Mr. Charles M. Pepper, who has had exceptional opportunities for judging, declares that “the negro of Cuba is not an idler, nor a clog7 on the industrial progress. He will do his part toward rebuilding the industries of the Island, and no capitalist need fear to engage in enter{103}prises because of an indefinite fear regarding negro labor4. In the country, for a time, the black laborers9 may be in a majority. On its political side the black population of Cuba has its definite status. Social equality does not exist, but there is no color line. Social tolerance10 prevails.... The part taken in the insurrection by the blacks has undoubtedly11 strengthened their future influence.... The race has far more than its proportion of criminals. Some tendencies toward retrogression have to be watched.... With common-school education the negro will do better. At present he is doing very well.”
As to this dictum, the Cuban negro may eventually do his fair share toward the industrial development of the Island, but it can only be as a result of a considerable change in his habits and a greatly increased degree of efficiency. At present, extensive employers of labor pronounce him inefficient12, unreliable, and difficult of control. It is not to his credit that they should import labor at great trouble and expense in preference to employing him. If capitalists have ceased to be apprehensive13 regarding the negro of Cuba, which is by no means certain,—it is not because he has sud{104}denly ceased to have a desire for disturbance14, with its attendant opportunities for loot, but because they have greater confidence in the ability and inclination15 of the authorities to suppress outbreaks with promptness, born of the ever-present fear of American intervention16, or a demand on the part of foreign property interests for some share in the administration of affairs.
Though individuality is not one of the negro characteristics, the perpetuation17 of racial traits and temperament18 are pronouncedly characteristic wherever they may be found and under whatever conditions. The negro may be three centuries removed from his transplanted ancestor, he may have more than one strain of white blood in his composition, he may have adopted the most approved customs of the country in which he lives, and may be to all outward appearances the most highly civilized19 of beings, but for all that African nature is strong in him. Moreover its promptings are not repressed from principle, but from motives20 of self-interest. Given the opportunity to indulge them without fear of consequences, and he will follow his inclinations21 unrestrainedly. For that reason one-third of Cuba’s population{105} must be as great a source of anxiety as is the colored element of our southern States. This is not to say that there are any good grounds for the sometimes expressed fear that Cuba may become a second Haiti, controlled by the blacks, but is intended to convey the belief, that in the negroes of the Island there is a constantly present source of possible trouble.
The majority of Cuban negroes are descendants of slaves imported during the past century, but a large number, like the maroons22 of Jamaica, come from a stock which accompanied the earliest Spanish adventurers and shared their hardships and dangers in a companionship that often approached a condition of friendship and equality. Such a one was Estavan, the negro who, with Cabeza de Vaca, crossed the continent of North America, from the Gulf23 of Mexico to California, in the years between 1528 and 1536. From this stock sprang the free mulattoes of the Antonio Maceo type, a class superior to any that our colored population contains.
Although emancipated24 at a later date, the Cuban negroes are in general more manly25 and independent than those of the United States. This is due to the social and the political recog{106}nition accorded them, but also to the previous conditions of their servitude. Before the abolition26 of slavery they were granted freedom of marriage, the right of acquiring property, the privilege of purchasing their release by labor, and license27 to seek a new master at their option.
The negro of Cuba is much more happy and content than his brother in America. The burdens of life do not press so heavily on him. He has greater opportunity of enjoyment28 of the three conditions most desirable to the man of African descent, warmth, indolence, and a full stomach. The climate and the physical nature of the country are entirely to his liking29. He thrives in Cuba and is more robust30 than the white native, as well as more prolific31, which is saying a great deal. He and his women and children withstood the stress and strain of the reconcentration better than did the guajiro class.
I am fully32 aware that these statements seem to be contradicted by the census33 returns, which show a marked diminution34 of the colored population during the past half century. In the last United States report this is accounted for by “the inability of the colored race to hold its own in competition with the whites.” This{107} does not seem to be sufficient explanation, especially as there has been no competition to speak of between the whites and the blacks in Cuba. Without pretending to any precise knowledge on the subject, I will hazard the suggestion that the apparent discrepancy35 may be due to the defects in the censuses36 under Spain, which were notoriously inaccurate37, to the latter day tendency of mulattoes to return themselves as “whites,” and to the fact that the colored portion of the population has borne more than its proportional share of the brunt of the later revolutions. Be that as it may, it will be difficult for any one who is familiar with the lives and conditions of the natives of Cuba to believe that “the man of color” is in any but a favorable and congenial environment.
The dance is the favorite amusement of the rural population. As the whites practise it, it is a monotonous38 movement to monotonous music, entirely lacking the grace and variety of the Spanish dances. The negroes merely writhe39 and wriggle40 to the slow beat of a drum. There is always a suggestion of obscenity present, and sometimes religious frenzy41 transforms the performance from the ludicrous to the weird42. On such occasions the dancers and the{108} onlookers43 chant invocations to the saints in an African dialect.
Certain religio-social societies, called cabildos, appear to have no other purpose than the conduct of these ceremonies. The cabildos are supposed to be the only survival of the na?igo clans44, which the authorities claim to have suppressed, although it is very doubtful whether the organizations have been broken up. The na?igos practised all manner of sinister45 mysteries, witchcraft46, voodooism, and the rest, besides active participation47 in underground politics. No longer ago than the time of the Provisional Administration some of their members were convicted of killing48 and cutting up two white children in the performance of their secret rites49. Roman Catholicism and African demon-worship have become grotesquely50 mixed in the ceremonies of the negro secret societies. Goats and fowls51 are sacrificed to the saints of the Church; the Holy Mother is invoked52 in barbaric terms, accompanied by a symbolism that originated in the wilds of Africa.
Until comparatively recently the sixth of January was observed as “All King’s Day,” when the negroes held high carnival53 all over the Island. They took possession of Habana
[Image unavailable.]
A NARROW STREET, HABANA.
{109}
and thronged54 the streets, dancing, gesticulating, shouting, and beating drums, dressed in fantastic costumes made up of the gaudiest55 colors, and carrying a variety of transparencies on long poles. The shops were closed, and the whites remained within doors, for not infrequently rival clans came to blows and serious conflicts occurred in the public streets.
After the War most of the Spaniards left Cuba, filled with resentment56 against Americans. When order and liberal government had been established they began to come back, still filled with resentment against the people who had interfered57 with their ruinous exploitation of the Island. This feeling has rapidly died down. The Spaniard, who has as keen and critical appreciation58 as any man of commercial conditions, soon realized that he and his government were distinct gainers by the loss of the Philippines and Cuba. He was no longer called upon to support costly59 armies in those countries, nor to do his share of service in them. But what impressed him most was that Cuba had become a much more desirable place, on every account, in which to do business than it had ever been before. As a consequence, natives of Spain have been immigrating60 to the{110} Island in constantly increasing numbers during recent years, and making more money, whether as merchants, shop-keepers or laborers, than they possibly could make at home in the same employments. They are good citizens and capable in their several callings, but most of them are what the Cubans call intransigentes—transients. The bodeguero and the field-hand alike view the country as a field for money-making solely61 and have no thought of permanently62 settling in it, much less of becoming naturalized. The shop-keeper looks forward to retiring as soon as he shall have accumulated enough to enable him to live comfortably in some rural district in Spain, and the laborer8 often goes back between harvests, with his season’s earnings63, to his native province, where he has left his family. Of course the proper remedy for this condition is the occupation by Cubans of the positions filled by the Spaniards, but so far the former have displayed neither inclination nor capacity to compete with the foreigners. Under such circumstances the Spanish immigration may be looked upon as a desirable factor in the development of the Island.
The commercial instinct and the qualities{111} that make for success in business are unusually strong in the Spaniard. This fact is not generally realized in America. There must be two hundred thousand Spaniards in Cuba, practically all of whom are steadily64 engaged in profitable pursuits. It is doubtful if an equal number of native whites are earning money day in and day out through the year, or any definite period of it. Spaniards own large interests in the sugar and tobacco businesses. Throughout the country they control the mercantile lines, wholesale65 and retail66. They are money-lenders in the small districts and furnish the farmers, at exorbitant67 rates of interest, with the means of raising and marketing68 their crops.
It is not at all surprising that the Cuban can not compete with his cousin from the mother-country. I am very doubtful whether Americans would be successful in the attempt. The Spanish business man is as keen and shrewd a trader as you may find anywhere, and, moreover, he is as precise in discharging his obligations as a Chinaman. He possesses tremendous energy and pertinacity69 of purpose. Americans cherish a threadbare and somewhat senseless joke which hinges on the word ma?ana. It is entirely misapplied when aimed{112} at the Spaniard in Cuba. If he leaves anything of importance until to-morrow it is because to-day is too full of performance to admit of addition. He is the first to rise and the last to close his shutters70 in the community. Meanwhile he keeps as closely on the trail of the elusive71 dollar as any New Yorker. But there is this difference; he does his business without needless fuss and friction72.
In the city stores, the old-time system of apprenticeship73 is maintained. The proprietors74 probably started in the position of the little office boy, with the bloom of Catalonia fresh upon his cheeks, who sweeps out the place when most folks are turning over for a final nap, and spends an hour or more in straightening up after every one else has knocked off for the day. He is a strong, cheerful little chap, content with his lot, and doubtless encouraged by dreams of directing the establishment at some future day. And this is no idle fantasy but a matter well within the bounds of calculable attainment76. The system is one of regular advancement77. When a partner retires, which he is apt to do at a comparatively early age, the senior clerk takes his place and each of the others moves up a step. As soon as an em{113}ploye is in a position to save something from his salary, he is permitted to invest it in the business.
A sort of family relationship is maintained in the establishment. The heads of it take the greatest interest in the business education and general welfare of their employes, who are generally sons of friends at home. All eat at the same table and all sleep under the same roof. The juniors have to account for their time even after closing hours. Only with permission may they leave the premises78. Then they will probably spend their evenings at one or other of the numerous societies which have their headquarters in Habana and branches in other large cities.
These societies are social and beneficial in their functions. They maintain night-schools, pay sick benefits, and provide burial expenses. Some of them have a very large membership and extremely handsome clubhouses. Every Spaniard on landing at Habana joins the society which is composed of natives of his province.
At every cross-roads in Cuba and on every corner in the country towns there is a bodega. It is always a grocery, often a general store.{114} Nine times in ten the proprietor75 is a Spaniard. His place may be a dingy79, dilapidated shack80. His stock may consist of little more than a barrel of the inevitable81 bacalao,—salt cod,—a few strings82 of onions, and a dozen bottles of aguadiente. But it is safe to wager83 that he is making money at a handsome rate of interest on his little investment.
Why is the Chinaman, who is the most inoffensive of beings, disliked more universally than any other? It may be because he is such an unsociable, self-contained, enigmatical fellow. In Cuba, as in the States, he lives in the midst of the community and far apart from it, restricting his intercourse84 with the natives to the necessities of business. He may have been born in the country, and intend to die in it, but, unless his mother was a native, he will never be anything else than a Chinaman, even though he adopt a frock coat and a silk hat. He works hard, lives frugally85, and accumulates money by fair and square methods. His sole indulgences are fan tan and the opium86 pipe. He figures but seldom in the police records, and then, as likely as not, through the fault of someone else.
In the early part of the last century a number of Chinese were imported under contract as
[Image unavailable.]
A CUBAN MILKMAN.
{115}
laborers in the cane-fields. Each one had a metal tag strung round his neck, with a number and the expiry date of the contract on it. Once received on the sugar-estate, the coolie was reduced to a state of slavery, measurably worse than that in which the negroes were held. He had no privileges whatever, was miserably87 housed, insufficiently88 fed, and received less consideration than the cattle and horses. When the legal date of his release approached, his identification check was frequently changed to make him appear to be another man with a considerable period of service in prospect89.
This condition of things went on for many years, until at length knowledge of it reached the Chinese Government. A commission was sent from China to investigate the matter, with the result that exportation of laborers from the Celestial90 Kingdom to Cuba was stopped. Nowadays, there is an insular91 statute92 against the importation, but they come in, nevertheless, and find their way to the sugar-houses of the interior, apparently93 without enquiry or interference.
There are more than ten thousand Chinamen in Cuba at present. A considerable number are engaged as merchants and shop-keepers in{116} Habana, and many work truck-farms in the suburbs with much profit.
Perhaps the most remarkable94 of the many remarkable things about a Chinaman is his adaptability95. Any one seeing him ironing shirts in the States might suppose that he was exercising an inherited talent. But he never saw an iron before coming to America and took to the calling because there was an evident unfilled demand for the work. He is not a laundryman in Cuba, because when he arrived the field was already occupied by the negroes. On the other hand, there was a distinctly felt want of market gardeners, and John jumped into the opening without hesitation96. He would have acted with the same prompt decision had the need been for burglars or balloonists. He takes up one line of work as readily as another and whatever he attempts he does well. It matters not whether the hole be round or square, his plastic personality will fit in it snugly97. When he went to Calcutta, he found that there was no one to make shoes and paint portraits in manner satisfactory to the Englishman. He calmly and confidently undertook to do both. It is quite unnecessary to state that he succeeded. But when you consider the essential{117} differences between European and Chinese art, both in conception and execution, as well as the fact that the Chinese emigrant98 is not usually deeply versed99 in either, the result was simply miraculous100.
Three favorite occupations of John Chinaman in Cuba are cooking, peddling101 sweetmeats, and keeping a fruit-stand. In each of these fields he has had to meet native competition, and in his quiet, forceful way he soon overcame it, although in the second he had serious difficulties to master. In short time he had learned to make better dulces than the Cubans had been accustomed to, but when it came to advertising102 his wares103, he found himself hopelessly handicapped by a naturally weak voice when pitted against the Cuban hawker, who has no superior in the world as a street crier. However, with the Chinaman, the next thing to being confronted with an obstacle is to overcome it. John mounted a long red box upon his head and on this drummed continuously with a hardwood stick. In the course of time the Cuban women and children forsook104 the man who bawled105 frantically106 for the silent man who beat a box.
The acclimated107, it would be altogether incor{118}rect to say the naturalized, Chinaman in Cuba has been shorn of his pigtail, wears the same free shirt, and pantaloons as the native, and is called José, or Miguel, but if you should go into the back room of his store, you would find a vase of joss sticks burning before the shrine108 of his repulsive109 looking deity110.
There are very few Chinese women in the country and John is usually a celibate111, but occasionally he marries a negress or mulatto. The children are generally bright, and often good-looking. The Chinaman is an excellent husband and father in such cases.
Probably all these sallow-skinned taciturn Celestials112 yearn113 for their mother-country while they patiently plod114 through life in an uncongenial environment. At least they have the satisfaction of knowing that when they die their bones will be shipped back to be buried in the land of their fathers. Meanwhile their numbers are increasing in Cuba and it is easily conceivable that the country may have a Chinese problem to grapple with some day.
Numerically the Americans are not an important element in the foreign population but they represent more wealth and greater business than any other. There are about seven{119} thousand white citizens of the United States, more or less permanently resident on the Island. A large proportion of the sugar and tobacco estates, as well as extensive railroad and mining properties, are in American hands. A few Americans are engaged in wholesale business and a considerable number in fruit culture. I shall have more to say about these in a later portion of the volume.
The first American occupation was the signal for a number of swindlers, loafers, and topers from the United States to take up residence in Habana. They caused endless trouble to the American officials and created a bad impression among the natives. By degrees this class has been almost entirely eradicated115 and the Cubans long since learned that they were in no sense representative of their countrymen. The American in Cuba to-day is either a responsible business man, or an industrious116 farmer, whom the people of the country look upon with respect, and with whom they are generally upon the most friendly footing.
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1
retarding
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| 使减速( retard的现在分词 )； 妨碍； 阻止； 推迟 | |
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promising
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| adj.有希望的，有前途的 | |
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3
laboring
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| n.劳动，操劳v.努力争取(for)( labor的现在分词 )；苦干；详细分析；（指引擎）缓慢而困难地运转 | |
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labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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surmise
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| v./n.猜想，推测 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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clog
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| vt.塞满，阻塞；n.[常pl.]木屐 | |
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laborer
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| n.劳动者，劳工 | |
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laborers
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| n.体力劳动者，工人( laborer的名词复数 )；（熟练工人的）辅助工 | |
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10
tolerance
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| n.宽容；容忍，忍受；耐药力；公差 | |
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undoubtedly
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| adv.确实地，无疑地 | |
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inefficient
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| adj.效率低的，无效的 | |
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13
apprehensive
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| adj.担心的，恐惧的，善于领会的 | |
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disturbance
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| n.动乱，骚动；打扰，干扰；(身心)失调 | |
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15
inclination
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| n.倾斜；点头；弯腰；斜坡；倾度；倾向；爱好 | |
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intervention
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| n.介入，干涉，干预 | |
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perpetuation
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| n.永存，不朽 | |
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temperament
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| n.气质，性格，性情 | |
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civilized
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| a.有教养的，文雅的 | |
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motives
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| n.动机，目的( motive的名词复数 ) | |
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inclinations
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| 倾向( inclination的名词复数 )； 倾斜； 爱好； 斜坡 | |
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maroons
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| n.逃亡黑奴（maroon的复数形式）vt.把…放逐到孤岛（maroon的第三人称单数形式） | |
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gulf
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| n.海湾；深渊，鸿沟；分歧，隔阂 | |
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24
emancipated
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| adj.被解放的，不受约束的v.解放某人（尤指摆脱政治、法律或社会的束缚）( emancipate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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manly
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| adj.有男子气概的；adv.男子般地，果断地 | |
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26
abolition
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| n.废除，取消 | |
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license
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| n.执照，许可证，特许；v.许可，特许 | |
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28
enjoyment
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| n.乐趣；享有；享用 | |
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liking
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| n.爱好；嗜好；喜欢 | |
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robust
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| adj.强壮的，强健的，粗野的，需要体力的，浓的 | |
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prolific
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| adj.丰富的，大量的；多产的，富有创造力的 | |
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32
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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census
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| n.(官方的)人口调查，人口普查 | |
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diminution
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| n.减少；变小 | |
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discrepancy
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| n.不同；不符；差异；矛盾 | |
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censuses
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| 人口普查，统计( census的名词复数 ) | |
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inaccurate
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| adj.错误的，不正确的，不准确的 | |
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monotonous
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| adj.单调的，一成不变的，使人厌倦的 | |
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writhe
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| vt.挣扎，痛苦地扭曲；vi.扭曲，翻腾，受苦；n.翻腾，苦恼 | |
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40
wriggle
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| v./n.蠕动，扭动；蜿蜒 | |
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41
frenzy
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| n.疯狂，狂热，极度的激动 | |
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42
weird
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| adj.古怪的，离奇的；怪诞的，神秘而可怕的 | |
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onlookers
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| n.旁观者，观看者( onlooker的名词复数 ) | |
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44
clans
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| 宗族( clan的名词复数 )； 氏族； 庞大的家族； 宗派 | |
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45
sinister
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| adj.不吉利的，凶恶的，左边的 | |
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witchcraft
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| n.魔法，巫术 | |
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participation
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| n.参与，参加，分享 | |
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48
killing
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| n.巨额利润；突然赚大钱，发大财 | |
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49
rites
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| 仪式，典礼( rite的名词复数 ) | |
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50
grotesquely
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| adv. 奇异地,荒诞地 | |
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51
fowls
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| 鸟( fowl的名词复数 )； 禽肉； 既不是这； 非驴非马 | |
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52
invoked
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| v.援引( invoke的过去式和过去分词 )；行使（权利等）；祈求救助；恳求 | |
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53
carnival
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| n.嘉年华会，狂欢，狂欢节，巡回表演 | |
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54
thronged
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| v.成群，挤满( throng的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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55
gaudiest
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| adj.花哨的，俗气的( gaudy的最高级 ) | |
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56
resentment
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| n.怨愤，忿恨 | |
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57
interfered
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| v.干预( interfere的过去式和过去分词 )；调停；妨碍；干涉 | |
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58
appreciation
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| n.评价；欣赏；感谢；领会，理解；价格上涨 | |
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costly
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| adj.昂贵的，价值高的，豪华的 | |
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immigrating
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| v.移入( immigrate的现在分词 )；移民 | |
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solely
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| adv.仅仅，唯一地 | |
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permanently
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| adv.永恒地，永久地，固定不变地 | |
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earnings
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| n.工资收人；利润，利益，所得 | |
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steadily
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| adv.稳定地；不变地；持续地 | |
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wholesale
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| n.批发；adv.以批发方式；vt.批发，成批出售 | |
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retail
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| v./n.零售；adv.以零售价格 | |
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exorbitant
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| adj.过分的；过度的 | |
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marketing
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| n.行销，在市场的买卖，买东西 | |
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pertinacity
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| n.执拗，顽固 | |
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shutters
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| 百叶窗( shutter的名词复数 )； （照相机的）快门 | |
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elusive
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| adj.难以表达(捉摸)的；令人困惑的；逃避的 | |
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friction
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| n.摩擦，摩擦力 | |
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apprenticeship
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| n.学徒身份；学徒期 | |
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proprietors
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| n.所有人，业主( proprietor的名词复数 ) | |
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proprietor
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| n.所有人；业主；经营者 | |
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76
attainment
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| n.达到，到达；［常pl.］成就，造诣 | |
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advancement
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| n.前进，促进，提升 | |
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premises
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| n.建筑物，房屋 | |
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dingy
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| adj.昏暗的，肮脏的 | |
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80
shack
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| adj.简陋的小屋，窝棚 | |
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81
inevitable
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| adj.不可避免的，必然发生的 | |
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82
strings
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| n.弦 | |
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83
wager
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| n.赌注；vt.押注，打赌 | |
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84
intercourse
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| n.性交；交流，交往，交际 | |
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85
frugally
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| adv. 节约地, 节省地 | |
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86
opium
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| n.鸦片；adj.鸦片的 | |
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miserably
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| adv.痛苦地；悲惨地；糟糕地；极度地 | |
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insufficiently
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| adv.不够地，不能胜任地 | |
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prospect
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| n.前景，前途；景色，视野 | |
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celestial
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| adj.天体的；天上的 | |
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insular
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| adj.岛屿的，心胸狭窄的 | |
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statute
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| n.成文法，法令，法规；章程，规则，条例 | |
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apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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adaptability
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| n.适应性 | |
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hesitation
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| n.犹豫，踌躇 | |
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snugly
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| adv.紧贴地；贴身地；暖和舒适地；安适地 | |
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emigrant
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| adj.移居的，移民的；n.移居外国的人，移民 | |
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versed
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| adj. 精通，熟练 | |
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100
miraculous
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| adj.像奇迹一样的，不可思议的 | |
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101
peddling
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| 忙于琐事的，无关紧要的 | |
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102
advertising
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| n.广告业；广告活动 a.广告的；广告业务的 | |
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103
wares
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| n. 货物, 商品 | |
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104
forsook
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| forsake的过去式 | |
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105
bawled
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| v.大叫，大喊( bawl的过去式和过去分词 )；放声大哭；大声叫出；叫卖（货物） | |
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106
frantically
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| ad.发狂地, 发疯地 | |
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107
acclimated
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| v.使适应新环境，使服水土服水土，适应( acclimate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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108
shrine
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| n.圣地，神龛，庙；v.将...置于神龛内，把...奉为神圣 | |
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109
repulsive
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| adj.排斥的，使人反感的 | |
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110
deity
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| n.神，神性；被奉若神明的人(或物) | |
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111
celibate
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| adj.独身的，独身主义的；n.独身者 | |
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112
celestials
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| n.天的，天空的( celestial的名词复数 ) | |
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113
yearn
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| v.想念；怀念；渴望 | |
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114
plod
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| v.沉重缓慢地走，孜孜地工作 | |
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115
eradicated
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| 画着根的 | |
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116
industrious
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| adj.勤劳的，刻苦的，奋发的 | |
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