The vehicles increased on the highway, the lumber15 of much traffic commenced, the red and yellow tramcars multiplied, railway lines crossed the road, and by the rush of trains one felt that all the traffic of Eastern and Central America was converging16 to one point. The open country disappeared. The air of the roadway became full of dust. The heat increased ten degrees, and to move a limb was to perspire17. Foreigners jostled one another on the sidewalks, negroes and negresses sat in doorways18. The odour of carcases came to the nostrils19 from Packing-town, and at last the great central roar of traffic—Chicago.
I can give no account of the great city here—it would be only to recount and add together the uglinesses and the promises of other cities. It was at once worse and better than I had expected. The hopelessness of the picture given by Upton Sinclair in The Jungle I felt to be exaggerated. I was told at Hull20 House that the novelist had got all his stories at the stockyards, but that the massed calamities21 that are so appalling22 in the story never occurred to one family in real life. The effect of accumulated horrible detail in The Jungle deprives you at the time of any[Pg 276] love towards America; it made me, a Briton, feel hatred23 towards America, and when first I read the book I felt that no Russian who read it carefully would entertain willingly the idea of going to America. If he had entertained the idea, having read The Jungle he would abandon it. It is an astonishing tract7 on the fate of a Russian peasant family leaving the land of so-called tyranny for a land of so-called freedom; and its obvious moral is that Russia is a better country for the individual than America—that America takes the fine peasant stock of Europe and shatters it to bits.
It is true that Chicago makes a convenience of men, and that there man exists that commerce may thrive rather than that commerce exists that man may thrive. It is a place where the physical and psychical24 savings26 of Europeans are wasted like water, and where no one understands what the waste means. Spending is always joyful27, and Chicago is a gay city. It is full of a light-hearted people, pushing, bantering28, laughing, blindfolded29 over their spiritual eyes. In such places as Chicago the immigrant finds a market for things he could never sell at home—his body, his nerve, his vital energy; a ready market, and he sells them and has money in his pocket and beer in plenty. Listen to the loud-voiced, God-invoking crowd in the saloons! They have the proceeds that come of selling the savings of Europe. They have come out of the quiet villages and forests where, from generation to generation and[Pg 277] age to age, the peasantry live quiet lives, and grow richer and richer in spirit and nerve. But these in the Chicago streets and saloons have found their mysterious destiny, to lavish30 in a life, and for seemingly worthless ends, what hundreds of quiet-living ancestors have saved. The tree of a hundred years falls in a day and becomes timber, supporting a part of the fabric31 of civilisation32 for a while.
AT THE FOUNTAIN IN THE PARK: A HOT DAY IN CHICAGO
AT THE FOUNTAIN IN THE PARK: A HOT DAY IN CHICAGO.
The strangest thing is the clamour of the Chicago crowd—it is dead-sure about everything in the world, ignorant, cocksure, mocking. It does not know it is losing, does not know that it is blind-folded, because it is the victim of destiny.
Part of the spiritual blindness of the great city is the belief it holds that there is no other place of importance but itself. And many outsiders take the city at its own estimate. But Chicago is not America, neither is New York or any other great city. If going to America meant going only to the great cities, then few but the Jews would emigrate from Europe.
The ideals of America cannot be worked out merely in the great cities. The cities are places of death, of the destruction of national tissue, and of human combustion33, necessary, no doubt, as such, certainly not places where one need worry about national health. The national health is on the farms of Pennsylvania and Indiana and Minnesota, Michigan, Iowa, the Dakotas, the Far West. The men range big out there;[Pg 278] the stand-by of the people will always be found in these places and not in the cities.
And New York and Chicago, though necessary, are abnormal. They are not so much America as unassimilated Europe. The population of a city should be the natural sacrifice of the population of the country. It is often deplored34 that the country people are forsaking35 the land and flocking to the towns; but the proper people to replenish36 the failing stock of the cities is just those whom instinct and destiny prompt to leave the country. It is most bewildering to the student of America that her city-populations are replenished37 by the foreign immigrants, by people nursing, it is true, American sentiments, but not yet born into the American ideal, not made America's own. The natural place for the first generation of immigrants is on the land. If Chicago seems too large, too sudden a growth, disorderly, unanticipated, altogether out of hand, it is because of the hordes38 of foreigners who are there, who have not the impulse to co-operate, and who do not readily respond to the efforts of the idealist and politician. And they do not readily respond because they have not lived long enough in the true American atmosphere, have not served a quiet apprenticeship39 in the country, but have been dumped into an industrial wilderness40 served with the yellow press and "sped up."
America will have to guide the flow of the [Pg 279]immigrants, and learn to irrigate41 with it and make fertile the Middle and the Far West. It is over-commercialisation and near-sightedness that clamours for more labour in the great cities. The size of a city is never too small. In the normal state of a nation the city functionises the country, and according to the strength of the people in the background the state of the great town will be busy or slack. It is good news that negotiations42 are being made with the trans-Atlantic shipping43 companies to ship immigrants to the Far Western coast via the Panama Canal, at rates not very much heavier than at present exist for shipment to Boston and Philadelphia and New York. A man and his wife planted on the land in the East are worth ten given to the greedy cities of the West.
In the matter of the colonisation of her own country America might learn a great deal from Russia, especially in the matter of railway transit44. It is all to the advantage of a country that means of transit are cheap, and that there be a brisk circulation of the blood of the body-politic. As a newspaper realises that the cheaper its price the greater its success, the greater its circulation, so America might realise that the cheaper were its railway fares the more facility would there be for the mingling45 of the peoples, the assimilation of foreigners, and the development of the country.
In America it costs 39 dollars 60 cents to go as far[Pg 280] as Denver, Colorado, which is about 2000 miles, and $76.20 to go to San Francisco. A comparison with the Russian rates will give an idea how much more cheaply it is possible to carry people:
railway rates
Of course, the cost of working is more in America than in Russia, and the trains are twice as fast; but that is not enough to set off against the enormous differences in fares. A great profit is made out of the railway business, and the profit is at the expense of America as a whole. It is absurd to compare the prices of fares in America with the prices of fares in Great Britain. It is bad enough with us, but ours is a small territory; it does not cost much to go from end to end. But America is a vast country. It costs almost a year's wages to pay the fare of a family across it. You think twice before determining to travel even a thousand miles. The consequence is that the circulation of people is sluggish47 in the extreme. The East begins to get congested, and the cities are packed with people who would gladly have gone straight to the West if facilities had been granted them.
[Pg 281]
In the development of democracy it is circulation that is important, the circulation of opinion, of sentiment, of ideals. The large circulation of interest and affection caused by the reduction of postage rates down to a penny in Britain and two cents in America has given an immense impetus48 to democratic development; the larger circulation of ideas and opinions caused by the reduction of the price of newspapers to a cent has also been advantageous49. But how much more important than the circulation of opinions, ideas, and sentiments is the circulation of the people themselves, controlled by the price of fares on railways! How much more swiftly would the American democracy become homogeneous if it were possible to travel a thousand miles for five dollars. That would entail50 either nationalisation of railways or subsidisation by the Government. But it would be worth it to the American people.
Because of the heavy expense of railway travelling America is only dimly conscious of itself, geographically51 and ethnologically. Americans even boast of the distances between their towns and between different points of the country. Chicago, only one-third of the way across the continent, is called "The West." Indiana and Illinois and Minnesota are "out West." It is as if we referred to Berkshire or Warwickshire as the West of England.
In due course, it may be imagined, the United[Pg 282] States Government will assume state-control of many of the railways, and ten dollars will pay your fare from New York right across. Immigrants will not be allowed to settle in great cities till they have spent ten years on the land. Such a provision would make it easier to admit all sorts and conditions of Europeans at Ellis Island; and at the corresponding Immigration stations at other ports a great deal of the White Slave trouble would be averted52, and the shelter of immigrants would not absorb so much of the urban attention so urgently needed elsewhere.
* * * * * * *
Railways have as much power to make the new American as the newspaper has. Perhaps they have more power; for the railways can afford great opportunities for social mingling. The railway can take any immigrant to a place where he will be not merely a hireling, but a living organism grafted53 into the vast body of America. At present the high fares deter46 the immigrant, and he is cooped up in districts which he would like to leave, but cannot; in districts where he must remain foreign and not American.
For there is an impulse to move and to mingle54. If railway facilities were granted there would be a great deal more social and commercial intercourse55 over the surface of America. Each new immigrant who comes into the United States is particularly[Pg 283] wanted somewhere; his landing is not an accident. Some village or countryside has called him, and will still call him, though he be frustrated56 at first, doing the wrong sort of work among the wrong group of people.
The great heterogeneous57 mass of peoples wants to become one nation. There is a power which works through the peoples for that end. The people are ready to mingle; they are already mingling; they are going to and fro and in twos and threes, and every step and every transaction is something essential in the making of the coming homogeneous nation.
It is a choir58 dance, a dance of molecules59 or atoms, if you will, but a dance of human atoms, and one that yields a mystic music that can be heard by the poet's ear. Leading the peoples in the involutions and evolutions of the choir dance is a masked figure, not itself one of the people. What is that figure? Not trade, I think, though it helps; not common interest, though it is perhaps a rule of the dance; not even the American idea. The masked figure that leads is a fate; it is an instinct of Destiny.
The dance is being played out on a vast stage with much scenery—the three-thousand-mile stretch of America, East to West: the Industrial East, with its hills; the corn plains and forests of the middle West; the wild West; the luxuriant and wonderful South.
[Pg 284]
The welter of negroes and Spaniards and half-castes in the South, in the black pale; the Swedes and Norwegians and Finns in the Middle West; the million Jews in New York; the millions of them elsewhere, saying, as Mary Antin, that America and not Judea is the Promised Land, the place where the tribes will be gathered together again and form a nation; the great Anglo-Saxon stock of America, who would feel themselves to be the leaven62, the ruling principle in the choir dance; the Dutch-Americans of Pennsylvania; the Irish, of whom there tend to be more in America than in Ireland; the Slovaks and Ruthenians on the Pennsylvanian collieries; the Italian gangs on the road and the Italian quarters of a thousand towns; the Poles, of whom in New York alone there are more than in any city in Poland; the enormous number of Germans living on the land; the hundred thousand Russian working men in Pennsylvania alone; the Molokan Russians in California, and the Russian gold-washers; the Red Indians on the Reservations; the composite gangs of all nations in the world going up and down the country doing jobs.
The Jews bring music, mathematical instinct, a sense of justice, industry, commercial organisation63, and commercial tyranny, national wealth, material prosperity, restlessness.
[Pg 285]
The English bring ignorance, pluck, and honour; the Scottish bring their brains and their morals; the Irish bring generosity64, cleverness, laziness, hatred of Jews and of meanness.
The Germans bring the idea of growth and development, evolution, and with it their own music. They also bring an instinct for efficiency and shining armour65.
The negro brings sensual music and dancing, a taste for barbaric splendour, the gentleness of little children, and the wildness of the beasts of the forest at night; and he brings imitativeness, subserviency66, a taste for slavery.
The Red Indians bring the remembrance of the Virgin67 Continent—litheness of limb, subtler ear and nose and eyes for the things of the earth.
The Italians bring their emotionalism and excitability, their songs, their passion, their fighting spirit.
The Little Russians, Slovaks, Poles, Great Russians bring patience to endure suffering, but withal a spirit of anarchism which prompts them to do astonishing things without apparent cause, mystical piety68, charity, much sin, much intemperance69, much love and human tenderness. They bring also the Tartar commercial spirit, and a zest70 for haggling71 over prices and for making deals.
But what do they not bring, all these peoples?[Pg 286] There are marvellous gifts closed in all of them, mysterious potentialities that it were folly73 to attempt to name.
Each race has its special function, its organic suitability and psychic25 value. There are male races like the Jews; female races like the Germans. There are races that bring spirit, races that bring body.
German goes down the middle with English; Swedish with Irish; Russian with Pole; Jew with each and all. It is not always with the negro that the negro dances, not always with the Italian that the Italian is partnered, nor Hungarian with Hungarian, nor Lithuanian with Lithuanian. Secretively, unexpectedly, on unanticipated impulses, strangers obey the magic wand and rhythmical74 gestures of the Great Conductor of the dance, and become one with another in the evolution of America. The dance has been open some time, but it is only now becoming general. The waiting throngs on all sides are just beginning to break up and go mingling up and down and in and out, carrying messages, making sacrifices, performing rites75. The victims are blindfolded; the conquerors76 have the light of destiny on their brows.
A spectacle for the Gods! In the Old World the heavenly powers have looked down more or less on the antagonism77 of the races, war and enmity and all that results from great battles, the rout78 of armies, the sacking of cities, the sinking of ships—
[Pg 287]
Looking over wasted lands.
Clanging fights, and flaming towns, and sinking ships, and praying hands.
But in the New World the peoples are joined in co-operation and friendship, working out in peace and trade the synthesis of a new race. The gods look down on factory-chimneys belching81 smoke, on kingdoms covered with red-gold corn uncoveted by men of arms, on hurrying trains and the dancing peoples going hither and thither82, with smiles and little enchantments83 and allurements84. They look upon the Protestant pulpits where the Puritans preach, on the Roman Catholic Church and the confessionals, on the Orthodox Church, on the Baptists, on the Mormons; and on the way the varying peoples flock around temples, and in and out of church doors, carrying messages, receiving messages. They look upon many developments that we have so aptly called movements, the mysterious "woman's movement", the Romanising movement, the Socialistic movement. They look upon a million schools where the children, the second generation of the dancers, are polished and tested and clothed before they in their turn join the throng61 at the side and go down the middle with their partners.
It is like a kaleidoscope, and at each successive[Pg 288] revolution the peoples change their aspects and their pattern; but there is no reverting85 to the original pattern, as in the kaleidoscope. The constituents86 of the pattern are divining what the next pattern will be, and it is always a new pattern, something nearer to the great coming unity87, the new American nation. In no one particular bosom88 is the destiny of America; one man by himself means nothing there. It is a whole people that is living or will live. Once the foreigner parts from the waiting throngs at the side and enters the mystic dance, his own little consciousness and purpose become but a part of the much greater consciousness and purpose of the whole. It is not the development of one sort of person, but the combination of a million sorts to make one. It is not the development of a race, as is our own British progress in Great Britain, but something which seems rather novel in the history of mankind, the making of a new democracy. It is not a Gladstone or a Bismarck or an Alexander the Liberator89, who is leading this development that I have called a Choir Dance, not a Lincoln or a Roosevelt or a Wilson. Men have only their parts to play in the making of a democracy; if they could make it all by themselves, or originate the making, or achieve the making, it would not be a democracy that they were making. As I said, it is a masked figure that leads the mystic movement—a fate. In one sense there are many fates also among the dancers and[Pg 289] mingled90 with them,—a mysterious and wonderful ballet, perfect in idea and in fulfilment.
And as it is with men so it is with the rites they perform. There are myriads91 of rites in the movement of the dance, but not one of them is charged with absolute significance. Thus in the mazes92 of evolution there stands impregnable, as it would seem, the historic open Bible of America. Around it, marking time, is a massed host of Americans, now reinforced by newcomers, now diminished by secessions, swayed to this way and to that by streams of Catholics, streams of Hebrews, streams of pleasure-lovers, but as yet holding its own, and claiming in sonorous93 choruses that the Bible shall be the leaven of the New America.
At another point of vantage on the stage you may see the Jews proclaiming by vote that America is no longer a Christian94 country, and calling the intellectuals and pleasure-wanters to support, if not Judaism, at least rationalism and "intelligent" materialism95.
At another point you see the menace of the half-civilised negro, the spectacle of the rapid multiplication96 of a people over whom there is no control, and in whose nature lies, apparently97, an enormous physical power to degrade the type of the whites.
There is the phenomenon of the wholesale98 slaughter99 and sacrifice of blindfolded foreigners exploited in industrial cities; forests of men used up as the forests of wood are worn away into daily newspapers and rubbish.
[Pg 290]
You see the booths where dancers make voluntary abdication100 of European nationality and take the oaths of American citizenship101.
You see the prizes for which, in the dance, whole crowds seem to be straining and yearning102 and even struggling, the prize of wealth, of even a little wealth, of a name printed in a newspaper, of a name printed in all newspapers, the prize of fame, of political position, of premiership. You see the wild political campaigns.
You see the places where the ambitious laze by the way, the baseball races where men are shouting themselves and others mad for an empty game, the halls of rag-time and trotting103. You see in thousands of instances actions which seem to disgrace the name of America and to augur104 ill for her future,—women sold into evil, negroes burned at the stake, heinous105 crimes committed against children. But the destiny of the great choric dance cannot be thwarted106 by any of these things. Death is useful to life, darkness to brightness, sin to virtue—useful in a way which it is not necessary for the individual to penetrate107. Each man fulfils his destiny, guides others according to his light, acts according to his inclination108, temptation, and conscience. The whole nation takes care of itself.
* * * * * * *
Wherever I went in the States I was asked by journalists to say what I thought the resultant type of[Pg 291] American was going to be. America seemed feverishly109 anxious to get an answer to that question. No one can answer it, but it is exciting to speculate.
"Are you aware that in a few years we shall come to such a pass that it will be a stand-up fight, Americans versus110 Jews?" said one man to me. "The influence of the other races goes for nothing beside the influence of the Jews. The Jews are buying up all the real estate, they make any sacrifice for education, they get the better of Christians111 nine times out of ten. A Jewish pedlar comes past this door one day, and I think, 'Poor wretch112!' Next year he comes past in a buggy; next year I find he owns a big general store in the town; next year he owns a department store and employs a thousand hands. He is too much for us."
What is to be the emerging American? At New York I was inclined to answer, "A sort of English-speaking Russian Jew who believes in dollars and sensual pleasures before all else, who, however, reads advanced literature, and whilst he is poor is an anarchist113, and when he is rich is more tyrannous than the Tsar—more tyrannous, but never illegally so." But when I escaped into the country I found that New York was not America, but only a great hostelry on the threshold of that country. I learned the great control power of the Anglo-Saxon and Dutch Americans, the subtle influence of the Russian people, who[Pg 292] after all not only dominate the Jews in Russia, but give them many traits of the Russian national character, making out of a materialist114 something which is almost a sentimentalist. There are many Jews in Russia who have become de-judaised by the Russians, and indeed the Christian Jew has become part of the very fabric of that bureaucracy which the poor persecuted115 mob of Hebrews hate and fear. The Russians are a strong influence in the development of the American. And the Germans and Norwegians and Swedes and Danes, who swiftly change to a species of American hardly distinguishable from the old Anglo-Saxon and Dutch type? They cannot go for nothing, they are not simply raw material, but are moulders116 and fashioners as well. The coming American will be a very recognisable relation of the Teutonic peoples. But he will nevertheless be clearly and decidedly different from any one race on the Continent.
Even to-day an American is distinctly recognisable as such on the pavements of London, Berlin, or Paris. You know him by his face; he does not need to speak to reveal his nationality. You can even tell a man who has spent five years in the country; something new has been moulded into his face and has crept into his eyes. I have even noticed it in the face of Russian peasants returning from America after two years away from Russia, travelling in a Russian train to their little village home.
[Pg 293]
"You are American?" I asked of them.
"Yes, boss, you are rait," they replied, and smiled knowingly.
They then began to enlarge on what a wonderful place America was—just like American tourists in Switzerland.
But the American of to-day is not the American of to-morrow. The Tsar's subjects coming into America at the rate of a quarter of a million a year ensure that, the flocking of almost whole nations from South-Eastern Europe ensure it. As I said, none can tell what the new American nation will be. We can only watch the wonderful patterns and colours that form in the great ballet and choir dance, the mingling in the labyrinths117 of destiny, the disappearances118 and the emergences, the involution and the evolution. It is something enacted119 within the mystery of the human race itself.
点击
收听单词发音
收听单词发音 |
1
rumour
|
|
| n.谣言，谣传，传闻 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
2
sordid
|
|
| adj.肮脏的，不干净的，卑鄙的，暗淡的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
3
haze
|
|
| n.霾，烟雾；懵懂，迷糊；vi.(over)变模糊 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
4
rivulets
|
|
| n.小河，小溪( rivulet的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
5
wilted
|
|
| （使）凋谢，枯萎( wilt的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
6
fumes
|
|
| n.(强烈而刺激的)气味，气体 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
7
tract
|
|
| n.传单，小册子，大片(土地或森林) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
8
foul
|
|
| adj.污秽的；邪恶的；v.弄脏；妨害；犯规；n.犯规 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
9
suburban
|
|
| adj.城郊的，在郊区的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
10
marshes
|
|
| n.沼泽，湿地( marsh的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
11
ominous
|
|
| adj.不祥的，不吉的，预兆的，预示的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
12
squads
|
|
| n.（军队中的）班( squad的名词复数 )；（暗杀）小组；体育运动的运动（代表）队；（对付某类犯罪活动的）警察队伍 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
13
strings
|
|
| n.弦 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
14
rusty
|
|
| adj.生锈的；锈色的；荒废了的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
15
lumber
|
|
| n.木材，木料；v.以破旧东西堆满；伐木；笨重移动 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
16
converging
|
|
| adj.收敛[缩]的，会聚的，趋同的v.（线条、运动的物体等）会于一点( converge的现在分词 )；（趋于）相似或相同；人或车辆汇集；聚集 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
17
perspire
|
|
| vi.出汗，流汗 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
18
doorways
|
|
| n.门口，门道( doorway的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
19
nostrils
|
|
| 鼻孔( nostril的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
20
hull
|
|
| n.船身；(果、实等的)外壳；vt.去(谷物等)壳 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
21
calamities
|
|
| n.灾祸，灾难( calamity的名词复数 )；不幸之事 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
22
appalling
|
|
| adj.骇人听闻的，令人震惊的，可怕的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
23
hatred
|
|
| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
24
psychical
|
|
| adj.有关特异功能现象的；有关特异功能官能的；灵魂的；心灵的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
25
psychic
|
|
| n.对超自然力敏感的人；adj.有超自然力的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
26
savings
|
|
| n.存款，储蓄 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
27
joyful
|
|
| adj.欢乐的，令人欢欣的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
28
bantering
|
|
| adj.嘲弄的v.开玩笑，说笑，逗乐( banter的现在分词 )；（善意地）取笑，逗弄 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
29
blindfolded
|
|
| v.（尤指用布）挡住（某人）的视线( blindfold的过去式 )；蒙住（某人）的眼睛；使不理解；蒙骗 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
30
lavish
|
|
| adj.无节制的；浪费的；vt.慷慨地给予，挥霍 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
31
fabric
|
|
| n.织物，织品，布；构造，结构，组织 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
32
civilisation
|
|
| n.文明，文化，开化，教化 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
33
combustion
|
|
| n.燃烧；氧化；骚动 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
34
deplored
|
|
| v.悲叹，痛惜，强烈反对( deplore的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
35
forsaking
|
|
| 放弃( forsake的现在分词 )； 弃绝； 抛弃； 摒弃 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
36
replenish
|
|
| vt.补充；(把…)装满；(再)填满 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
37
replenished
|
|
| 补充( replenish的过去式和过去分词 )； 重新装满 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
38
hordes
|
|
| n.移动着的一大群( horde的名词复数 )；部落 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
39
apprenticeship
|
|
| n.学徒身份；学徒期 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
40
wilderness
|
|
| n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等，荒漠 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
41
irrigate
|
|
| vt.灌溉，修水利，冲洗伤口，使潮湿 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
42
negotiations
|
|
| 协商( negotiation的名词复数 )； 谈判； 完成（难事）； 通过 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
43
shipping
|
|
| n.船运（发货，运输，乘船） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
44
transit
|
|
| n.经过，运输；vt.穿越，旋转；vi.越过 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
45
mingling
|
|
| adj.混合的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
46
deter
|
|
| vt.阻止，使不敢，吓住 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
47
sluggish
|
|
| adj.懒惰的，迟钝的，无精打采的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
48
impetus
|
|
| n.推动，促进，刺激；推动力 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
49
advantageous
|
|
| adj.有利的；有帮助的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
50
entail
|
|
| vt.使承担，使成为必要，需要 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
51
geographically
|
|
| adv.地理学上，在地理上，地理方面 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
52
averted
|
|
| 防止，避免( avert的过去式和过去分词 )； 转移 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
53
grafted
|
|
| 移植( graft的过去式和过去分词 )； 嫁接； 使（思想、制度等）成为（…的一部份）； 植根 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
54
mingle
|
|
| vt.使混合，使相混；vi.混合起来；相交往 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
55
intercourse
|
|
| n.性交；交流，交往，交际 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
56
frustrated
|
|
| adj.挫败的，失意的，泄气的v.使不成功( frustrate的过去式和过去分词 )；挫败；使受挫折；令人沮丧 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
57
heterogeneous
|
|
| adj.庞杂的；异类的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
58
choir
|
|
| n.唱诗班，唱诗班的席位，合唱团，舞蹈团；v.合唱 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
59
molecules
|
|
| 分子( molecule的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
60
throngs
|
|
| n.人群( throng的名词复数 )v.成群，挤满( throng的第三人称单数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
61
throng
|
|
| n.人群，群众；v.拥挤，群集 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
62
leaven
|
|
| v.使发酵；n.酵母；影响 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
63
organisation
|
|
| n.组织，安排，团体，有机休 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
64
generosity
|
|
| n.大度，慷慨，慷慨的行为 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
65
armour
|
|
| （=armor）n.盔甲；装甲部队 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
66
subserviency
|
|
| n.有用，裨益 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
|
67
virgin
|
|
| n.处女，未婚女子；adj.未经使用的；未经开发的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
68
piety
|
|
| n.虔诚，虔敬 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
69
intemperance
|
|
| n.放纵 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
70
zest
|
|
| n.乐趣；滋味，风味；兴趣 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
71
haggling
|
|
| v.讨价还价( haggle的现在分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
72
vivacity
|
|
| n.快活，活泼，精神充沛 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
73
folly
|
|
| n.愚笨，愚蠢，蠢事，蠢行，傻话 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
74
rhythmical
|
|
| adj.有节奏的，有韵律的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
75
rites
|
|
| 仪式，典礼( rite的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
76
conquerors
|
|
| 征服者，占领者( conqueror的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
77
antagonism
|
|
| n.对抗，敌对，对立 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
78
rout
|
|
| n.溃退，溃败；v.击溃，打垮 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
79
blight
|
|
| n.枯萎病；造成破坏的因素；vt.破坏，摧残 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
80
fiery
|
|
| adj.燃烧着的，火红的；暴躁的；激烈的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
81
belching
|
|
| n. 喷出，打嗝 动词belch的现在分词形式 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
82
thither
|
|
| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
83
enchantments
|
|
| n.魅力( enchantment的名词复数 )；迷人之处；施魔法；着魔 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
84
allurements
|
|
| n.诱惑( allurement的名词复数 )；吸引；诱惑物；有诱惑力的事物 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
85
reverting
|
|
| 恢复( revert的现在分词 )； 重提； 回到…上； 归还 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
86
constituents
|
|
| n.选民( constituent的名词复数 )；成分；构成部分；要素 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
87
unity
|
|
| n.团结，联合，统一；和睦，协调 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
88
bosom
|
|
| n.胸，胸部；胸怀；内心；adj.亲密的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
89
liberator
|
|
| 解放者 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
90
mingled
|
|
| 混合，混入( mingle的过去式和过去分词 )； 混进，与…交往[联系] | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
91
myriads
|
|
| n.无数，极大数量( myriad的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
92
mazes
|
|
| 迷宫( maze的名词复数 )； 纷繁复杂的规则； 复杂难懂的细节； 迷宫图 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
93
sonorous
|
|
| adj.响亮的，回响的；adv.圆润低沉地；感人地；n.感人，堂皇 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
94
Christian
|
|
| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
95
materialism
|
|
| n.［哲］唯物主义，唯物论；物质至上 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
96
multiplication
|
|
| n.增加，增多，倍增；增殖，繁殖；乘法 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
97
apparently
|
|
| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
98
wholesale
|
|
| n.批发；adv.以批发方式；vt.批发，成批出售 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
99
slaughter
|
|
| n.屠杀，屠宰；vt.屠杀，宰杀 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
100
abdication
|
|
| n.辞职；退位 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
101
citizenship
|
|
| n.市民权，公民权，国民的义务(身份) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
102
yearning
|
|
| a.渴望的；向往的；怀念的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
103
trotting
|
|
| 小跑，急走( trot的现在分词 )； 匆匆忙忙地走 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
104
augur
|
|
| n.占卦师；v.占卦 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
105
heinous
|
|
| adj.可憎的，十恶不赦的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
106
thwarted
|
|
| 阻挠( thwart的过去式和过去分词 )； 使受挫折； 挫败； 横过 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
107
penetrate
|
|
| v.透(渗)入；刺入，刺穿；洞察，了解 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
108
inclination
|
|
| n.倾斜；点头；弯腰；斜坡；倾度；倾向；爱好 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
109
feverishly
|
|
| adv. 兴奋地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
110
versus
|
|
| prep.以…为对手，对；与…相比之下 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
111
Christians
|
|
| n.基督教徒( Christian的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
112
wretch
|
|
| n.可怜的人，不幸的人；卑鄙的人 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
113
anarchist
|
|
| n.无政府主义者 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
114
materialist
|
|
| n. 唯物主义者 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
115
persecuted
|
|
| （尤指宗教或政治信仰的）迫害(~sb. for sth.)( persecute的过去式和过去分词 )； 烦扰，困扰或骚扰某人 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
116
moulders
|
|
| v.腐朽( moulder的第三人称单数 )；腐烂，崩塌 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
117
labyrinths
|
|
| 迷宫( labyrinth的名词复数 )； （文字，建筑）错综复杂的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
118
disappearances
|
|
| n.消失( disappearance的名词复数 )；丢失；失踪；失踪案 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
119
enacted
|
|
| 制定（法律），通过（法案）( enact的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
| 欢迎访问英文小说网 |