The Cuban is a Spaniard to the same extent as the American is English, and no more. Although the compositive mixture is greater in one type than in the other, they exhibit equal divergence5 from the parent stock, both in the matter of physical and mental characteristics. This, without reference to the native who is tinged6 with negro blood—the mulatto. He may conform closely to the traits and appearance of the creole, but then, again, he may differ from him in the widest degree.
The Spaniard, and especially the peasant of the provinces, from whom the Cuban is most often descended7, is usually round-headed, broad-chested, and stocky. The Cuban is lanky8, lean and slack limbed. His drooping9 shoulders, languid air, and listless gait, give the impression of weak physique and lack of energy, an impression which is confirmed by a study of his habits. It might be supposed that, with the advantage of acclimatization, he would be able to hold his own against the foreign settler, but such is very far from being the case.{85}
Immigrants of any race, but particularly those from Spain, appear to have no difficulty in competing successfully with the Cuban upon his native heath. This can not be altogether due to physical weakness and want of energy, and certainly not to deficiency of intelligence. Perhaps the chief reason of the Cuban’s backwardness is to be found in a constitutional absence of ambition. For generations he has had no incentive11 to effort and the laissez faire state of mind has gradually become ingrained. Whether, with improved opportunity, his character will undergo a change in this respect is beyond the range of safe prediction. The opportunity has not yet been extended to him, despite superficial appearances.
Critics of the Cubans are prone12 to speak of them contemptuously for the lack of certain qualities which we prize and the possession of certain defects which we despise. The charges are generally true, but the condemnation13 unjust, nevertheless. No people were ever more handicapped in their formative development. Numerous conditions, over which they had little, if any, control, have affected14 the Cubans physically15, morally, politically, and economically,—and the influences have, in the major{86}ity of instances and in the most respects, been maleficent. Only since yesterday have the Cubans been free agents, and even to-day their freedom is qualified16, the conduct of their Government subject to a critical supervision17, and their independence liable to sudden interruption. They have had no more control of their making than a child has of its. They have always been treated as irresponsible and incapable18 beings. They have never had fair scope for initiative, nor a free field for endeavor. There has always been a pressure from above, crushing growth, independence, enterprise, and hope.
Under the circumstances is it to be wondered at that the Cuban is deficient19 in backbone20; that he is vacillating and morally wobbly; that his somewhat effeminate, often handsome, and never coarse features bear a stamp of weakness which the most fiery21 pair of eyes will not suffice to counteract22? Would it not be surprising if he displayed any marked capacity for hard work, or facility for business?
Pleasure loving, inclined to frivolity23, cheery, and apparently24 philosophical25, the Cuban yields to difficulties and sinks under reverses. It is his habit, fostered by temperament26 and envi{87}ronment, to follow the lines of least resistance, and the way leads him ultimately into a cul de sac,—a slough27 of stagnation28. He has a quick intelligence and a lively imagination. He can plan shrewdly and with nice calculation, but he has neither the force nor the executive ability to carry out his designs. For a full century he has conspired29 to throw off the galling30 yoke31 of Spain, and he would never have done it but for the intervention32 of the United States.
As a young man he is apt to be foppish33, libidinous34 and indolent, in striking contrast to the sturdy little Spanish apprentice35, of Habana. Cuban children are too often spoilt by fond and over indulgent parents. The effect upon the girls is modified by the restricted home life to which they are subjected. In the boys it shows in selfwilfulness, lack of principle and utter absence of respect for things that the Anglo Saxon is apt to reverence36.
The Cuban usually marries early, and he makes a good father, if, often, a questionable37 husband. Despite the fact that he can depend upon the continence of his wife, or, perhaps because of it, he is frequently guilty of infidelity to her. This, if she discovers it, she is likely to treat with a complacency that an American{88} woman could not understand. It is a common boast of Cubans that no Cuban woman ever became a public prostitute. Whether or not this is true, there is a marked difference in the standard of marital38 virtue39 maintained by the sexes among them. In this, and other respects, the less said about the Cuban of Habana, the better.
It is not on short acquaintance that a true gauge40 of the Cuban’s character may be made. His surface air is one of self-respect and geniality41, that hides the underlying42 egotistic selfishness and flaccidity. If educated, he has a courteous43 manner and polished address, while the poorest peasant displays a certain refinement44 and decided45 intelligence. I never remember to have seen a dull or stupid looking Cuban, but, perhaps, that is due less to mental quality than to the universal endowment of remarkably46 fine eyes.
At first sight, you will like the Cuban, and you may continue to do so after you have learned to know him for a weak-minded brother, without any stable qualities in his composition. He has a subtle attractiveness which you will find it difficult to analyze47. Perhaps it is his natural bonhomie and genuine affectionateness
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COUNTRY HOMES OF WEALTHY CUBANS.
{89}
that draws you, and the undercurrent of na?ve childishness that blinds you to his faults. Unlike his arrogant48 cousin, the Spaniard, he is pathetically conscious of his shortcomings. Often a comic assertiveness49 will thinly cloak an uneasy realization50 of inferiority.
And withal you will conclude that he is not a bad fellow at the bottom; that with half a chance he might have developed into a very different man. This idea will be strengthened when you come to know the guajiro. Meanwhile you can not fail to speculate with misgiving51 on the future of the country if its Government is to remain in the hands of the white and parti-colored Cubans. You may base some hope on the recollection that the soil of this Island has bred not a few men of noble character and great talent,—but we will consider the subject more fully10 later on.
The younger generation of the present upper class of Cubans is a source of hope and may perhaps prove to be the seed-bed of a different race. Their fathers were born to riches and enjoyed lives of ease and pleasure. Reckless extravagance and loss due to war, and the consequent commercial depressions, have reduced most of the wealthy families to ruin, or com{90}parative poverty. It is as much as they can do to afford their sons good educations. After leaving college they are compelled to earn their livelihood52. The result of this changed condition is already apparent in the display of more manly53 qualities and better principles. Of the many Cuban youths in our educational institutions, a large proportion give promise of leading useful lives.
What the Cuban seems to need more than anything else is to develop virility54 and hard common sense. If he should do this in combination with the better application of some of his natural talents, he will present himself to the world as a very admirable man. Meanwhile, it is always to be remembered that he was freed from his swaddling clothes but yesterday. He never before had a fair chance to grow, to stretch his limbs, to think and act for himself. We do not know what he can do or what he may become until he has been tested through two generations, at least.
The foregoing is written, in the main, with the Cubans of the cities and towns in mind—the men of what are commonly called the “better class.” The guajiro, the white Cuban peasant of the rural districts, is in several respects{91} a different fellow. But, before we proceed to a description of him, let us take a view of la hija del pais, the daughter of the country.
From the time that she first begins to walk, until she is handed over, too often against her inclination55, to a husband, the Cuban girl is under surveillance. Whether this close guardianship56 is prompted by fear of the evil designs of the young men of her acquaintance, by anxiety about her own tendencies to go astray, or both, is not clear. Perhaps the old Spanish custom is unnecessary and is maintained merely because it is an established practice. Be that as it may, the Cuban girl is not allowed any kind of intercourse57 with the other sex, except for the members of her own family, until she leaves her father’s house for that of her husband, unless it be under supervision. Occasionally lovers contrive58 to exchange a few words privately59 through the bars of a ground floor window, but the proceeding60 is not countenanced62 by the maiden’s mother, and may entail63 a penance64 in expiation65 of the bold defiance66 of the laws of etiquette67 and modesty68.
The little Cubana is escorted to school and thence home again. Her little brother goes to a separate institution. It would not be at all{92} proper for boys and girls to read their primers upon the same benches, or even in the same room. Later on, when she has grown to be a big girl and of an age at which an American miss is supposed to take care of herself, the Cuban is still treated as if it were not safe to leave her alone for a moment. She goes to the theatre or plaza69 with her mother, and young men of her acquaintance cast languishing70 glances at her from the foyer, or the benches along the walk. One of them may be particularly favored by her parents and he may be permitted to call upon her, but he will never be permitted to see her, except in the presence of a sister, or a less sympathetic due?a. Their courtship is carried on without any of the sweet tête-à-têtes that are as essential to Anglo Saxon love-making as mustard is to ham. I presume, although I have made no precise enquiry on the subject, that most Cuban girls of good families do not kiss the men to whom they are married until after the priestly benediction71 has been pronounced upon the union.
No nation can boast women more comely72 than the daughters of Cuba. Often their features are strikingly attractive and sometimes extremely beautiful, despite the disfiguring cas{93}carilla, or powdered egg-shell, which is plastered on the face with ghastly effect. If the Cubana had vivacity73, or even expression, she would be irresistibly74 charming. But her countenance61, though not lacking in intelligence, is apt to be placid75 to the point of dulness. This is the more remarkable76 because her Spanish grandmother was probably a woman of verve and sparkle, with flashing, big black eyes, which in her descendant are just as big and black, but languid and unresponsive. Though blondes are not extremely rare among the Cuban women, the prevailing77 type is dark, with blue-black hair in abundant quantity. The cubana matures early and fades correspondingly soon. A fully developed woman at thirteen, she is often married at that age, or shortly after, and is probably the mother of several children before she has passed out of her teens. Her good looks wane78 and her figure becomes embonpoint, if not corpulent, at an age when the Anglo-Saxon woman still presents the appearance of youth.
One who had only known la senorita might be disposed to think that Cuban women have little character or individuality. It is as mothers that they display their best traits.{94} From the day of her marriage, La Cubana devotes her life to her home and family. She is a willing slave to her husband and children, often with bad effect upon him and them. A little more independence, a little less self-sacrifice, on her part, would be better for all parties concerned. But every Cuban girl is taught that her sole mission in life is to fulfill79 her duty as wife and mother to the best of her ability. She has been schooled to consider herself the absolute property of her husband and to render him unquestioned obedience80.
She is prone to jealousy81 but slow to resent neglect and unfaithfulness. Sad to say, this devoted82 creature too often loses the love of her husband with the decline of her beauty. She seldom has the strength of character or the intellectual attractions necessary to hold him when the physical charm has lost its force.
Religion is the only other interest of the Cuban lady, and she has a monopoly of it, for the men of her class are almost universally irreligious. During the revolutionary period, when free-thought doctrines83 were rife84 in Europe and America, the Cubans of the cities became addicted85 to reading the works of Voltaire, Rousseau, and their Italian disciples86. The re{95}sult was a deterioration87 of religious belief, from which the Cubans have never recovered. Although they are sometimes apparently zealous88 in the observance of the rites89 and ceremonies of the Church, it is probably more from a love of music and of pageantry than from devotional motives90. The most regular attendant of mass is apt to speak lightly of his faith and its representatives and to laugh at the scurrilous91 cartoons, caricaturing the Church and its ministers, which frequently appear in the newspapers and the shop-windows. No doubt the conduct of some of the clergy92 in Cuba, as in other Latin-American countries, has done much toward destroying respect for the cloth and devotion to the faith. Then again the fact that the Church was allied93 with the official oppressors, although many priests sympathized with the natives, had its effect for alienation94. Were it not for its female adherents95, the Church in Cuba would cease to be a national institution to-morrow. La cubana, however, is a fervent96 devotée, constant in her attendance at mass and confession97.
The Cuban woman is the most conservative of beings and a stickler98 for the proprieties99. She is very matter of fact, very serious, and utterly{96} destitute100 of humor. Her life is passed in a narrow groove101, with little but birth, marriage, and death, to vary it. Her world is contained in the town of which she is resident, and perhaps within a few squares of it. What happens outside these boundaries is nothing to her. She seldom cares for reading, her sole accomplishments102 are embroidering103 and piano-playing, her chief diversion, gossiping with her neighbors. She is never taught to take an interest in household work and knows nothing about cooking.
But withal she is womanly, warm-hearted, hospitable104, and often extremely charming.
The Cubans are the most democratic of people. The ragged105 peasant maintains a dignified106 attitude toward all men, which conveys the impression of a nicely balanced respect for himself and for his fellow. His landlord, or his employer, meets him upon his own ground and the relations between them are frequently characterized by friendly familiarity. The revolutionary period, with its levelling processes and its common interests, tended to make this condition more pronounced. It also had the effect of almost obliterating107 the color-line, which had previously108 been but faint. The right of the
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“HER WORLD IS CONTAINED IN THE TOWN OF WHICH SHE IS RESIDENT.{97}”
black and mulatto to call themselves “cubanos” could hardly be disputed in a country which owes its freedom in so great a degree to their efforts.
The lowest Cuban of the country will welcome you with dignified self-possession to the hut in which his naked children are tumbling about among the pigs and the chickens. You will have no difficulty in realizing that you may not pity nor patronize him, however miserable109 his condition may appear to be. He will be glad to do you a service for pay, and will overcharge you if you permit, but you can not offer him a gratuity110 without risk of offence. His air of independence is not without a basis of fact for its justification111. His simple needs are supplied with little labor112. He works when he wants to, and loafs when he pleases.
The guajiro, or white peasant of Cuba, is first cousin to the gibaro of Puerto Rico, whom I have described in a former volume.[2] They are much alike in character and in manner of living, but the former is the better man. He has not had to contend against the hookworm, which has played havoc113 with the Puerto Rican cam{98}pesino, and he has gained something in fibre and backbone from his hard experience as combatant or reconcentrado in the rebellions of late years.
The ancestors of the guajiro came mainly from Catalonia and Andalusia, and were a good, hardy114 stock. Time was when he occasionally owned slaves and a fair extent of land, but nowadays he is more often than not a squatter115 in a little corner of that no-man’s-land which seems to be so extensive in the central and eastern portions of the Island. In comparatively few instances he has title to a few acres, lives in a passably comfortable cabana, possesses a yoke of oxen, a good horse, half a dozen pigs, and plenty of poultry116. Much more often he lives in a ramshackle bohio, the one apartment of which affords indifferent shelter to a large family and is fairly shared by a lean hog117 and a few scrawny chickens. There is nothing deserving the name of furniture in the house, and the clothing of the family is of the scantiest118. A nag119 of some sort, usually a sorry specimen120 of its kind, is almost always owned by the guajiro, who loves a horse and rides like the gaucho121 of the Argentine pampas.
The guajiros are handsome, manly fellows.{99} While they have frequently become tinged with African blood, a majority probably have maintained the purity of their origin, and this is conspicuously122 the case with the peasantry about Cienfuegos. They speak a patois123 which is a mixture of Spanish and negro dialect, picked up from the blacks, with whom their intercourse has always been more or less close, and with whom they live on the best of terms.
The guajiro is totally lacking ambition and his chief desire is to be left alone to live his life in his own way. If he is frugal124, it is from necessity. Of thrift125 he has no understanding. What he earns to-day he carelessly spends to-morrow. Indeed he knows no reason for earning except to spend. It would be strange if his characteristics were otherwise. He has never had any opportunity to improve his condition, nor any incentive to accumulate property. He has become accustomed to living from hand to mouth with indifferent regard to the future. He works when he must and ceases as soon as he may. In that respect he is merely giving full play to an inclination that is strong in all of us.
The guajiro lives chiefly on bananas and other fruit. Aside from an occasional iguana,{100} or jutea, pork is the only meat he eats. This, contrary to our idea of the fitness of things in the tropics, is a frequent and favorite dish with all classes of Cubans. He sometimes varies his bill of fare with a fish or a bull-frog.
The one trait of his Spanish forefathers126 which the guajiro retains in undiminished strength, is love of gambling127. He is supported through a week of loathsome128 labor by the prospect129 of wagering130 his wages at the cock-pit or bull-ring on Sunday. He enjoys music and dancing with the whole-hearted delight of a child. As most of the observances of the Church have something of a gala character they attract him, and he finds a pious131 excuse for attending them. Weddings, christenings, funerals, are so many holidays in which it is a religious duty to take part. Of course all the fiestas are holy days and if he worked on all the days which are in no manner signalized by the Church, he would hardly labor half the time.
The guajira does all the chores about the place, except for looking after the cattle. If these and the cooking leave any surplus time it is occupied in attending to the numerous brood of guajiritos, who are to be seen tumbling
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{101}
about every cabin of the Island in a state of unhampered nature. The guajira is the working member of the family, but she gets her full share of the holidays, for her husband usually takes all his dependents with him when he goes to town to attend mass and patronize the cockfight. Females are debarred from that delectable133 entertainment and while it is in progress the guajira will foregather with others of her kind outside the village fonda and gossip over a glass of tamarind water.
There used to be more saints’ days than Sundays in the calendar, but the number is not so generally observed as formerly134. In fact, the country population seems to be beginning to take a more serious view of life and to regard work as a somewhat essential part of it, rather than a necessary evil of intermittent135 character. As he has come into closer touch with civilization in latter days, the guajiro has become sensibly discontented with his simple lot and desirous of many things of which he formerly knew nothing or toward which he was indifferent.
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1
intimacy
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| n.熟悉，亲密，密切关系，亲昵的言行 | |
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hazy
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| adj.有薄雾的，朦胧的；不肯定的，模糊的 | |
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3
nominal
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| adj.名义上的；(金额、租金)微不足道的 | |
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4
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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divergence
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| n.分歧，岔开 | |
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6
tinged
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| v.（使）发丁丁声( ting的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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7
descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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8
lanky
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| adj.瘦长的 | |
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9
drooping
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| adj. 下垂的，无力的 动词droop的现在分词 | |
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10
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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11
incentive
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| n.刺激；动力；鼓励；诱因；动机 | |
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12
prone
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| adj.(to)易于…的，很可能…的；俯卧的 | |
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13
condemnation
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| n.谴责; 定罪 | |
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14
affected
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| adj.不自然的，假装的 | |
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physically
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| adj.物质上，体格上，身体上，按自然规律 | |
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16
qualified
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| adj.合格的，有资格的，胜任的，有限制的 | |
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17
supervision
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| n.监督，管理 | |
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18
incapable
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| adj.无能力的，不能做某事的 | |
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19
deficient
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| adj.不足的，不充份的，有缺陷的 | |
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20
backbone
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| n.脊骨，脊柱，骨干；刚毅，骨气 | |
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21
fiery
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| adj.燃烧着的，火红的；暴躁的；激烈的 | |
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22
counteract
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| vt.对…起反作用，对抗，抵消 | |
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23
frivolity
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| n.轻松的乐事，兴高采烈；轻浮的举止 | |
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24
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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philosophical
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| adj.哲学家的，哲学上的，达观的 | |
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temperament
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| n.气质，性格，性情 | |
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slough
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| v.蜕皮，脱落，抛弃 | |
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28
stagnation
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| n. 停滞 | |
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conspired
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| 密谋( conspire的过去式和过去分词 )； 搞阴谋； （事件等）巧合； 共同导致 | |
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30
galling
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| adj.难堪的,使烦恼的,使焦躁的 | |
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31
yoke
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| n.轭；支配；v.给...上轭，连接，使成配偶 | |
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32
intervention
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| n.介入，干涉，干预 | |
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33
foppish
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| adj.矫饰的，浮华的 | |
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libidinous
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| adj.淫荡的 | |
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apprentice
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| n.学徒，徒弟 | |
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36
reverence
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| n.敬畏，尊敬，尊严；Reverence:对某些基督教神职人员的尊称；v.尊敬，敬畏，崇敬 | |
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questionable
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| adj.可疑的，有问题的 | |
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38
marital
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| adj.婚姻的，夫妻的 | |
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virtue
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| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
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gauge
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| v.精确计量；估计；n.标准度量；计量器 | |
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41
geniality
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| n.和蔼，诚恳；愉快 | |
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42
underlying
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| adj.在下面的，含蓄的，潜在的 | |
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43
courteous
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| adj.彬彬有礼的，客气的 | |
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44
refinement
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| n.文雅；高尚；精美；精制；精炼 | |
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45
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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46
remarkably
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| ad.不同寻常地，相当地 | |
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47
analyze
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| vt.分析，解析 (=analyse) | |
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48
arrogant
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| adj.傲慢的，自大的 | |
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49
assertiveness
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| n.过分自信 | |
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50
realization
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| n.实现；认识到，深刻了解 | |
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51
misgiving
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| n.疑虑，担忧，害怕 | |
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52
livelihood
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| n.生计，谋生之道 | |
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53
manly
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| adj.有男子气概的；adv.男子般地，果断地 | |
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54
virility
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| n.雄劲，丈夫气 | |
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55
inclination
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| n.倾斜；点头；弯腰；斜坡；倾度；倾向；爱好 | |
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56
guardianship
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| n. 监护, 保护, 守护 | |
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57
intercourse
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| n.性交；交流，交往，交际 | |
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58
contrive
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| vt.谋划，策划；设法做到；设计，想出 | |
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59
privately
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| adv.以私人的身份，悄悄地，私下地 | |
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60
proceeding
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| n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报 | |
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61
countenance
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| n.脸色，面容；面部表情；vt.支持，赞同 | |
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62
countenanced
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| v.支持，赞同，批准( countenance的过去式 ) | |
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63
entail
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| vt.使承担，使成为必要，需要 | |
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64
penance
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| n.（赎罪的）惩罪 | |
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65
expiation
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| n.赎罪，补偿 | |
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66
defiance
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| n.挑战，挑衅，蔑视，违抗 | |
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67
etiquette
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| n.礼仪，礼节；规矩 | |
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68
modesty
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| n.谦逊，虚心，端庄，稳重，羞怯，朴素 | |
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plaza
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| n.广场，市场 | |
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70
languishing
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| a. 衰弱下去的 | |
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71
benediction
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| n.祝福；恩赐 | |
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72
comely
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| adj.漂亮的，合宜的 | |
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73
vivacity
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| n.快活，活泼，精神充沛 | |
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irresistibly
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| adv.无法抵抗地，不能自持地；极为诱惑人地 | |
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placid
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| adj.安静的，平和的 | |
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76
remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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77
prevailing
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| adj.盛行的；占优势的；主要的 | |
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78
wane
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| n.衰微，亏缺，变弱；v.变小，亏缺，呈下弦 | |
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79
fulfill
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| vt.履行，实现，完成；满足，使满意 | |
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80
obedience
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| n.服从，顺从 | |
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81
jealousy
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| n.妒忌，嫉妒，猜忌 | |
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82
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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83
doctrines
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| n.教条( doctrine的名词复数 )；教义；学说；（政府政策的）正式声明 | |
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rife
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| adj.(指坏事情)充斥的，流行的，普遍的 | |
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addicted
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| adj.沉溺于....的，对...上瘾的 | |
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disciples
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| n.信徒( disciple的名词复数 )；门徒；耶稣的信徒；（尤指）耶稣十二门徒之一 | |
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87
deterioration
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| n.退化；恶化；变坏 | |
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88
zealous
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| adj.狂热的，热心的 | |
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rites
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| 仪式，典礼( rite的名词复数 ) | |
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motives
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| n.动机，目的( motive的名词复数 ) | |
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scurrilous
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| adj.下流的，恶意诽谤的 | |
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clergy
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| n.[总称]牧师，神职人员 | |
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allied
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| adj.协约国的；同盟国的 | |
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alienation
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| n.疏远；离间；异化 | |
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adherents
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| n.支持者，拥护者( adherent的名词复数 )；党羽；徒子徒孙 | |
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fervent
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| adj.热的，热烈的，热情的 | |
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confession
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| n.自白，供认，承认 | |
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stickler
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| n.坚持细节之人 | |
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proprieties
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| n.礼仪，礼节；礼貌( propriety的名词复数 )；规矩；正当；合适 | |
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destitute
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| adj.缺乏的；穷困的 | |
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101
groove
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| n.沟，槽；凹线，（刻出的）线条，习惯 | |
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accomplishments
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| n.造诣；完成( accomplishment的名词复数 )；技能；成绩；成就 | |
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103
embroidering
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| v.（在织物上）绣花( embroider的现在分词 )；刺绣；对…加以渲染（或修饰）；给…添枝加叶 | |
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104
hospitable
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| adj.好客的；宽容的；有利的，适宜的 | |
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105
ragged
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| adj.衣衫褴褛的，粗糙的，刺耳的 | |
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106
dignified
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| a.可敬的，高贵的 | |
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107
obliterating
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| v.除去( obliterate的现在分词 )；涂去；擦掉；彻底破坏或毁灭 | |
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108
previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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109
miserable
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| adj.悲惨的，痛苦的；可怜的，糟糕的 | |
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110
gratuity
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| n.赏钱，小费 | |
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111
justification
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| n.正当的理由；辩解的理由 | |
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112
labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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113
havoc
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| n.大破坏，浩劫，大混乱，大杂乱 | |
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114
hardy
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| adj.勇敢的，果断的，吃苦的；耐寒的 | |
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115
squatter
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| n.擅自占地者 | |
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116
poultry
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| n.家禽，禽肉 | |
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117
hog
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| n.猪；馋嘴贪吃的人；vt.把…占为己有，独占 | |
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118
scantiest
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| adj.（大小或数量）不足的，勉强够的( scanty的最高级 ) | |
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119
nag
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| v.(对…)不停地唠叨；n.爱唠叨的人 | |
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120
specimen
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| n.样本，标本 | |
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121
gaucho
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| n. 牧人 | |
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122
conspicuously
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| ad.明显地，惹人注目地 | |
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123
patois
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| n.方言；混合语 | |
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124
frugal
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| adj.节俭的，节约的，少量的，微量的 | |
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125
thrift
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| adj.节约，节俭；n.节俭，节约 | |
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126
forefathers
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| n.祖先，先人；祖先，祖宗( forefather的名词复数 )；列祖列宗；前人 | |
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127
gambling
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| n.赌博；投机 | |
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128
loathsome
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| adj.讨厌的，令人厌恶的 | |
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129
prospect
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| n.前景，前途；景色，视野 | |
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130
wagering
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| v.在（某物）上赌钱，打赌( wager的现在分词 )；保证，担保 | |
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131
pious
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| adj.虔诚的；道貌岸然的 | |
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132
grove
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| n.林子，小树林，园林 | |
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133
delectable
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| adj.使人愉快的；美味的 | |
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134
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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135
intermittent
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| adj.间歇的，断断续续的 | |
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