12
In ancient times thoughtful people compared great and good souls to the stars. They rise in the spiritual firmament12 with a pure radiance and, ever anew breaking through the mists and clouds which obscure them, remain visible to later generations. Thus they become guiding stars for struggling human beings here below. The particular star which the reader who has the wisdom and the inclination13 to perfect himself is invited to study in these pages arose in the forests of Virginia on the twenty-second of February, 1732. It was there that little George first opened his eyes and looked out upon a world in which he was to play so great a part. There his negro mammy sat with him on the bench before the door, throwing crumbs14 to the turkeys and pigeons to amuse him, and there, under the rustling15 trees, he whittled16 his first horse out of hazelwood.
13
George’s father, Augustine Washington, was a planter of English extraction. His first ancestor had emigrated from England when North America was still the undisputed property of the Indians. The territory which later became the United States is almost as large as the continent of Europe. Two hundred years ago the whole country was a trackless forest, broken only by enormous morasses17, cane-brakes, and savannas18 or grassy19 prairies. In the prosperous plantation20 house on the east bank of the Rappahannock in which George was born, piety21, industry, and probity22 had made their habitation. That was the first blessing23 with which heaven dowered the boy. Of course, living in a pure and healthy moral atmosphere is not in itself all that is required to guide a youth into paths of rectitude; the will to do the right and the continual struggle to attain24 it can alone accomplish the greater part. Reprobates25 have sometimes come out of the best environments. The voice of conscience is awakened26 very early in the human breast and we soon know right from wrong. However, it is a great boon27 and a wonderful help to be surrounded by people who are examples of virtue28 in word and deed, and he who strays into the paths of sin in spite of such surroundings is doubly to be censured29.
At that time the English immigrants lived scattered30 in the forest, but neighbors had already formed themselves into parishes and founded schools and churches. The schools were of course of a very simple type, nothing but reading, writing, and arithmetic being taught. Most of the settlers found this quite sufficient for their children and rich planters sent their sons to England to be educated. Lawrence Washington, George’s eldest31 step-brother, enjoyed these advantages. He was fourteen years older than George, who was a babe in arms when Lawrence set out on his first voyage to England, so that he could not remember his step-brother. When George was eight years old, Lawrence, now in his twenty-second year, returned. The arrival of the well-educated and well-bred young gentleman was a welcome event in the family circle, and George loved him from the first moment. Their affection was mutual32, and indeed Lawrence showed a truly paternal33 interest in the bright, alert boy.
14
Their father had no intention of sending another son abroad. He looked upon Lawrence as the natural head of the family after his death and was satisfied that his probable successor had received a liberal education. Accordingly George was sent to the parish school. He applied34 himself eagerly to his tasks and thus laid a firm foundation, at least, for the studies which he afterward35 prosecuted36 by himself. One trait of his character showed itself very early—he did all his work with the greatest conscientiousness37 and neatness. Not a stroke of his pen betrayed carelessness. Some of his school books, which have been preserved, bear witness to this. He showed the same care when any work about the house was required of him. He endeavored to do whatever he had to do, however insignificant39 it was or might seem to be, as perfectly40 as possible. Of course he was not capable of appreciating at that time how important this was in the development of his character. It was simply his early awakened sense of duty, reinforced by his earnest efforts to practise what he knew to be right. It was not until later that he realized the deeper significance of work as a means of strengthening the powers of the soul. There is no kind of work which may not be either well or ill done. If you put all your capabilities41 into it, and the result is more or less satisfactory, you have accomplished42 even more than the success of the moment; you have been working for the growth of your inner self. For one who realizes this, the greatest drudgery43 has lost its sting. George was just as conscientious38 in everything which pertained44 to morals. He had a passionate45 disposition46, but we learn that early in life he strove to curb47 his hasty temper by exercising deliberation and will power. It was therefore customary, among his school-fellows, when disagreements arose, to take them to him, and his verdict was generally accepted, for they knew that he was willing to acknowledge himself in the wrong when his fiery48 temper had carried him away. It was justice and not the person that had weight with him.
15
Another of his qualities, military talent, was early recognizable. It was an inheritance. There had been warriors49 among his ancestors, men of note, of whom English chronicles tell us. Several of these had so distinguished50 themselves as to have been knighted. George’s brother Lawrence was of a like temper, and it now happened that he had an opportunity of becoming a soldier. British commerce in the West Indies had suffered heavy losses through piratical attacks by Spain and the English government determined51 to avenge52 itself. A fleet was fitted out, and as England was the mother country of the Virginians, the recruiting drum was heard in the colony also. Lawrence volunteered and was given a captain’s commission. It was no wonder that there was considerable excitement over all this in the home of the Washingtons. George took the liveliest interest in his brother’s equipment. He thought it very proper that the robbers, of whom he had heard many dreadful stories, should be punished, and gazed at his brother’s bright sword with delight and respect. He vowed53 that he too would sometime help to right the wrongs of his injured countrymen in time of need. He was told many tales of his valiant54 ancestors. It is no wonder then that the picture of his brother as he had left home, in his war trappings, was constantly in his mind; nor that he begged for his letters, after his father had read them to the assembled family, to pore over them, especially when they had something to tell of the soldier’s adventures.
16
All these exciting experiences which filled his mind soon manifested themselves in his play. In place of ball and games of a like nature, war became the great game. His comrades were divided into companies. He sketched55 plans of battles, which were carried out. He determined the arms they were to use and held reviews. It never occurred to any of his little comrades to dispute with him the rank which he had bestowed56 upon himself. These occupations were also, although neither he nor any one else suspected it, more or less of a preparation for his after life. Just as he had before this been the legislator for his little circle, he was now the military chieftain. But even when playing at soldier, the peculiarity57 of his character, which led him to carry out everything he undertook with the greatest thoroughness, was apparent. He knew what accomplishments58 a soldier must strive to acquire, and now we see him practising these exercises with unflagging zeal59, with the object of making his body strong and supple—such as running, leaping, wrestling, tossing bars, and the like. The leader of the little band strove to be, in reality, the first and foremost, and wished to live up to his title.
17
After taking part in the siege of Carthagena in the West Indies, Lawrence returned home. One can imagine with what interest George listened to his brother’s recitals60! What Lawrence learned of George’s military exercises and play confirmed him in a plan which he had long ago formed and which had George’s hearty61 approval. He proposed to his parents that as soon as George should have reached his fourteenth year, the boy should be allowed to enter the English service as a naval62 cadet, and the carrying out of the plan was actually considered. Lawrence himself intended to return to his regiment63 to seek advancement64 in the army, but never did so. Instead, he fell in love with the daughter of a rich planter, William Fairfax. His advances were accepted and an engagement took place. His father was very much pleased to have his son enter into an alliance with the rich and highly esteemed66 house of Fairfax, but was not fortunate enough to live to see the wedding.
18
George was eleven years old when he stood at the grave of his excellent father. The deceased left considerable property, so that his children from both marriages were well provided for. Lawrence received an estate on the banks of the Potomac, where he took his young bride a few months later. According to the terms of the will, no guardian67 was appointed for the younger children, but they were left in charge of their mother—a proof of the confidence the deceased had reposed68 in her. She was worthy69 of it. Irving says of her: “She was endowed with plain, direct good sense, thorough conscientiousness, and prompt decision; she governed her family strictly70, but kindly71, exacting72 deference73, while she inspired affection.” She was Washington’s second wife, and George, her first-born, was her favorite. In spite of this, or rather because of it, she was very strict with him, where she deemed it necessary to protect him from excesses, and her faithful care was rewarded. At that time Sir Matthew Hale’s “Contemplations, Moral and Divine” was held in great esteem65 among the educated English colonists74 of Virginia. It was the mother’s favorite book, from which she not only drew strength and consolation75 for herself, but from which she also read aloud to her children. Her friends often found her thus occupied. She not only showed great insight in the selections which she made, but the deep spiritual feeling with which she read aloud from this and sometimes from other writings made a deep impression on her young hearers. Her enthusiasm was communicated to her children, and as the whole life and doings of the household were pervaded76 by a spirit of moral earnestness, these impressions received by the young minds were not easily effaced77, but rather were confirmed. The copy of the above-mentioned work, in which the name of “Mary W.” is written by his mother’s own hand, remained a valued memento78 in George’s possession all his life, and he often declared that the precepts80 which it contained, expounded81 by the soulful voice of the mother, striving for the improvement of her children, had had a decisive influence on his whole life. The book is still preserved in the archives of Mount Vernon.
19
George continued his school and home studies with unabated industry. It was not necessary to urge him on, but rather to warn him not to go too far in his zeal. He was filled with an ardent82 desire to acquire fresh insight, knowledge, and skill in something each day of his life. It was a true “thirst for knowledge.” Somewhat farther away than his first teacher, Hobby, lived another, named Williams, who widened the horizon of his schooling83 a little and to whom he now went to learn something of commercial bookkeeping. Although it was a dry subject, George made astonishingly rapid progress, inspired by the determination to acquire it as quickly as possible. In the realms of knowledge and skill he played the role of conqueror84; mind, will, and memory were his weapons, which became sharper and more highly polished the more he used them. Careless and lazy school comrades appeared contemptible85 creatures to him. At this time he collected examples of all kinds of documents used in business and daily affairs. One of his collections bears the title “Written Extracts,” and we find among them prescriptions86, checks, receipts, affidavits87, forms of resignation, titles to property, leases, contracts, and wills. All these were copied with great care, the important words written in larger letters so that they were easily to be distinguished.
20
George had also made great progress in athletic88 attainments89. He had been diligently90 practising the exercises of which we have spoken ever since it had been decided91 to let him enter the English service as a naval cadet. He considered it a matter of course that a future soldier must employ himself systematically92 in strengthening his muscles and acquiring the greatest possible dexterity93. The place is still shown, in the neighborhood of his father’s property, where George threw a stone across the Rappahannock. He was also a fine horseman; on one occasion he mounted an unmanageable horse, to the astonishment94 of all onlookers95, and was able to control it. In the meanwhile Lawrence had taken the necessary steps for his brother’s entrance into the English navy. A midshipman’s warrant was obtained and his luggage was packed. But at the last moment his mother, after carefully reconsidering the matter, resolved not to let her son go out into the world so early. It was not a mother’s weakness that led her to this determination. She had heard so much about the roughness of a seaman’s life it is scarcely to be wondered at that she recoiled96 from a plan which meant removing her son completely from his mother’s influence and cutting him off from the help and advice of his relatives. His love and the respect which he had for her opinions helped to soften97 the disappointment; later he was able to thank her for having, at that time especially, taken his destiny under such careful and earnest consideration.
21
Before we follow his life history any further, let us notice a practice of his in early life. He kept a diary in which he noted98 everything that aroused his interest. Besides this, he recorded significant ideas or thoughts which he found in books or heard from the lips of wise or experienced persons. It would be a very good thing for our young readers to follow his example in this. A portion of his diary bears the superscription: “Rules for Behavior in Company and Conversation.” Among them are some important truths and some of lesser99 significance. A number of extracts are given as they characterize George’s aspirations100 so well, and also in the hope that some readers may make a selection from among them and—this is only a suggestion—with it begin a diary of their own. Here are a few examples:
22
Every action in company ought to be with some sign of respect to those present.
In the presence of others, sing not to yourself with a humming noise, nor drum with your fingers or feet.
Speak not when others speak, sit not when others stand, and walk not when others stop.
Turn not your back to others, especially in speaking; jog not the table or desk on which another reads or writes; lean not on any one.
They that are in dignity or office have in all places precedence; but whilst they are young, they ought to respect those who are their equals in birth, or other qualities, though they have no public charge.
It is good manners to prefer those to whom we speak before ourselves, especially if they be above us, with whom, in no sort, we ought to begin.
In visiting the sick, do not presently play the physician, if you be not knowing therein.
Being to advise or reprehend104 any one, consider whether it ought to be in public or in private, presently or at some other time, also in what terms to do it; and in reproving, show no signs of choler, but do it with sweetness and mildness.
Mock not, nor jest at anything of importance; break no jests that are sharp or biting and if you deliver anything witty105 or pleasant, abstain106 from laughing thereat yourself.
Use no reproachful language against any one, neither curses nor revilings.
Be not hasty to believe flying reports, to the disparagement107 of any one.
In your apparel be modest, and endeavor to accommodate nature rather than procure108 admiration. Keep to the fashion of your equals, such as are civil and orderly, with respect to time and place.
Associate yourself with men of good quality if you esteem your own reputation, for it is better to be alone than in bad company.
Let your conversation be without malice109 or envy, for it is a sign of a tractable110 and commendable111 nature, and in all causes of passion admit reason to govern.
Be not forward, but friendly and courteous112, the first to salute113, hear, and answer, and be not pensive114 when it is a time to converse115.
If two contend together, take not the part of either unconstrained, and be not obstinate116 in your opinion; in things indifferent be of the major side.
Reprehend not the imperfections of others, for that belongs to parents, masters, and superiors.
Think before you speak; pronounce not imperfectly, nor bring out your words too hastily, but orderly and distinctly.
When another speaks, be attentive117 yourself, and disturb not the audience. If any hesitate in his words, help him not, nor prompt him without being desired; interrupt him not, nor answer him till his speech be ended.
Be not apt to relate news, if you know not the truth thereof.
When you deliver a matter, do it without passion and indiscretion, however mean the person may be you do it to.
When your superiors talk to anybody, hear them, neither speak nor laugh.
Be not tedious in discourse, make not many digressions nor repeat often the same matter of discourse.
Be not angry at table, whatever happens, and if you have reason to be so, show it not, put on a cheerful countenance118, especially if there be strangers, for good humor makes one dish a feast.
When you speak of God or His attributes, let it be seriously, in reverence119 and honor, and obey your natural parents.
Let your recreation be manful, not sinful.
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1
splendor
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| n.光彩；壮丽，华丽；显赫，辉煌 | |
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grandeur
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| n.伟大，崇高，宏伟，庄严，豪华 | |
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starry
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| adj.星光照耀的, 闪亮的 | |
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fragrant
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| adj.芬香的，馥郁的，愉快的 | |
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boundless
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| adj.无限的；无边无际的；巨大的 | |
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countless
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| adj.无数的，多得不计其数的 | |
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manifestations
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| n.表示，显示（manifestation的复数形式） | |
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admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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reverently
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| adv.虔诚地 | |
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contemplate
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| vt.盘算，计议；周密考虑；注视，凝视 | |
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scatters
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| v.（使）散开， （使）分散，驱散( scatter的第三人称单数 )；撒 | |
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firmament
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| n.苍穹；最高层 | |
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inclination
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| n.倾斜；点头；弯腰；斜坡；倾度；倾向；爱好 | |
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crumbs
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| int. (表示惊讶)哎呀 n. 碎屑 名词crumb的复数形式 | |
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rustling
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| n. 瑟瑟声，沙沙声 adj. 发沙沙声的 | |
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whittled
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| v.切，削（木头），使逐渐变小( whittle的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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morasses
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| n.缠作一团( morass的名词复数 )；困境；沼泽；陷阱 | |
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savannas
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| n.（美国东南部的）无树平原( savanna的名词复数 )；（亚）热带的稀树大草原 | |
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grassy
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| adj.盖满草的；长满草的 | |
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plantation
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| n.种植园，大农场 | |
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piety
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| n.虔诚，虔敬 | |
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probity
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| n.刚直；廉洁，正直 | |
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blessing
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| n.祈神赐福；祷告；祝福，祝愿 | |
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attain
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| vt.达到，获得，完成 | |
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reprobates
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| n.道德败坏的人，恶棍( reprobate的名词复数 ) | |
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awakened
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| v.（使）醒( awaken的过去式和过去分词 )；（使）觉醒；弄醒；（使）意识到 | |
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boon
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| n.恩赐，恩物，恩惠 | |
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virtue
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| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
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censured
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| v.指责，非难，谴责( censure的过去式 ) | |
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scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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eldest
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| adj.最年长的，最年老的 | |
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mutual
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| adj.相互的，彼此的；共同的，共有的 | |
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paternal
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| adj.父亲的，像父亲的，父系的，父方的 | |
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applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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afterward
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| adv.后来；以后 | |
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prosecuted
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| a.被起诉的 | |
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conscientiousness
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| 责任心 | |
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conscientious
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| adj.审慎正直的，认真的，本着良心的 | |
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insignificant
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| adj.无关紧要的，可忽略的，无意义的 | |
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perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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capabilities
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| n.能力( capability的名词复数 )；可能；容量；[复数]潜在能力 | |
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accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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drudgery
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| n.苦工，重活，单调乏味的工作 | |
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pertained
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| 关于( pertain的过去式和过去分词 )； 有关； 存在； 适用 | |
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passionate
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，激昂的，易动情的，易怒的，性情暴躁的 | |
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disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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curb
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| n.场外证券市场，场外交易；vt.制止，抑制 | |
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fiery
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| adj.燃烧着的，火红的；暴躁的；激烈的 | |
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warriors
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| 武士，勇士，战士( warrior的名词复数 ) | |
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distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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avenge
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| v.为...复仇，为...报仇 | |
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vowed
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| 起誓，发誓（vow的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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valiant
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| adj.勇敢的，英勇的；n.勇士，勇敢的人 | |
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sketched
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| v.草拟（sketch的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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bestowed
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| 赠给，授予( bestow的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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peculiarity
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| n.独特性，特色；特殊的东西；怪癖 | |
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accomplishments
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| n.造诣；完成( accomplishment的名词复数 )；技能；成绩；成就 | |
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zeal
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| n.热心，热情，热忱 | |
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recitals
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| n.独唱会( recital的名词复数 )；独奏会；小型音乐会、舞蹈表演会等；一系列事件等的详述 | |
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hearty
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| adj.热情友好的；衷心的；尽情的，纵情的 | |
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naval
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| adj.海军的，军舰的，船的 | |
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regiment
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| n.团，多数，管理；v.组织，编成团，统制 | |
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advancement
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| n.前进，促进，提升 | |
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esteem
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| n.尊敬，尊重；vt.尊重，敬重；把…看作 | |
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esteemed
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| adj.受人尊敬的v.尊敬( esteem的过去式和过去分词 )；敬重；认为；以为 | |
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67
guardian
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| n.监护人；守卫者，保护者 | |
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reposed
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| v.将（手臂等）靠在某人（某物）上( repose的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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strictly
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| adv.严厉地，严格地；严密地 | |
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71
kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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72
exacting
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| adj.苛求的，要求严格的 | |
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deference
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| n.尊重，顺从；敬意 | |
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74
colonists
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| n.殖民地开拓者，移民，殖民地居民( colonist的名词复数 ) | |
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consolation
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| n.安慰，慰问 | |
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pervaded
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| v.遍及，弥漫( pervade的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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effaced
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| v.擦掉( efface的过去式和过去分词 )；抹去；超越；使黯然失色 | |
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78
memento
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| n.纪念品，令人回忆的东西 | |
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79
precept
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| n.戒律；格言 | |
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80
precepts
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| n.规诫，戒律，箴言( precept的名词复数 ) | |
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81
expounded
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| 论述，详细讲解( expound的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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82
ardent
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，强烈的，烈性的 | |
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83
schooling
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| n.教育；正规学校教育 | |
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84
conqueror
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| n.征服者，胜利者 | |
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85
contemptible
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| adj.可鄙的，可轻视的，卑劣的 | |
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86
prescriptions
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| 药( prescription的名词复数 )； 处方； 开处方； 计划 | |
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87
affidavits
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| n.宣誓书，（经陈述者宣誓在法律上可采作证据的）书面陈述( affidavit的名词复数 ) | |
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88
athletic
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| adj.擅长运动的，强健的；活跃的，体格健壮的 | |
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attainments
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| 成就，造诣； 获得( attainment的名词复数 )； 达到； 造诣； 成就 | |
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diligently
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| ad.industriously;carefully | |
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decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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systematically
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| adv.有系统地 | |
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dexterity
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| n.(手的)灵巧，灵活 | |
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astonishment
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| n.惊奇，惊异 | |
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onlookers
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| n.旁观者，观看者( onlooker的名词复数 ) | |
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recoiled
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| v.畏缩( recoil的过去式和过去分词 )；退缩；报应；返回 | |
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soften
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| v.(使)变柔软；(使)变柔和 | |
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noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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99
lesser
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| adj.次要的，较小的；adv.较小地，较少地 | |
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100
aspirations
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| 强烈的愿望( aspiration的名词复数 )； 志向； 发送气音； 发 h 音 | |
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101
discourse
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| n.论文，演说；谈话；话语；vi.讲述，著述 | |
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102
professes
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| 声称( profess的第三人称单数 )； 宣称； 公开表明； 信奉 | |
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103
savors
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| v.意味，带有…的性质( savor的第三人称单数 )；给…加调味品；使有风味；品尝 | |
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104
reprehend
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| v.谴责，责难 | |
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105
witty
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| adj.机智的，风趣的 | |
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106
abstain
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| v.自制，戒绝，弃权，避免 | |
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107
disparagement
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| n.轻视，轻蔑 | |
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108
procure
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| vt.获得，取得，促成；vi.拉皮条 | |
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109
malice
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| n.恶意，怨恨，蓄意；[律]预谋 | |
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110
tractable
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| adj.易驾驭的；温顺的 | |
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111
commendable
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| adj.值得称赞的 | |
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112
courteous
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| adj.彬彬有礼的，客气的 | |
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113
salute
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| vi.行礼，致意，问候，放礼炮；vt.向…致意，迎接，赞扬；n.招呼，敬礼，礼炮 | |
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114
pensive
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| a.沉思的,哀思的,忧沉的 | |
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115
converse
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| vi.谈话，谈天，闲聊；adv.相反的，相反 | |
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116
obstinate
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| adj.顽固的，倔强的，不易屈服的，较难治愈的 | |
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117
attentive
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| adj.注意的，专心的；关心(别人)的，殷勤的 | |
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118
countenance
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| n.脸色，面容；面部表情；vt.支持，赞同 | |
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119
reverence
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| n.敬畏，尊敬，尊严；Reverence:对某些基督教神职人员的尊称；v.尊敬，敬畏，崇敬 | |
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120
labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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121
celestial
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| adj.天体的；天上的 | |
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