greater or less extent in the softer rocks back from the coast.
“The fact that the land has recently stood at a sufficiently45 higher level to enable the streams to excavate such basins is proven by the sandfilled channel in the Habana harbor entrance and by borings made near the mouth of the Rio San Juan at Santiago, showing that the present rock floor lies below the level of the sea. Doubtless similar filled channels would be discovered in the other harbors of this class if they were properly sounded.
“It is interesting to note that along the Cuban coast precisely46 similar basins are now being excavated47 which would form pouch-shaped harbors if the land should be slightly depressed48. Several such basins were observed eastward49 from Santiago. If the coast at Ma{10}tanzas were to sink thirty feet or more, a portion of the Yumuri valley would be flooded, forming a broad basin connected with the sea by a narrow entrance, the present Yumuri Gorge50.”
The chief harbors of the type in question are those of Habana, Cienfuegos, and Santiago de Cuba. Other important harbors, more or less of the same formation, are Bahia Honda, Nuevitas, Gibara, Nipe Bay and Baracoa. Matanzas and Cardenas are exceptions. By far the greater number of good harbors are on the north coast. On the south, aside from those which have already been mentioned, Guantanamo Bay is the only one of consequence. Other harbors on this side of the Island, such as Manzanillo and Batabano are merely open roadsteads, generally lacking in depth, and securing more or less shelter from outlying keys and reefs.
Cuba was reclaimed51 from the sea by a great mountain-making movement in late tertiary time. During the Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs the Island underwent a series of subsidences and elevations which affected52 the coastal borders, and the margin30 of elevated rock-reef which borders the coast in parts, as
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A STREET IN SANTIAGO DE CUBA.
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in the vicinities of Habana and Baracoa. So far as its geologic history is known, the Island was never connected with the American mainland, although the contrary assertion has frequently been made.
No thorough geological survey of Cuba has ever been made, but there is every evidence of its containing rich deposits of minerals, including gold, silver, copper53, iron, manganese, and asphalt. Traces of minerals are found extensively throughout the Island. Oriente Province is the first in mineral wealth, followed by Camaguey. In Santa Clara, indications of copper are seen on every hand. The ore is commonly turned up by the plow54 upon the hillsides. Asphalt is found in widely scattered localities all over the Island. The northern coast of the Province of Matanzas appears to be entirely underlaid with it, and the Bay of Cardenas is bottomed by a deposit which used to be worked by vessels55 anchored over it. The Cuban asphalt is of a high grade, a considerable proportion of it containing as much as seventy per cent. bitumen56. Grahamite, a mineral of the same species as asphalt, but classed as pure bitumen, is found in Habana Province and other parts of the Island. The only mineral{12} resource that is at all adequately exploited is iron. The mines of Oriente, which are famous, will be referred to more extensively in a later portion of the book.
Vegetation is superlatively abundant in Cuba. The flora57 includes three thousand three hundred and fifty native plants, not to mention the considerable number that have been naturalized. The trees embrace a variety of hardwoods. Over thirty species of palm are found in the Island, and the pine of the temperate58 zone grows in proximity59 to the mahogany of the tropics. The forest has been recklessly exploited or destroyed, but it is estimated that thirteen million acres of it remain.
Practically all the fruits and vegetables of the tropics flourish in the Island and many of those characteristic of the temperate regions. Various kinds of fodder60 grasses grow throughout the valley lands.
The only distinctive61 animal of Cuba is the jutia, a black animal having the appearance of a large rat. It grows to a length of eighteen inches, including the tail. The country people eat this creature, as they do all other animals and reptiles62 that come in their way.
Deer and rabbits are abundant wherever
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“OVER THIRTY SPECIES OF PALM ARE FOUND IN THE ISLAND.{13}”
cover exists. Swine, dogs and cats have become wild and are numerous in that condition. There is a variety of game birds, some migratory63, but most permanent denizens64 of the Island. The principal kinds are wild fowl65 of different species, pheasants, quail66, snipe, turkey, perdiz, tijasas, rabiches, and quanaros. The native birds include many of the most beautiful plumage, but songsters are rare among them.
In swampy67 localities crocodiles and alligators68 are found. Diminutive69 silurians, such as chameleons70 and small lizards71, swarm72 everywhere, and occasionally iguanas73 and the larger lizards are seen. It is frequently claimed that no poisonous reptiles or insects exist in Cuba, but this statement admits of some qualifications. There is no doubt that certain scorpions74 and spiders, as well probably as a few other insects, are venomous. The snakes, of which there are but few varieties, appear to be harmless to mankind. One of these, the maja, which grows to about twelve feet, is almost tame and frequents small villages and farmhouses75, its favorite dwelling76 place being the palm-thatch roofs of abandoned buildings. The climate of Cuba is chiefly characterized by great humidity,{14} abundant rainfall, and comparative uniformity of temperature. The range between the mean of the hottest month and that of the coolest is from 82 degrees to 71 degrees Fahrenheit77. While this statement applies precisely to Habana it is approximately true of other parts of the Island. It is a little warmer along the south coast than upon the north, which is swept by the trade winds throughout the year. The mean humidity is 75 degrees and is nearly uniform throughout the year. This makes the climate enervating78, especially to foreigners. There is no great difference between the “summer” and the “winter” seasons, but during the latter, which embraces the six months following the first of November, the weather is delightful79 and the heat seldom oppressive. The mean annual rainfall upon the northern coast is fifty-two inches. Inland and through the southern portion of the Island it is somewhat less. About two-thirds of the precipitation occurs between May and October. During this season intermittent80 showers fall from about ten o’clock until sunset. The nights are usually cool and clear at all times of the year.
In strict meteorological sense Cuba is not{15} within the hurricane zone, which lies somewhat to the east of it. Nevertheless, the Island has been not infrequently visited by such storms and some of them have occasioned great damage. The worst visitation of this sort happened in 1846, when more than one-fourth of the city of Habana was destroyed and upwards81 of one thousand persons killed or severely82 injured. Although in a region subject to severe earthquakes, and itself not infrequently visited by shocks of alarming violence, the Island has never been seriously damaged by seismic83 disturbances84. In winter, when the trades take a southerly sweep, “northers,” bred in the great storms of the United States, are apt to strike the Island, sometimes lowering the temperature suddenly to 50 degrees, or thereabouts. The result is keen, if brief, suffering, for the people make little provision in their clothing or surroundings for such low temperature.
Immense improvement has been made in the health of the cities since the beginning of the American occupation. Yellow fever, at one time endemic, has been eradicated85 and can never occur again, except in the form of a sporadic86 outbreak due to importation of the virus. Malaria87 has been measurably reduced,{16} but much more might be done toward stamping it out, or minimizing it.
The mortality in Habana is 18.80 per thousand, and that of the Island in general, 12.69. The former is considerably88 lower than the prevalent rates of the large cities of the United States. Of all the countries of the world, Australia is the only one whose death rate (12.60) is lower than that of Cuba. It may be of interest to add the figures of some of the other leading nations; Uruguay 13.40; United States 15.00; Belgium 15.20; Norway and Sweden 15.85; Denmark 16.40; England 17.70; Germany 17.80; Switzerland 18.20; France 20.60; Austria 24.40; Japan 28.80; Italy 29.20; Spain 29.70.
The population of Cuba is a trifle in excess of two millions, giving about forty-five inhabitants to the square mile, a density89 much greater than that enjoyed by any other Latin-American country. Even though the population should remain chiefly agrarian90, as at present, the extent and resources of the country are ample to support three times the existing number of inhabitants in comfort and prosperity. If manufacturing centres of magnitude should grow up in response to conditions favorable to their{17} development, Cuba will easily afford homes and occupation to ten millions of people.
Seventy per cent. of the population live in the country or in centres of fewer than eight thousand inhabitants. The sexes are almost equally divided and, according to the census91, the colored race represents no more than one-third of the whole. The national government of the Republic of Cuba is patterned on that of the United States, as is the case in most countries of Latin-America. It is divided into three co?rdinate branches, the legislative92, the executive and judicial93. The legislative power is vested in the Congress, consisting of two branches, the House of Representatives and the Senate. The former consists of sixty-four members—one for every twenty-five thousand inhabitants, or fractions thereof—who are elected for four years. The latter is composed of four senators from each province, elected for a period of four years by a board of electors, chosen by popular vote. The Congress has two regular sessions annually94, one convening95 on the first Monday of April and the other on the first Monday of November.
The executive power is vested in the President, who is elected by electors and may not{18} serve more than two consecutive96 terms. The Chief Executive is assisted by a cabinet, consisting of six members, who are known as the secretaries of the following departments: State; Justice; Public Instruction; Agriculture; Industry and Commerce; and Public Works. These positions are subject to appointment by the President. There is also a Vice-President elected in the same manner and for a like period as the President.
The judicial power is exercised by a supreme97 court; six superior courts, one for each province; seven courts of the first instance, devoted98 to civil cases; six courts of instruction, presided over by criminal judges; twenty-six judges of the first instance and instruction; who have a combined jurisdiction99; six correctional courts, in which minor100 civil suits and misdemeanors are tried. There is in each province a governor and a provisional council, elected by direct suffrage101. The provinces are divided into municipal districts, each presided over by a mayor, assisted by a council.
The commercial code in force is that of Spain, with some modifications102 that were effected by the provisional government during the intervention103 of the United States. The
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PRESIDENT’S PALACE, HABANA.
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laws concerning contracts, debts, and other matters of general business, are full and explicit104, and give all necessary protection to foreigners dealing105 with natives of the country. Those relating to land, titles, and taxes, will be more fully noticed elsewhere in this volume.
The regular army of Cuba, known as the “Ejercito Permanente,” consists of three thousand two hundred enlisted106 men and one hundred and seventy-two commissioned officers. This force comprises infantry107, coast artillery108, field artillery, and a machine gun corps109. Its general headquarters is at Camp Columbia, near Habana.
The maintenance of law and order in the country districts, and safety on the public highways, is entrusted110 to an exceptionally fine body of mounted police, called the “Rural Guard,” numbering five thousand two hundred and ninety-five men and officers. These men constantly patrol their respective districts and render excellent service.
The so-called Cuban “Navy” consists of a few vessels of revenue cutter type. It must be many years before the Republic can afford even the smallest fleet of war-ships. Without such protection it is difficult to see the value of{20} her army, unless it be in the suppression of revolution and, perhaps, the repression111 of popular will.
The mail system of the Island is fairly good, the distribution being effected by railroad, coastwise steamers, automobiles112 and, in remote districts, by horses. In Habana, motor cars are employed in making collections. Deliveries are made by carriers in the same manner as in the cities of the United States. Cuba has postal113 conventions with the United States, Mexico, the Panama Canal Zone, Hawaii, and the Philippines. The letter rate between Cuba and any one of these countries is two cents and package postage the same as in the States. The Republic has parcel-post treaties with France and Germany only, but it extends to the United States the privileges enjoyed by those countries under their formal agreements.
The Government maintains and operates the telegraph system, which extends throughout its territory. The rates are twenty cents for all messages of ten words or less which traverse no more than three provinces, and two cents for each additional word, the address and signature being charged for. If four provinces are touched in the transmission, the rate is{21} thirty cents, and three cents for each additional word; if five provinces, it is forty cents, and four cents for excess words; and if the telegram is sent from one end of the Island to the other, or enters the limits of the six provinces, the rate is fifty cents, and five cents for each additional word.
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1
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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cape
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| n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风 | |
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gulf
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| n.海湾；深渊，鸿沟；分歧，隔阂 | |
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converging
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| adj.收敛[缩]的，会聚的，趋同的v.（线条、运动的物体等）会于一点( converge的现在分词 )；（趋于）相似或相同；人或车辆汇集；聚集 | |
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isle
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| n.小岛，岛 | |
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converse
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| vi.谈话，谈天，闲聊；adv.相反的，相反 | |
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periphery
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| n.(圆体的)外面；周围 | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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10
bluffs
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| 恐吓( bluff的名词复数 )； 悬崖； 峭壁 | |
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littoral
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| adj.海岸的；湖岸的；n.沿（海）岸地区 | |
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rugged
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| adj.高低不平的，粗糙的，粗壮的，强健的 | |
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marsh
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| n.沼泽，湿地 | |
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protuberant
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| adj.突出的，隆起的 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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densest
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| 密集的( dense的最高级 )； 密度大的； 愚笨的； （信息量大得）难理解的 | |
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teeming
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| adj.丰富的v.充满( teem的现在分词 )；到处都是；（指水、雨等）暴降；倾注 | |
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wilderness
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| n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等，荒漠 | |
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harassed
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| adj. 疲倦的，厌烦的 动词harass的过去式和过去分词 | |
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butt
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| n.笑柄；烟蒂；枪托；臀部；v.用头撞或顶 | |
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21
accentuated
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| v.重读( accentuate的过去式和过去分词 )；使突出；使恶化；加重音符号于 | |
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22
elevations
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| （水平或数量）提高( elevation的名词复数 )； 高地； 海拔； 提升 | |
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detailed
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| adj.详细的，详尽的，极注意细节的，完全的 | |
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abruptly
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| adv.突然地，出其不意地 | |
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recedes
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| v.逐渐远离( recede的第三人称单数 )；向后倾斜；自原处后退或避开别人的注视；尤指问题 | |
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coastal
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| adj.海岸的，沿海的，沿岸的 | |
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westward
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| n.西方，西部；adj.西方的，向西的；adv.向西 | |
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strings
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| n.弦 | |
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29
dissected
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| adj.切开的，分割的，（叶子）多裂的v.解剖（动物等）( dissect的过去式和过去分词 )；仔细分析或研究 | |
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margin
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| n.页边空白；差额；余地，余裕；边，边缘 | |
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merge
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| v.(使)结合，(使)合并，(使)合为一体 | |
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32
diverge
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| v.分叉，分歧，离题，使...岔开，使转向 | |
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33
merges
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| （使）混合( merge的第三人称单数 )； 相融； 融入； 渐渐消失在某物中 | |
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situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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interspersed
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| adj.[医]散开的；点缀的v.intersperse的过去式和过去分词 | |
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estuary
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| n.河口，江口 | |
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37
noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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spacious
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| adj.广阔的，宽敞的 | |
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geologic
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| adj.地质的 | |
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40
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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41
veneer
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| n.(墙上的)饰面，虚饰 | |
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42
limestones
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| n.石灰岩( limestone的名词复数 ) | |
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43
eroded
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| adj. 被侵蚀的，有蚀痕的 动词erode的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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44
excavate
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| vt.挖掘，挖出 | |
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45
sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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46
precisely
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| adv.恰好，正好，精确地，细致地 | |
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47
excavated
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| v.挖掘( excavate的过去式和过去分词 )；开凿；挖出；发掘 | |
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depressed
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| adj.沮丧的，抑郁的，不景气的，萧条的 | |
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eastward
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| adv.向东；adj.向东的；n.东方，东部 | |
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gorge
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| n.咽喉，胃，暴食，山峡；v.塞饱，狼吞虎咽地吃 | |
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reclaimed
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| adj.再生的；翻造的；收复的；回收的v.开拓( reclaim的过去式和过去分词 )；要求收回；从废料中回收（有用的材料）；挽救 | |
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52
affected
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| adj.不自然的，假装的 | |
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53
copper
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| n.铜；铜币；铜器；adj.铜(制)的；(紫)铜色的 | |
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54
plow
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| n.犁，耕地，犁过的地；v.犁，费力地前进[英]plough | |
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55
vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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56
bitumen
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| n.沥青 | |
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57
flora
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| n.(某一地区的)植物群 | |
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58
temperate
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| adj.温和的，温带的，自我克制的，不过分的 | |
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59
proximity
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| n.接近，邻近 | |
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60
fodder
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| n.草料；炮灰 | |
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distinctive
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| adj.特别的，有特色的，与众不同的 | |
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reptiles
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| n.爬行动物，爬虫( reptile的名词复数 ) | |
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migratory
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| n.候鸟，迁移 | |
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denizens
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| n.居民，住户( denizen的名词复数 ) | |
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fowl
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| n.家禽，鸡，禽肉 | |
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quail
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| n.鹌鹑；vi.畏惧，颤抖 | |
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swampy
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| adj.沼泽的，湿地的 | |
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alligators
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| n.短吻鳄( alligator的名词复数 ) | |
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diminutive
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| adj.小巧可爱的，小的 | |
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chameleons
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| n.变色蜥蜴，变色龙( chameleon的名词复数 ) | |
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lizards
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| n.蜥蜴( lizard的名词复数 ) | |
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swarm
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| n.(昆虫)等一大群；vi.成群飞舞；蜂拥而入 | |
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iguanas
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| n. 美洲蜥蜴 名词iguana的复数形式 | |
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scorpions
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| n.蝎子( scorpion的名词复数 ) | |
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farmhouses
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| n.农舍，农场的主要住房( farmhouse的名词复数 ) | |
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dwelling
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| n.住宅，住所，寓所 | |
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Fahrenheit
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| n./adj.华氏温度；华氏温度计(的) | |
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enervating
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| v.使衰弱，使失去活力( enervate的现在分词 ) | |
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delightful
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| adj.令人高兴的，使人快乐的 | |
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intermittent
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| adj.间歇的，断断续续的 | |
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81
upwards
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| adv.向上，在更高处...以上 | |
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severely
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| adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地 | |
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seismic
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| a.地震的，地震强度的 | |
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disturbances
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| n.骚乱( disturbance的名词复数 )；打扰；困扰；障碍 | |
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eradicated
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| 画着根的 | |
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sporadic
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| adj.偶尔发生的 [反]regular；分散的 | |
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malaria
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| n.疟疾 | |
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considerably
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| adv.极大地；相当大地；在很大程度上 | |
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density
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| n.密集，密度，浓度 | |
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agrarian
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| adj.土地的，农村的，农业的 | |
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census
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| n.(官方的)人口调查，人口普查 | |
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legislative
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| n.立法机构，立法权；adj.立法的，有立法权的 | |
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judicial
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| adj.司法的，法庭的，审判的，明断的，公正的 | |
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annually
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| adv.一年一次，每年 | |
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95
convening
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| 召开( convene的现在分词 )； 召集； （为正式会议而）聚集； 集合 | |
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consecutive
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| adj.连续的，联贯的，始终一贯的 | |
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supreme
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| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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98
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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99
jurisdiction
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| n.司法权，审判权，管辖权，控制权 | |
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100
minor
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| adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修 | |
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101
suffrage
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| n.投票，选举权，参政权 | |
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102
modifications
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| n.缓和( modification的名词复数 )；限制；更改；改变 | |
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103
intervention
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| n.介入，干涉，干预 | |
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104
explicit
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| adj.详述的，明确的；坦率的；显然的 | |
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105
dealing
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| n.经商方法，待人态度 | |
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106
enlisted
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| adj.应募入伍的v.（使）入伍， （使）参军( enlist的过去式和过去分词 )；获得（帮助或支持） | |
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107
infantry
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| n.[总称]步兵(部队) | |
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108
artillery
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| n.(军)火炮，大炮；炮兵(部队) | |
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109
corps
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| n.(通信等兵种的)部队；(同类作的)一组 | |
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110
entrusted
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| v.委托，托付( entrust的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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111
repression
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| n.镇压，抑制，抑压 | |
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112
automobiles
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| n.汽车( automobile的名词复数 ) | |
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113
postal
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| adj.邮政的，邮局的 | |
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