When considering the past one is inclined to ask the question: “Does the history of mankind represent an unbroken line of progress, or, on the contrary, does it reflect a series of alternating periods of development and decay?”
We have observed that in recent times through the study of tribes and races in the various stages of development much has been learned concerning the origin of organized society and the development of human institutions. We have also seen that through the legends, traditions, and myths of the earliest historic peoples much reliable information has been gained regarding the conditions which prevailed at a still earlier period of human existence.
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Notwithstanding the proofs which in recent times have been obtained relative to the law of periodicity which has thus far regulated human progress the idea prevails that in our own time mental activity has reached a stage never before witnessed. It is assumed that throughout the entire history of mankind material and intellectual development has never attained5 to such colossal6 proportions. It is evident that our egoism has obscured our normal vision. We lack perspective.
There is no evidence to prove that the present brain capacity of human beings exceeds that of the earliest ages of human history, neither is there any proof that the moral sense has been in the least reinforced. The lofty moral and spiritual precepts7 which abound8 in the Upanishads have never been surpassed—possibly never equalled. We are heirs of all the ages. The accumulated knowledge of the past is responsible for present achievements.
Those who have made a study of tribes and races in the various stages of development find much evidence going to prove that extant savage9 tribes do not represent man as he first emerged from the animal type, but, on the contrary, that they are the degenerate10 descendants of an extinct civilized11 race differing little from our own. If this be true, if human development which thus far seems to have been wholly material contain within itself the seeds of its own destruction,382 would it not be wise for the present generation to examine existing conditions in order to ascertain12 if we too have not already entered upon the path of degeneracy or decay?
Possibly this will be regarded as a pessimistic suggestion, but as has already been observed, a comparison between the conditions existing in prehistoric13 times and those which prevail under the present so-called civilized régime fully14 justifies15 this suggestion.
Those persons who have acquainted themselves with the available facts underlying16 the growth of organized society and the development of existing institutions, and who have co-ordinated these facts with the present situation are able to trace not only the growth of the destructive principle in human affairs but are able to forecast with a considerable degree of accuracy the results which must inevitably17 follow. Without a knowledge of the past it is impossible to understand or interpret the present.
We are living in a remarkable18 age. It is to be doubted if throughout the entire historic period there has been a time when passing events moved so swiftly or when they assumed the magnitude of those now taking place. Causes which were set up during prehistoric times have reached a climax19. The inevitable20 results from those causes are upon us.
In order to compare the past and the present it becomes necessary briefly21 to recall some of the383 already recorded facts relative to existing conditions under early organized society.
When human beings lived closer to nature and before the natural checks to the lower or disintegrating22 forces had been withdrawn23, the basic principles underlying human action were equality and liberty. No member of a communal24 group could claim any right or privilege not enjoyed by all. There was no poverty and no crime. Disease as we know it was unknown. As the lands were held in common, women were absolutely free and independent. They chose their mates and were responsible for the well-being25 of their offspring. As women controlled the sexual relation and themselves regulated prenatal conditions, the children inherited strong bodies and healthy minds. Dissensions over property did not occur, and jealousy26 and a desire for personal aggrandizement27 had not been developed.
The religious worship of primitive28 people consisted for the most part in invocations to the Great Mother, the fructifying30 principle throughout nature, from whom were derived31 all earthly benefits. Later the Great Mother came to be worshipped under various appellations32, namely, Cybele, or Astarte, in Asia Minor33, Athene in Greece, Minerva in Rome, and Isis or Neith in Egypt. Finally, as is well known, these goddesses were dethroned by an all-powerful male God, an anthropomorphic deity34 whose chief attribute was virile35 might. This change in the384 god-idea was coincident with, and dependent upon, a corresponding change in the relations of the sexes which took place at a certain period in human history. The god-idea is now and ever has been in strict accord with the existing conceptions concerning the relative importance of the sex-functions in human beings.
During thousands of years of life on “earth” the mother was the only recognized parent. As the giver of life and the protector of offspring she was regarded as the Creator and Preserver of the race. She represented the constructive36 element in human society. Later, however, when man began to contest the supremacy37 of woman, her hitherto unquestioned prerogatives38 began to be claimed by him. It was at this juncture39 in human affairs that the contention40 arose over the relative importance of the sexes in the processes of reproduction. Not only in the traditions and legends of early historic peoples but in their histories as well there is much evidence given to prove that this contention was as fierce as that which at the present time is going on between the sexes. As a result of this contention both female and male gods were worshipped. Those who recognized the mother as the giver of life continued to worship the female principle, while those who accepted the new doctrine41 enunciated42 by Apollo, namely, that the soul of the child is derived from the father and the mother is only a nurse to his heaven-born offspring, accepted the new religion. When the385 dominion43 of man over woman was complete the female principle throughout nature and in the god-idea was practically unrecognized or wholly ignored. Throughout the historic period male power has been supreme44 not only on the earth but also in heaven. Classical history is not wanting in references to this change in the relations of the sexes and in the god-idea which took place at a certain stage of human development.
We are informed that in Greece, probably about 1100 years B.C., Cecrops “instituted marriage and established a new religion.” The new religion instituted by Cecrops was the doctrine that the father is the only parent, that the soul of the child is derived from him, and that the mother performs simply the office of nurse to his offspring. Woman was no longer the creator or giver of life. She was matter while man, who was henceforth to be her lord and master, was spirit. Marriage as instituted by Cecrops was the natural and inevitable outcome of the new religion. It was the first attempt of the Greek tribes to legalize and control the sex-functions of women. The deeper one delves46 into the mysteries of the past the more apparent does it become that the sexual degradation47 of women is deeply rooted in religion.
For untold48 ages early organized society proceeded along the line of uninterrupted evolutionary49 progress. Although humanity was traversing an unknown path the arts of life steadily50 increased. The production of farinaceous food by means of386 which an exclusive meat diet was avoided was an achievement of the utmost importance to the race. The idea of government which at first included only the members of related groups was extended to the tribe and even to the nation.
Equality, freedom, and justice constituted the fundamental principles of early organized society. Finally, however, through causes which have already been set forth45 in these pages, this system gradually gave place to a regime founded on selfishness, or egoism. At this time in human affairs related groups could no longer defend themselves against the aggressions of powerful hostile foes51; jealousies53 arose and alien tribes began to make war upon one another, the stronger appropriating the lands of the weaker and making slaves of the people. The women of the subjugated54 groups became the sexual slaves of the conquerors55. As native women were free, foreign women who could be controlled were greatly in demand. Therefore frequent attacks were made on foreign groups for the sole purpose of “carrying off” the women.
The lands which had been held in common by all the members of the tribe were now parcelled out among individual chieftains. The prestige given to these “lords of the soil,” and the advantage gained by them through the control of the natural resources and the means of subsistence, soon gave rise to a privileged class—a class which in process of time became masters of the masses of387 the people. When wars for conquest and spoliation became general and when the communal system under which the principles of liberty and equality had been established gave place to a system founded on force the entire habitable globe became a battle-ground upon which each and every individual struggled fiercely with every other individual not only for place and power, but for the means of subsistence as well. When the principles of democracy established under gentile institutions gave place to a system of governmental control under which only the rights of the few were recognized, and when the unchecked disruptive forces had gained the ascendency over the constructive elements developed in human nature, the degeneracy of the race began. It is not difficult to trace the steps by which this degeneracy has been accomplished56.
Although we of the present boast of our material achievements, and although we arrogate57 to ourselves a most remarkable degree of intelligence, enlightenment, and even culture, it is evident that we have not risen above a plane of the grossest materialism58, and that in the truly human qualities, those which distinguish man from the animal, we are sadly deficient59. That in these later days the moral sense has become atrophied60 is shown in the fact that our present tooth and claw system, under which each individual must array himself against every other individual in his struggle for existence, is regarded as a practical exemplification388 of the principle of the “Survival of the Fittest.” According to this interpretation61, not those who are best endowed, physically62, mentally, and morally are the fittest to survive, but on the contrary those who are best able to appropriate to themselves the opportunities and advantages which belong to others. In other words it is claimed that by the Survival of the Fittest is meant the survival of those who because of their material advantages are able to exploit their fellowmen. A few of the processes involved in the control of the many by the few have already been mentioned. To maintain the authority of the privileged class and to strengthen their hold on the liberties of the people, Monarchy63, Aristocracy, and Ecclesiasticism were established and the Divine Right of Kings proclaimed. Intrenched behind these mighty64 bulwarks65 the position of the usurpers has been impregnable. Through enforced ignorance and superstition66 the “common people” came to regard their situation not only as natural and unavoidable but as representing the will of the Almighty67. If they were faithful to their masters in this world, in the world to come they would be furnished with free transport to Fields Elysian. Strange to relate this belief still prevails.
At the present time the principle of human freedom is still struggling for recognition, but the great mass of human beings, although boasting of their civilization and enlightenment, continue to up389hold the principle that the few should rule the many. They regard their rulers as superior beings whose authority may not be questioned. At the present time we have before us the dismal68 spectacle of half a dozen hereditary69 monarchs70 who with their satellites claim the right to rule over nearly the whole of Europe and a large portion of Asia. Twenty-five millions of men are now engaged in a deadly conflict to further the commercial and territorial71 interests of their masters.
When we compare present conditions with those which existed under early organized society at a time when every individual member of a group was equal in responsibility and power with every other member of the same group we are enabled to perceive the path which mankind has taken on its onward72 course.
When one reflects on the peculiar73 trend of human development one may feel no surprise over the fact that at this juncture in human affairs there should arise a ruler in whom the desire for world-dominion is clearly apparent. That such a potentate74 has already appeared is shown in the following from Emperor William II. of Germany.
“On me as Germany’s Emperor the spirit of God has descended75. I am His weapon, His sword, his vicegerent. Woe76 unto the disobedient. Death to the unbeliever.” Here it is observed that this ruler aspires77 not only to earthly dominion but also to divine recognition.
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To strangle the growing principles of liberty and to establish a system founded on force under which the individual was to become only an instrument to do the bidding of his lord and master was doubtless the original object of those who instigated78 the present war.
During the ages since the establishment of the authority of the few over the many, the latter until a comparatively recent time have offered little resistance to the tyranny exercised over them. Mentally dwarfed79 the proletariat have not yet reached the degree of intelligence necessary for a combination of interests. They have therefore remained like dumb driven cattle subject only to the will of their masters.
About sixty years ago through the efforts of a few leaders who had begun to realize the situation, a certain degree of unrest began to manifest itself among them, and forty years later the proletariat succeeded in establishing an international organization ostensibly for their own benefit as opposed to the interests of the ruling class. They, however, lacked solidarity80. The natural tendency of their sex toward separateness or disintegration81 was not easily overcome. This is shown in the case of the present European conflict. When the war broke out instead of standing4 together they at once hastened to obey the mandates82 of their respective rulers, and with no higher idea than patriotism83 or nationality they at once began their brutal84 assault upon one another. It was evident391 from the beginning that the German socialists85, they who had been the most conspicuous86 in the international movement, were first, last, and all the time Germans and that after all they were actuated only by one desire, namely, national aggrandizement. So lacking are men in the principle of solidarity, and so deeply rooted within them is the idea of separateness, that it is to be doubted if, without the aid of woman, they will ever be able to free themselves from the tyranny of the past.
In very recent times a foe52 has arisen which threatens to be a greater menace to the liberties of the masses of the people than were the foes by which they were originally enslaved. I refer to the money power, or plutocracy87.
During the last few years, through the application of scientific methods to industry, and through mechanical inventions by means of which the power and efficiency of labour have been greatly increased, the accumulation of wealth has reached a point never before witnessed in the history of the world, yet strange to relate, along with this enormous increase in wealth there has been a corresponding increase in poverty and crime. This immense wealth has not been shared by those who produced it but has gone into the pockets of those who exploit labour for profits. Along with this enormous increase in wealth is observed a general lowering of standards both in private and public life. There are in this country alone392 ten millions of people who are deprived of the necessary food, clothing, and shelter to insure a healthful existence. In the public schools of New York City it is reported that six hundred thousand children are victims of malnutrition88. In winter thousands of hungry men and women go up and down the streets of our large cities begging for an opportunity to earn a living. Our jails and prisons are filled to overflowing89. Our almshouses and insane asylums90 are insufficient91 to meet the demands. Imbecility and other forms of mental degeneracy are increasing at an alarming rate. Epilepsy and other congenital diseases prevail among all classes and conditions of the people. Five-sixths of the children born are diseased at birth.
The basic principle underlying our present economic system is profits. To secure large profits labour must be cheap and plentiful92, and that labour may be cheap and plentiful an enormous population must be produced. In order to produce this enormous population women must be enslaved. Although existing conditions are such as to make life a curse instead of a blessing93, the cry for “babies, more babies” is heard on every hand, and this notwithstanding the fact that a large proportion of the children born die before the age of five because this environment is unfavourable to life.
The clamour for an ever increasing birth-rate never ceases. It is believed that Providence393 alone is responsible for human ills. Poverty and disease are accepted as natural and unavoidable evils.
The fears expressed lest the human race fail to perpetuate94 itself would be pathetic were the reason for these fears less obvious. When we reflect that the labour market must be constantly supplied with cheap labour, and that millions of soldiers must be produced to protect the commercial and territorial interests of the ruling class the true inwardness of this insatiate cry for constantly increasing numbers is revealed.
Ecclesiasticism, the faithful ally of Plutocracy, mindful of the fact that its strength lies in an excess of numbers, has ever jealously guarded the injunction to increase and multiply. No doctrine of the so-called Christian95 church has been so fondly cherished and so faithfully preserved as has that of the subjection of women. Woman’s glorification96 under the Christian system has been exactly commensurate with her obedience97 to man. No offering from her to the Almighty is so acceptable as unrestrained reproductive energy.
The report of a declining birth-rate in any country of the globe is a signal for instant alarm, but although publicists and politicians have attempted to control the birth-rate not only by threats and promises but by legal enactments98 regulating marriage, still it is observed that in all countries of Europe, with the exception of Ireland, Bulgaria, and Roumania, the birth-rate during the last394 twenty-five years has steadily declined. Although numberless causes have been suggested to account for this phenomenon, and although various remedies have been proposed to lessen99 this “evil,” the actual cause underlying the declining birth-rate of our time remains100 unrecognized. Politicians, publicists, and ecclesiastics101 all refuse to acknowledge the obvious fact that the increasing economic independence of women is alone responsible for this phenomenon.
Notwithstanding the fact that during the last twenty-five years marked progress is observed in the social and economic conditions of women, still the sexual position of the great mass of women has steadily declined. The fact that so far as her sex relations are concerned civilized woman occupies a lower position than that occupied by the female animal has already been noted102 in these pages. The traffic in women is carried on in every country on the earth.
The existing sexual conditions are the direct result of the overstimulation of the disruptive characters inherited by man from his male progenitors103 among the lower orders of life, characters which among animals have been checked by the constructive forces developed in the female. Our sexual conditions and our present economic and industrial situation loudly proclaim the degeneracy of our time.
When the principles of equality and liberty, which were established by early organized society,395 gave place to a system founded on force and the control of the many by the few, and when through the subjection of women the natural checks to the disruptive tendencies developed in the male were withdrawn, the conditions now existing in so-called civilized society were foreshadowed.
A crisis has been reached in human affairs. The old regime has run its course and is about to disappear. A new era is about to dawn on the human race. The war which is now devastating104 Europe, and which will doubtless spread over the entire earth, is the beginning of the end. The effects of the causes which were set up in prehistoric times have reached their full measure of development and can no more be postponed105 or averted106 than can the thunderbolt which follows an electrical explosion. A thoroughly107 material civilization founded on selfishness and sensuality must be destroyed root and branch before the higher planes of activity for which humanity is destined108 may be reached. The present conflict therefore should not be regarded simply as a horrible calamity109 but as a necessary preliminary to these higher conditions. If the birth of the new regime can come only through blood and tears, if only through the throes of war is deliverance possible, then it is not only unwise but useless to bewail the present crisis.
Through the cleansing110 process involved in the present revolution, humanity will doubtless return to the legitimate111 path of evolutionary develop396ment. Either liberty and justice, the cardinal112 principles underlying early organized society will be re-established or the processes of disruption will complete the work of degeneration now so well under way. In the transformation113 which is to take place it is not likely that a vestige114 of the institutions which have produced the present regime will remain. The conflict now going on between the higher and lower forces developed in human life represents the struggle of Omnipotent115 Life for higher expression in matter.
It has been shown in this work that during the development of life on the earth two forces have been steadily at work, the one a conserving116, cohesive117 element, the other a disruptive, disintegrating energy. The one tends toward combination or solidarity, the other toward separateness or individual sufficiency. The one is constructive, the other destructive. Had the constructive processes in human society been allowed their legitimate expression the scenes now being enacted118 in Europe would have been impossible.
The principal force which has been employed in the development of our present civilization has been male energy. In the past this enormous force has been necessary to subdue119 the earth and make of it a suitable habitation for civilized humanity. In later times, however, the discovery of hitherto unknown forces in nature, the application of scientific methods to industry, and the invention of mechanical devices for the lessening120 of human397 toil121 have done away with the necessity for an excess of human brawn122. In other words the excessive male energy which has in the past been required for the development of our present civilization has become not only useless but an actual hindrance123 to further progress. As this enormous power is no longer needed for useful purposes it has been turned into channels of wantonness and destruction. It has become disruptive and dangerous to a degree which may be appreciated when we reflect on the present conditions not only in Europe, but over the entire earth. Among the cleansing processes involved in the present crisis is the elimination124 of a considerable number of the useless elements described above—elements which being no longer necessary for the maintenance of the common good have become a menace to society.
According to our narrow human conceptions by which passing events are regarded only in relation to their present effects, the eliminating processes now going on are cruel and inhuman125. Nature, however, pays little heed126 to human suffering, but although she ignores human misery127 she will nevertheless demand an exact accounting128 for the deeds of selfishness and ignorance which are responsible for the present disorder129. She will inaugurate no scheme of salvation130; no “Vicarious Atonement” will be provided to save mankind from the consequences of their own folly131.
The struggle now going on in nearly every quarter398 of the globe marks the beginning of the eliminating process. The useless elements in human society are wearing themselves out, destroying themselves by their own rashness and folly. Impelled132 by a desire which they do not understand and which they are unable to resist, these victims of a decaying civilization rush madly on to destruction. Those men who voluntarily seek war represent a dissatisfied or discontented class. True to the primitive instincts of the race they crave133 the peculiar excitement which war brings. It is not unlikely that many of them understand instinctively134 that something is wrong with the present regime, but they seem not to be able to analyse the situation.
Doubtless very many of those engaged in the present European struggle are actuated by patriotism. They want to maintain the existing territorial boundaries presided over by their respective rulers. They desire also to retain the institutions, social, political, economic, and religious which have grown up under a system where the few control the many. Evidently the idea of human liberty has not yet dawned upon them. If universal freedom awaits the birth of the new regime, which is being heralded135 by the present upheaval136, then it is plain that the men in the trenches137 are quite unmindful of the significance of the conflict in which they are engaged. The belligerent138 countries of Europe may consent to a truce139 and there may be a lull140 in the universal unrest, but399 there will be no genuine peace until the principle of human liberty has been established on a firm and lasting141 basis.
That the removal of these superfluous142 men from their usual vocations29 will not materially interfere143 with the useful industries of Europe is shown in the fact that although 25,000,000 of them have been called to the war their withdrawal144 from the industrial field has not greatly disturbed the industrial situation, and this too notwithstanding the fact that many new occupations have been created by the war. The work formerly145 done by these men has been largely taken up by women.
It should be borne in mind that under the new conditions which are approaching, the constructive element developed in human society is again to assume command over the destructive forces which have been in control since the beginning of the historic period. As this element has been confided146 to women and as it is by them transmitted to offspring, it is not difficult to forecast the position which the women of the future will occupy.
The institution of marriage as it now exists will disappear. Only the most robust147 among women will propagate the race. These women, as did the women under early organized society, will choose their mates. They will exercise absolute control over the sex-functions. Thus will be avoided the terrible consequences which have resulted from the present form of marriage.
The numerical preponderance of women over400 men under the new regime is probable. Nor will the devastating processes of war be wholly responsible for this condition. Science informs us that not only among the lower orders of life but among human beings as well, certain conditions of nutrition produce more females than males. The more nutritious148 and wholesome149 the food the greater the excess of females over males. Under higher conditions, when the laws of health and life are better understood and especially when the subject of proper nutrition has received the attention which its importance deserves, it is not unreasonable150 to suppose that the excess of female births over those of males will be considerable.
Although there have doubtless been long lapses151 of time during which the human race has seemed to go backward, it is believed that the trend of humanity is now and ever has been upward. If, as is believed, human events move in cycles, if the civilizations which have risen in the past represent a spiral, each of these civilizations reaching a higher stage of development than its predecessor152, then it may be inferred that the era which is now dawning will surpass in grandeur153 anything which the world has ever witnessed. If, as many persons believe, a stage of development has been reached in which human beings are to be endowed with a sixth sense, if the intuitive faculties154 which are closely allied155 to the constructive element and which mark a still greater distinction between man and the animal are to come into401 play it may be assumed that the mental and spiritual faculties will reach a stage of development scarcely dreamed of in our own time. Humanity will have come into its own, the animal in man will have been left behind.
The co-ordination of science and history not only illumines the past and explains the present, but the inevitable results of the natural sequence of events point unerringly to the conditions which must prevail in the future.
The philosophy of history proves to the earnest seeker after truth that the door of the future is not wholly closed.
The End
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investigation
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| n.调查，调查研究 | |
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countless
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| adj.无数的，多得不计其数的 | |
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advent
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| n.(重要事件等的)到来，来临 | |
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standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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attained
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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colossal
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precepts
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abound
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| vi.大量存在；(in，with)充满，富于 | |
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savage
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degenerate
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| v.退步，堕落；adj.退步的，堕落的；n.堕落者 | |
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civilized
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ascertain
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prehistoric
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| adj.（有记载的）历史以前的，史前的，古老的 | |
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fully
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justifies
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| 证明…有理( justify的第三人称单数 )； 为…辩护； 对…作出解释； 为…辩解（或辩护） | |
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underlying
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inevitably
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remarkable
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climax
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inevitable
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briefly
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disintegrating
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withdrawn
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communal
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well-being
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jealousy
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primitive
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vocations
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34
deity
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| n.神，神性；被奉若神明的人(或物) | |
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35
virile
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| adj.男性的；有男性生殖力的；有男子气概的；强有力的 | |
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36
constructive
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| adj.建设的，建设性的 | |
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37
supremacy
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| n.至上；至高权力 | |
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38
prerogatives
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| n.权利( prerogative的名词复数 )；特权；大主教法庭；总督委任组成的法庭 | |
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39
juncture
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| n.时刻，关键时刻，紧要关头 | |
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40
contention
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| n.争论，争辩，论战；论点，主张 | |
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41
doctrine
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| n.教义；主义；学说 | |
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42
enunciated
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| v.（清晰地）发音( enunciate的过去式和过去分词 )；确切地说明 | |
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43
dominion
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| n.统治，管辖，支配权；领土，版图 | |
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44
supreme
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| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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45
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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46
delves
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| v.深入探究，钻研( delve的第三人称单数 ) | |
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47
degradation
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| n.降级；低落；退化；陵削；降解；衰变 | |
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48
untold
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| adj.数不清的，无数的 | |
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49
evolutionary
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| adj.进化的；演化的，演变的；[生]进化论的 | |
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50
steadily
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| adv.稳定地；不变地；持续地 | |
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51
foes
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| 敌人，仇敌( foe的名词复数 ) | |
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52
foe
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| n.敌人，仇敌 | |
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53
jealousies
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| n.妒忌( jealousy的名词复数 )；妒羡 | |
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54
subjugated
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| v.征服，降伏( subjugate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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55
conquerors
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| 征服者，占领者( conqueror的名词复数 ) | |
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56
accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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57
arrogate
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| v.冒称具有...权利，霸占 | |
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58
materialism
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| n.［哲］唯物主义，唯物论；物质至上 | |
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59
deficient
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| adj.不足的，不充份的，有缺陷的 | |
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60
atrophied
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| adj.萎缩的，衰退的v.（使）萎缩，（使）虚脱，（使）衰退( atrophy的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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61
interpretation
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| n.解释，说明，描述；艺术处理 | |
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62
physically
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| adj.物质上，体格上，身体上，按自然规律 | |
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63
monarchy
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| n.君主，最高统治者；君主政体，君主国 | |
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64
mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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65
bulwarks
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| n.堡垒( bulwark的名词复数 )；保障；支柱；舷墙 | |
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66
superstition
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| n.迷信，迷信行为 | |
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67
almighty
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| adj.全能的，万能的；很大的，很强的 | |
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68
dismal
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| adj.阴沉的，凄凉的，令人忧郁的，差劲的 | |
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69
hereditary
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| adj.遗传的，遗传性的，可继承的，世袭的 | |
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70
monarchs
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| 君主，帝王( monarch的名词复数 ) | |
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71
territorial
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| adj.领土的，领地的 | |
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72
onward
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| adj.向前的，前进的；adv.向前，前进，在先 | |
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73
peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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74
potentate
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| n.统治者；君主 | |
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75
descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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76
woe
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| n.悲哀，苦痛，不幸，困难；int.用来表达悲伤或惊慌 | |
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77
aspires
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| v.渴望，追求( aspire的第三人称单数 ) | |
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78
instigated
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| v.使（某事物）开始或发生，鼓动( instigate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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79
dwarfed
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| vt.（使）显得矮小（dwarf的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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80
solidarity
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| n.团结；休戚相关 | |
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81
disintegration
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| n.分散，解体 | |
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82
mandates
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| 托管（mandate的第三人称单数形式） | |
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83
patriotism
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| n.爱国精神，爱国心，爱国主义 | |
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84
brutal
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| adj.残忍的，野蛮的，不讲理的 | |
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85
socialists
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| 社会主义者( socialist的名词复数 ) | |
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86
conspicuous
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| adj.明眼的，惹人注目的；炫耀的，摆阔气的 | |
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87
plutocracy
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| n.富豪统治 | |
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88
malnutrition
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| n.营养不良 | |
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89
overflowing
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| n. 溢出物,溢流 adj. 充沛的，充满的 动词overflow的现在分词形式 | |
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90
asylums
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| n.避难所( asylum的名词复数 )；庇护；政治避难；精神病院 | |
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91
insufficient
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| adj.(for，of)不足的，不够的 | |
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92
plentiful
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| adj.富裕的，丰富的 | |
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93
blessing
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| n.祈神赐福；祷告；祝福，祝愿 | |
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94
perpetuate
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| v.使永存，使永记不忘 | |
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95
Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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96
glorification
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| n.赞颂 | |
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97
obedience
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| n.服从，顺从 | |
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98
enactments
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| n.演出( enactment的名词复数 )；展现；规定；通过 | |
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99
lessen
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| vt.减少，减轻；缩小 | |
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100
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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101
ecclesiastics
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| n.神职者，教会，牧师( ecclesiastic的名词复数 ) | |
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102
noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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103
progenitors
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| n.祖先( progenitor的名词复数 )；先驱；前辈；原本 | |
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104
devastating
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| adj.毁灭性的，令人震惊的，强有力的 | |
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105
postponed
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| vt.& vi.延期，缓办，（使）延迟vt.把…放在次要地位；[语]把…放在后面（或句尾）vi.（疟疾等）延缓发作（或复发） | |
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106
averted
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| 防止，避免( avert的过去式和过去分词 )； 转移 | |
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107
thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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108
destined
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| adj.命中注定的；(for)以…为目的地的 | |
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109
calamity
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| n.灾害，祸患，不幸事件 | |
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110
cleansing
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| n. 净化(垃圾) adj. 清洁用的 动词cleanse的现在分词 | |
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111
legitimate
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| adj.合法的，合理的，合乎逻辑的；v.使合法 | |
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112
cardinal
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| n.(天主教的)红衣主教；adj.首要的，基本的 | |
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113
transformation
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| n.变化；改造；转变 | |
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114
vestige
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| n.痕迹，遗迹，残余 | |
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115
omnipotent
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| adj.全能的，万能的 | |
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116
conserving
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| v.保护，保藏，保存( conserve的现在分词 ) | |
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117
cohesive
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| adj.有粘着力的；有结合力的；凝聚性的 | |
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118
enacted
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| 制定（法律），通过（法案）( enact的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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119
subdue
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| vt.制服，使顺从，征服；抑制，克制 | |
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120
lessening
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| 减轻，减少，变小 | |
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121
toil
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| vi.辛劳工作，艰难地行动；n.苦工，难事 | |
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122
brawn
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| n.体力 | |
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123
hindrance
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| n.妨碍，障碍 | |
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124
elimination
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| n.排除，消除，消灭 | |
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125
inhuman
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| adj.残忍的，不人道的，无人性的 | |
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126
heed
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| v.注意，留意；n.注意，留心 | |
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127
misery
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| n.痛苦，苦恼，苦难；悲惨的境遇，贫苦 | |
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128
accounting
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| n.会计，会计学，借贷对照表 | |
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129
disorder
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| n.紊乱，混乱；骚动，骚乱；疾病，失调 | |
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130
salvation
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| n.（尤指基督）救世，超度，拯救，解困 | |
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131
folly
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| n.愚笨，愚蠢，蠢事，蠢行，傻话 | |
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132
impelled
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| v.推动、推进或敦促某人做某事( impel的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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133
crave
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| vt.渴望得到，迫切需要，恳求，请求 | |
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134
instinctively
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| adv.本能地 | |
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135
heralded
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| v.预示( herald的过去式和过去分词 )；宣布（好或重要） | |
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136
upheaval
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| n.胀起，(地壳)的隆起；剧变，动乱 | |
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137
trenches
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| 深沟，地沟( trench的名词复数 )； 战壕 | |
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138
belligerent
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| adj.好战的，挑起战争的；n.交战国，交战者 | |
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139
truce
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| n.休战，(争执，烦恼等的)缓和；v.以停战结束 | |
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140
lull
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| v.使安静，使入睡，缓和，哄骗；n.暂停，间歇 | |
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141
lasting
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| adj.永久的，永恒的；vbl.持续，维持 | |
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142
superfluous
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| adj.过多的，过剩的，多余的 | |
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143
interfere
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| v.(in)干涉，干预；(with)妨碍，打扰 | |
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144
withdrawal
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| n.取回，提款；撤退，撤军；收回，撤销 | |
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145
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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146
confided
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| v.吐露（秘密，心事等）( confide的过去式和过去分词 )；（向某人）吐露（隐私、秘密等） | |
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147
robust
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| adj.强壮的，强健的，粗野的，需要体力的，浓的 | |
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148
nutritious
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| adj.有营养的，营养价值高的 | |
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149
wholesome
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| adj.适合；卫生的；有益健康的；显示身心健康的 | |
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150
unreasonable
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| adj.不讲道理的，不合情理的，过度的 | |
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151
lapses
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| n.失误，过失( lapse的名词复数 )；小毛病；行为失检；偏离正道v.退步( lapse的第三人称单数 )；陷入；倒退；丧失 | |
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152
predecessor
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| n.前辈，前任 | |
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153
grandeur
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| n.伟大，崇高，宏伟，庄严，豪华 | |
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154
faculties
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| n.能力( faculty的名词复数 )；全体教职员；技巧；院 | |
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155
allied
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| adj.协约国的；同盟国的 | |
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