The Turk may be a bad ruler, but he is the prince of anglers. The cunning and the patience with which he lands the most refractory5 fish once he has hooked it is beyond compare. What inimitable play we have witnessed for six months on the shores of Lake Leman! Once the fish seemed to have broken the tackle—that was when the first conference came to an abrupt6 end. It[Pg 323] simply meant, however, that the wily Oriental was giving out plenty of line. Time never worries him, he can sit and wait. He knew the moment would come when they would return with the hook well in their gullets, and the play begin once more—the reeling in and the reeling out, the line sometimes taut7 and strained but never snapping. Time and patience rewarded him. At last the huge tarpon are all lying beached on the banks—Britain, France, Italy, and the United States of America—high and dry, landed and helpless, without a swish left in their tails, glistening8 and gasping9 in the summer sun.
It is little wonder that Ismet had a smile on his face when all was over. Reports from Angora state that the peace is hailed there as a great Turkish triumph; and so it is. The Turk is truly a great fisherman. If he could govern as well as he angles, his would be the most formidable Empire in the world. Unfortunately he is the worst of rulers, hence the trouble—his own and that of those who unhappily have drawn10 him as governor in the lottery11 of life.
The able correspondent of the Daily Telegraph at the Lausanne Conference has supplied us from[Pg 324] time to time with vivid pen pictures of the four greatest Powers of the world struggling in the toils12 of the squalid and broken remains13 of an Empire with an aggregate14 population equal to that of a couple of English counties that I could name. This is what he wrote about this conference, which constitutes one of the most humiliating incidents in the history of Western civilisation:—
"The records of the present Conference present an even more marvellous series of concessions15 and surrenders. What was frayed16 before is threadbare now. The Allies have whittled17 away their own rights with a lavish18 hand in the cause of peace. They have also—and this is a graver matter, for which it seems they will have to give an account in the not distant future—gone back on their promises to small races, which are none the less promises because the small races have not the power to enforce their performance. The figure that the European delegates are cutting in Lausanne, and the agents of the concessionnaires in Angora—all alike representatives of the West—has been rendered undignified as much by the manner as the matter of their worsting."
[Pg 325]
Since those distressing19 words were written the Powers have sunk yet deeper into the slough20 of humiliation21.
The Times correspondent wiring after the agreement writes in a strain of deep indignation at the blow inflicted22 on the prestige of the West by this extraordinary Treaty. In order to gauge23 the extent of the disaster to civilisation which this Treaty implies it is only necessary to give a short summary of the war aims of the Allies in Turkey.
They were stated by Mr. Asquith with his usual succinctness24 and clarity in a speech which he delivered when Prime Minister at the Guildhall on November 9th, 1914:—
"It is not the Turkish people—it is the Ottoman Government that has drawn the sword, and which, I venture to predict, will perish by the sword. It is they and not we who have rung the death-knell of Ottoman dominion25, not only in Europe but in Asia. With their disappearance26 will disappear as I, at least, hope and believe, the blight27 which for generations past has withered28 some of the fairest regions of the earth."
[Pg 326]
In pursuance of the policy thus declared by the British Premier29 on behalf of the Allies a series of Agreements was entered into in the early months of 1915 between France, Russia, and ourselves, by which the greater part of Turkey, with its conglomerate30 population, was to be partitioned at the end of the War. Cilicia and Syria were allocated31 to France; Mesopotamia to Britain; Armenia and Constantinople to Russia. Palestine was to be placed under the joint32 control of Britain and France. Arabia was to be declared independent and a territory carved largely out of the desert—but including some famous cities of the East, Damascus, Homs and Aleppo—was to be constituted into a new Arab State, partly under the protection of France and partly of Britain. Smyrna and its precincts were to be allotted33 to Greece if she joined her forces with those of the Allies in the war. The Straits were to be demilitarised and garrisoned34. When Italy came into the war later on in 1915, it was stipulated35 that in the event of the partition of Turkey being carried out in pursuance of these agreements, territories in Southern Anatolia should be assigned to Italy for development.
[Pg 327]
What was the justification36 for breaking up the Turkish Empire? The portions to be cut out of Turkey have a population the majority of which is non-Turkish. Cilicia and Southern Anatolia might constitute a possible exception. In these territories massacres37 and misgovernment had perhaps succeeded at last in turning the balance in favour of the Turk. But in the main the distributed regions were being cultivated and developed before the war by a population which was Western and not Turanian in its origin and outlook. This population represented the original inhabitants of the soil.
The experiences, more especially of the past century, had demonstrated clearly that the Turk could no longer be entrusted38 with the property, the honour, or the lives of any Christian39 race within his dominions40. Whole communities of Armenians had been massacred under circumstances of the most appalling41 cruelty in lands which their ancestors had occupied since the dawn of history. And even after the war began 700,000 of these wretched people had been done to death by these savages42, to whom, it must be remembered, the Great Powers so ostentatiously proffered43 the hand of[Pg 328] friendship at the first Lausanne conference. Even while the conference was in session, and the handshaking was going on, the Turks were torturing to death scores of thousands of young Greeks whom they deported44 into the interior. As "a precautionary measure" 150,000 Greeks of military age, of whom 30,000 were military prisoners, were last year driven inland to the mountains of Anatolia. On the way they were stripped of their clothes, and in this condition were herded45 across the icy mountains. It is not surprising that when an agreement was arrived at for the exchange of military prisoners, the Turks found the greatest difficulty in producing 11,000, and of the total 150,000 it is estimated that two-thirds perished. The Allied46 Powers had every good reason for determining, as they hoped for all time, that this barbarian47 should cease to shock the world by repeated exhibitions of savagery48 against helpless and unarmed people committed to his charge by a cruel fate.
Apart from these atrocities49 the fact that great tracts50 of country, once the most fertile and populous51 in the world, have been reduced by Turkish misrule and neglect to a condition which is indistinguishable from the wilderness52, alone proves that[Pg 329] the Turk is a blight and a curse wherever he pitches his tent, and that he ought in the interests of humanity to be treated as such. When a race, which has no title to its lands other than conquest, so mismanages the territories it holds by violence as to deprive the world of an essential contribution to its well-being53, the nations have a right—nay, a duty—to intervene in order to restore these devastated54 areas to civilisation. This same duty constitutes the reason and justification for the white settlers of America overriding55 the prior claims of the Indian to the prairies and forests of the great West.
On the shores of the Mediterranean56 are two races with a surplus population of hard-working, intelligent cultivators, both of them belonging to countries which had themselves in the past been responsible for the government of the doomed57 lands covered by the Turkish Empire. Greece and Italy could claim that under their rule this vast territory throve and prospered58 mightily59. They now pour their overflow60 of population into lands far away from the motherland. Yet they are essentially61 Mediterranean peoples. The history of the Mediterranean will for ever be associated with their[Pg 330] achievements on its shores and its waters. The derelict wastes of Asia Minor62 need them. Valleys formerly63 crowded with tillers are now practically abandoned to the desert weeds. Irrigation has been destroyed or neglected. The Italian engineers are amongst the best in the world, and once they were introduced into Asia Minor would make cultivation64 again possible. There is plenty of scope in the deserts of Anatolia for both Italian and Greek. I was hoping for a peace that would set them both working. Had such a settlement been attained65, a generation hence would have witnessed gardens thronging66 with happy men, women, and children, where now you have a wilderness across which men, women, and children are periodically hunted down into nameless horror.
Yet another reason for the Allied decision was the bitter resentment67 that existed at the ingratitude68 displayed by the Turk towards Britain and France. They were naturally indignant that he should have joined their foes69 and slammed the gate of the Dardanelles in their face, and by that means complicated and prolonged their campaign and added enormously to their burdens, their losses, and their dangers. But he had not the [Pg 331]thankfulness even of the beast of prey70 in the legend towards the man who had cured his wounded limb. France and Britain had many a time extracted the thorn from the Turkish paw when he was limping along in impotent misery71. They had done more. They had often saved the life of that Empire when the Russian bear was on the point of crushing it out of existence; and yet without provocation72, without even a quarrel, he had betrayed them to their enemies.
I have set out shortly what the war policy of the Allies was in reference to Turkey. The Treaty of Sèvres considerably73 modified that policy in many vital aspects. By that Treaty, Constantinople, Cilicia, and Southern Anatolia were left to the Turk; Armenia was created into an independent State. There were many objections which could be raised to the original proposals of 1915, as it might be argued that they contemplated74 handing over in Cilicia and Southern Anatolia populations which in the main were Turkish and Moslem75 to Christian rulers. But in substance the modified plan of Sèvres was sound, and if carried out would have conduced to the well-being of the millions to be liberated76 by its terms for ever from Turkish[Pg 332] rule. The world at large also would have benefited by the opportunity afforded to the industrious78 and intelligent Armenian and Greek populations of Turkey to renew the fertility of this land, once so bountiful in its gifts, thus enriching man's store of good things. The barbarian invasion which withered that fertility was pushed back into the interior by the Treaty of Sèvres. The Treaty of Lausanne has extended and perpetuated79 its sway from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean. I have explained the why and wherefore of Sèvres. But why Lausanne? It is a long and painful story—a compound of shortsightedness, disloyalty, selfishness, and pusillanimity80 amongst nations and their statesmen. And more than all, Fate happened to be in its grimmest mood when dealing81 with this problem. The Russian Revolution eliminated that great country from the solution of the problem on the lines of protection for the oppressed races of Turkey, and instead cast its might on the side of the oppressor. President Wilson was inclined to recommend that the United States of America should undertake the mandate82 for the Armenians. Had he succeeded, what a different story would now have[Pg 333] been told! What a different story the generations to come would also tell! But his health broke down at the vital moment and America would have none of his humanitarian83 schemes. Then came the departure of Sonnino from the Quirinal. With him went for a momentous84 while the old dreams of Italian colonisation, which in the past had done so much to spread civilisation in three continents. His successors were homelier men. I have still my doubts as to whether they served Italy best by the less adventurous85 and more domesticated87 policy they pursued. The future may decide that issue. But whatever the decision, the time for action passed away, and unless and until there is another break up in Turkey, the chance Italy has lost since 1919 will not be recovered. Will it ever come back?
There followed the French check in Cilicia, and the negotiations88 at Angora with Mustapha Kemal, which were both single-handed and under-handed; for the Allies were not even informed of what was going on. This was a fatal step, for it broke up the unity77 which alone would enable the Western Powers to deal effectively with the Turk. This unity was never fully89 re-created. There can be no[Pg 334] reunion without confidence. There can be no trust in the West that is broken in the East. Much of the recent mischief90 in the Entente91 came from the clandestine92 negotiations at Angora.
The last fatal change was the Greek revolt against Venizelos. It is often said that he is the greatest statesman thrown up by that race since Pericles. In all he has undertaken he has never failed his people. Disaster has always come to them when they refused to follow his guidance. When King Alexander was killed by a monkey, the Greeks were called upon to decide between Constantine and Venizelos. Their choice was ruinous to their country. No greater evil can befall a nation than to choose for its ruler a stubborn man with no common sense. Before the advent86 of Constantine, Greece, with no aid and little countenance93 from the Powers, was able to hold the forces of Mustapha Kemal easily at bay and even to drive him back into the fastnesses of Anatolia. In encounter after encounter the Greek army, led by men chosen for their military gifts and sufficiently94 well equipped, inflicted defeat after defeat on the armies of Angora. But with Constantine came a change. In the Greek army, courtiers were substituted for[Pg 335] soldiers in the high command. French, British and Italian public opinion, with the memory of Constantine's treachery during the war still fresh in their minds, altered their attitude towards the Greeks who had elevated him to the throne in defiance95 of Allied sentiment. Indifferent Powers became hostile; hostile Powers became active. The final catastrophe96 began with the heroic but foolish march of the Greek army into the defiles97 of Asia Minor, followed by the inevitable98 retreat. It was consummated99 when Constantine for dynastic reasons appointed to the command of the troops in Asia Minor a crazy general whose mental condition had been under medical review. The Greeks fight valiantly100 when well led, but like the French, once they know they are not well led, confidence goes, and with confidence courage. Before the Kemalist attack reached their lines the Greek army was beaten and in full retreat. With attack came panic, with panic the complete destruction of what was once a fine army. With the disappearance of that army vanished the last hope for the salvation101 of Anatolia. That the history of the East, and probably the West, should have been changed by the bite of a monkey is just another grimace102 of the[Pg 336] comic spirit which bursts now and again into the pages of every great tragedy.
All that could be done afterwards was to save the remnants of a great policy. Western civilisation put up its last fight against the return of savagery into Europe, when in September and October of last year British soldiers and sailors, deserted103 by allies and associates alike, saved Constantinople from hideous104 carnage. The Pact105 of Mudania was not Sèvres, but it certainly was better than Lausanne. From Sèvres to Mudania was a retreat. From Mudania to Lausanne is a rout106.
What next? Lausanne is not a terminus, it is only a milestone107. Where is the next? No one claims that this Treaty is peace with honour. It is not even peace. If one were dealing with a regenerated108 Turk, there might be hope. But the burning of Smyrna, and the cold-blooded murders of tens of thousands of young Greeks in the interior, prove that the Turk is still unchanged. To quote again from the correspondent of The Times at Lausanne:—
"All such evidence as can be obtained here confirms the belief that the new Turk is but the old,[Pg 337] and that the coming era of enlightenment and brotherly love in Turkey, for which it is the correct thing officially to hope, will be from the foreigners' point of view at best a humiliating, and at worst a bloody109, chaos110."
The amazing legend that the Turk is a gentleman is dying hard. That legend has saved him many a time when he was on the brink111 of destruction. It came to his aid in October last when the policy of this country was changed by the revolt of the Turcophile against the Coalition112. The Turk has massacred hundreds of thousands of Armenians, and dishonoured113 myriads114 of Christian women who trusted to his protection. Nevertheless the Turk is a gentleman! By his indolence, his shiftiness, his stupidity, and his wantonness, he has reduced a garden to a desert. What better proof can there be that he is a real gentleman? For a German bribe115 he sold the friends who had repeatedly saved his wretched life. All the same, what a gentleman he is! He treated British prisoners with a barbarous neglect that killed them off in hundreds. Still, he is such a gentleman! He plunders116, he slays117, and outrages118 those who are unable to defend themselves.[Pg 338] He misgoverns, cheats, lies, and betrays. For all that, the Turk is a gentleman! So an agitation119 was engineered with perverse120 tenacity121 to save this fine old Oriental gentleman from the plebeian122 hands that sought his destruction. Hence the black Treaty of Lausanne.
London, July 25th, 1923
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1
vanquished
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| v.征服( vanquish的过去式和过去分词 )；战胜；克服；抑制 | |
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poignancy
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| n.辛酸事，尖锐 | |
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tragic
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| adj.悲剧的，悲剧性的，悲惨的 | |
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civilisation
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| n.文明，文化，开化，教化 | |
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refractory
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| adj.倔强的，难驾驭的 | |
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abrupt
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| adj.突然的，意外的；唐突的，鲁莽的 | |
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taut
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| adj.拉紧的，绷紧的，紧张的 | |
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glistening
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| adj.闪耀的，反光的v.湿物闪耀，闪亮( glisten的现在分词 ) | |
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gasping
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| adj. 气喘的, 痉挛的 动词gasp的现在分词 | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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lottery
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| n.抽彩；碰运气的事，难于算计的事 | |
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toils
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| 网 | |
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remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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aggregate
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| adj.总计的，集合的；n.总数；v.合计；集合 | |
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concessions
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| n.（尤指由政府或雇主给予的）特许权( concession的名词复数 )；承认；减价；（在某地的）特许经营权 | |
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16
frayed
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| adj.磨损的v.（使布、绳等）磨损，磨破( fray的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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whittled
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| v.切，削（木头），使逐渐变小( whittle的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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lavish
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| adj.无节制的；浪费的；vt.慷慨地给予，挥霍 | |
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distressing
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| a.使人痛苦的 | |
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slough
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| v.蜕皮，脱落，抛弃 | |
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humiliation
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| n.羞辱 | |
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inflicted
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| 把…强加给，使承受，遭受( inflict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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gauge
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| v.精确计量；估计；n.标准度量；计量器 | |
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succinctness
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| n.简洁；简要；简明 | |
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dominion
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| n.统治，管辖，支配权；领土，版图 | |
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disappearance
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| n.消失，消散，失踪 | |
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blight
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| n.枯萎病；造成破坏的因素；vt.破坏，摧残 | |
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withered
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| adj. 枯萎的，干瘪的，（人身体的部分器官）因病萎缩的或未发育良好的 动词wither的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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premier
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| adj.首要的；n.总理，首相 | |
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conglomerate
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| n.综合商社，多元化集团公司 | |
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allocated
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| adj. 分配的 动词allocate的过去式和过去分词 | |
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joint
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| adj.联合的，共同的；n.关节，接合处；v.连接，贴合 | |
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allotted
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| 分配，拨给，摊派( allot的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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garrisoned
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| 卫戍部队守备( garrison的过去式和过去分词 )； 派部队驻防 | |
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stipulated
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| vt.& vi.规定；约定adj.[法]合同规定的 | |
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justification
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| n.正当的理由；辩解的理由 | |
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massacres
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| 大屠杀( massacre的名词复数 )； 惨败 | |
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entrusted
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| v.委托，托付( entrust的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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dominions
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| 统治权( dominion的名词复数 )； 领土； 疆土； 版图 | |
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appalling
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| adj.骇人听闻的，令人震惊的，可怕的 | |
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savages
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| 未开化的人，野蛮人( savage的名词复数 ) | |
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proffered
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| v.提供，贡献，提出( proffer的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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deported
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| v.将…驱逐出境( deport的过去式和过去分词 )；举止 | |
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45
herded
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| 群集，纠结( herd的过去式和过去分词 )； 放牧； （使）向…移动 | |
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allied
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| adj.协约国的；同盟国的 | |
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barbarian
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| n.野蛮人；adj.野蛮(人)的；未开化的 | |
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savagery
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| n.野性 | |
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atrocities
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| n.邪恶，暴行( atrocity的名词复数 )；滔天大罪 | |
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50
tracts
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| 大片土地( tract的名词复数 )； 地带； （体内的）道； （尤指宣扬宗教、伦理或政治的）短文 | |
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populous
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| adj.人口稠密的，人口众多的 | |
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52
wilderness
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| n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等，荒漠 | |
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53
well-being
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| n.安康，安乐，幸福 | |
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54
devastated
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| v.彻底破坏( devastate的过去式和过去分词)；摧毁；毁灭；在感情上（精神上、财务上等）压垮adj.毁坏的；极为震惊的 | |
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55
overriding
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| a.最主要的 | |
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Mediterranean
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| adj.地中海的；地中海沿岸的 | |
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doomed
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| 命定的 | |
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prospered
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| 成功，兴旺( prosper的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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mightily
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| ad.强烈地；非常地 | |
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60
overflow
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| v.(使)外溢，(使)溢出；溢出，流出，漫出 | |
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61
essentially
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| adv.本质上，实质上，基本上 | |
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minor
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| adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修 | |
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63
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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64
cultivation
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| n.耕作，培养，栽培（法），养成 | |
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attained
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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thronging
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| v.成群，挤满( throng的现在分词 ) | |
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resentment
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| n.怨愤，忿恨 | |
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ingratitude
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| n.忘恩负义 | |
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foes
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| 敌人，仇敌( foe的名词复数 ) | |
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prey
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| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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misery
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| n.痛苦，苦恼，苦难；悲惨的境遇，贫苦 | |
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provocation
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| n.激怒，刺激，挑拨，挑衅的事物，激怒的原因 | |
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considerably
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| adv.极大地；相当大地；在很大程度上 | |
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contemplated
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| adj. 预期的 动词contemplate的过去分词形式 | |
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Moslem
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| n.回教徒，穆罕默德信徒；adj.回教徒的，回教的 | |
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liberated
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| a.无拘束的，放纵的 | |
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unity
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| n.团结，联合，统一；和睦，协调 | |
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industrious
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| adj.勤劳的，刻苦的，奋发的 | |
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perpetuated
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| vt.使永存（perpetuate的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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pusillanimity
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| n.无气力，胆怯 | |
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dealing
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| n.经商方法，待人态度 | |
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mandate
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| n.托管地；命令，指示 | |
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humanitarian
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| n.人道主义者，博爱者，基督凡人论者 | |
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momentous
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| adj.重要的，重大的 | |
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adventurous
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| adj.爱冒险的；惊心动魄的，惊险的，刺激的 | |
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advent
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| n.(重要事件等的)到来，来临 | |
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domesticated
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| adj.喜欢家庭生活的；（指动物）被驯养了的v.驯化( domesticate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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negotiations
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| 协商( negotiation的名词复数 )； 谈判； 完成（难事）； 通过 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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mischief
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| n.损害，伤害，危害；恶作剧，捣蛋，胡闹 | |
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entente
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| n.协定；有协定关系的各国 | |
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clandestine
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| adj.秘密的，暗中从事的 | |
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countenance
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| n.脸色，面容；面部表情；vt.支持，赞同 | |
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sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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defiance
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| n.挑战，挑衅，蔑视，违抗 | |
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catastrophe
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| n.大灾难，大祸 | |
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defiles
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| v.玷污( defile的第三人称单数 )；污染；弄脏；纵列行进 | |
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inevitable
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| adj.不可避免的，必然发生的 | |
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consummated
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| v.使结束( consummate的过去式和过去分词 )；使完美；完婚；（婚礼后的）圆房 | |
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valiantly
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| adv.勇敢地，英勇地；雄赳赳 | |
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salvation
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| n.（尤指基督）救世，超度，拯救，解困 | |
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grimace
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| v.做鬼脸，面部歪扭 | |
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deserted
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| adj.荒芜的，荒废的，无人的，被遗弃的 | |
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hideous
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| adj.丑陋的，可憎的，可怕的，恐怖的 | |
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pact
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| n.合同，条约，公约，协定 | |
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rout
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| n.溃退，溃败；v.击溃，打垮 | |
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milestone
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| n.里程碑；划时代的事件 | |
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regenerated
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| v.新生，再生( regenerate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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bloody
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| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
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chaos
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| n.混乱，无秩序 | |
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brink
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| n.(悬崖、河流等的)边缘，边沿 | |
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coalition
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| n.结合体，同盟，结合，联合 | |
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dishonoured
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| a.不光彩的，不名誉的 | |
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myriads
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| n.无数，极大数量( myriad的名词复数 ) | |
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115
bribe
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| n.贿赂；v.向…行贿，买通 | |
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plunders
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| 掠夺，抢劫( plunder的第三人称单数 ) | |
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slays
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的第三人称单数 ) | |
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outrages
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| 引起…的义愤，激怒( outrage的第三人称单数 ) | |
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119
agitation
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| n.搅动；搅拌；鼓动，煽动 | |
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120
perverse
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| adj.刚愎的；坚持错误的，行为反常的 | |
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121
tenacity
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| n.坚韧 | |
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122
plebeian
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| adj.粗俗的；平民的；n.平民；庶民 | |
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