Bedale, Yorkshire
During the Seven Years’ War prisoners were on parole at Bedale in Yorkshire. The following lines referring to them, sent to me by my friend, Mrs. Cockburn-Hood, were written by Robert Hird, a Bedale shoemaker, who was born in 1768:
And here they were at liberty, and that for a long time,
Till Seventeen Hundred and Sixty Three, they then a Peace did sign,
But though at large, they had their bound, it was a good walk out,
And here poor Matthew they fell on. He soon defeated them;
His arms were long, and he struck hard, they could not bear his blows,
The French threw stones, like some petard; he ran, and thus did lose.
James Wilkinson, he lived here then, he’d sons and daughters fair,
To this the sender appended a note:
‘In the houses round Bedale there are hand-screens decorated with landscapes in straw, and I have a curious doll’s chair in wood with knobs containing cherry stones which rattle9. These were made by French prisoners, according to tradition.’
413
Derby
I am indebted to Mr. P. H. Currey, F.R.I.B.A., of Derby, for the following extract, dated June 20, 1763, from All Saints’ Parish Book, quoted in Simpson’s History of Derby:
‘These men (the prisoners during the Seven Years’ War), were dispersed10 into many parts of the nation, 300 being sent to this town on parole about July 1759, where they continued until the end of the War in 1763. Their behaviour at first was impudent11 and insolent12, at all times vain and effeminate, and their whole deportment light and unmanly, and we may venture to say from our observation and knowledge of them, that in any future war this nation has nothing to fear from them as an enemy. During their abode13 here, the road from this place to Nottingham was by act of Parliament repaired, the part from St. Mary’s Bridge (which by reason of the floods was impassable) being greatly raised. Numbers of these people were daily employed, who worked in their bag-wigs, pig-tails, ruffles14, etc., etc., a matter which afforded us much merriment. But, to their honour let it be remembered, that scarce one act of fraud or theft was committed by any of them during their stay among us. These men were allowed 6d. a day each by the British Government.’
We read that an Italian prisoner on parole at Derby in 1797 went to Leicester and bought a pair of pistols, thus committing a double breach15 of his parole by going beyond the limit, and by possessing himself of arms. ‘It is presumed,’ remarks the chronicler, ‘from the remarkable16 anxiety he showed to procure17 possession of these offensive weapons, that he has some particular object to accomplish by them—perhaps his liberation.’
Ashbourne, Derbyshire
Mr. Richard Holland, of Barton under Needwood, Staffordshire, has favoured me with this note about Ashbourne.
‘Here in 1803 were Rochambeau and 300 of his officers. The house where the general resided is well known, and a large building was erected19 in which to lodge20 the prisoners who could not afford to find their own houses or apartments. I have heard that the limit of parole was two miles.... I never 414heard of any breaches21 of parole or crimes committed by the prisoners....
I have often heard that the prisoners made for sale many curious articles, models, etc., ... but I remember a fine drawing of a man-of-war on the outside wall of the prison referred to, which now happens to belong to me.... Even fifty years ago very little was remembered of the prisoners. One of them was a famous runner, and I knew an old man who told me he ran a race with the Frenchman, and beat him too!’
In 1804 General Pageot was on parole at Ashbourne. Here he seems to have been received, like so many of his countrymen prisoners, on a footing of friendship at the houses of the neighbouring gentry22, for he received permission to live for eight days at Wooton Lodge, the seat of Colonel Wilson. In granting this unusual indulgence the Commissioners23 remark that ‘as our people are very strictly24 treated in France, it is improper25 that unusual indulgences be given to French prisoners, and we hope that no other applications will be made’.
Later on the Commissioners wrote to Colonel Wilson:
‘As it appears by letters between General Pageot and some of his countrymen that he is paying his addresses to a Lady of Respectability in or near Ashbourne, the Board think it proper that you should be informed that they have good authority for believing that he is actually a married man, and has a family in France.’
Still later, writing to Mr. Bainbrigge, the Commissioners say that General Pageot has been sent to Montgomery, and they recommend Mr. Bainbrigge to take measures to prevent him having any communication with the lady, Mr. Bainbrigge’s niece.
Say they:
‘From Motives26 of Public Duty the Commissioners, when they first heard of the intended connexion between General Pageot and Miss Bainbrigge, they caused such suspicious circumstances respecting the General as came to their knowledge to be communicated to the young lady’s mother, and that it affords them very much satisfaction now to find that her Friends are disposed to prevent an union which could promise very little comfort to her or Honour to her Family.’
415
Chesterfield
My best thanks are due to Mr. W. Hawkesly Edmunds, Scarsdale House, Chesterfield, for these notes:
‘Mrs. Roberts, widow of Lieutenant27 Roberts, R.N., left some interesting reminiscences among her papers. She says:
‘Different indeed was the aspect of the town from what one sees to-day. Grim visages and whiskered faces met one at every turn, to say nothing of moustaches, faded uniforms, and rusty28 cocked hats. At certain hours of the day it was difficult to walk along the High Street or the middle Causeway, for these were the favourite promenades29 of the officers on parole. When the weather permitted, they assembled each morning and evening to the number of 200 to exchange friendly greetings with all the extravagance of gesture and high-pitched voice for which the Frenchman is remarkable.’
The French prisoners in Chesterfield in the years around 1806 were for the most part, if not wholly, officers and their servants, and their treatment by the English Government was liberal and mild. All officers down to the rank of Captain, inclusive, were allowed ten shillings per week, and all below that rank, seven shillings each. On giving their parole they were allowed the greatest freedom; had permission to walk one mile from the town in any direction, but had to be in their lodgings30 at 8 each evening. At that hour a bell rang, known as the Frenchman’s Bell. It was, in fact, the very bell in the tower of the church formerly31 used as the curfew bell. It was in connexion with this mile regulation that a little fraud was perpetrated by Sir Windsor Hunloke, Bart., which was winked32 at by the authorities. Wingerworth Hall, the residence of Sir Windsor, was just outside the mile limit, but with the desire that many of the prisoners, who, like himself, were Roman Catholics, should visit him, he caused the milestone33 to be removed along the road to the other side of the hall, and so brought his residence within the mile limit. This old milestone is still to be seen.
The prisoners were first in charge of a Commissary, a local solicitor34, Mr. John Bower35, of Spital Lodge, but later the Government appointed superannuated36 lieutenants37 in the Navy. The first of these, Lieutenant Gawen, found that there had been so many escapes during Mr. Bower’s kindly38 but lax 416régime that he instituted more stringent39 regulations, and mustered40 the men twice a week instead of once, and he inspected all correspondence both to and from the prisoners. The first detachment of prisoners arrived in 1803, officers both of the Army and Navy; most of them had undergone the greatest privations. These were the prisoners from San Domingo, whose sufferings during the sieges of the blacks, and from sickness, famine, and sword, are matters of history. Indeed, had not the British squadron arrived, it is certain all their lives would have been sacrificed by the infuriated blacks in revenge for the barbarities practised on them by the French Commander-in-Chief General Rochambeau, who, with Generals D’Henin, Boyer, and Lapoype, Commodore Barré, and the other naval41 officers, with the staffs of the generals, were all at Chesterfield.
The successes of Wellington in Spain brought many more prisoners to Chesterfield, and a great number captured at San Sebastian and Pampeluna.
Most of the prisoners in the town managed to add to the Government allowance by teaching languages, drawing, and music. Others produced various articles for sale. Many of them were excellent ornamental43 workers in hair and bone, and there were not a few who were adept44 wood-carvers. Making bone models of men-of-war was a favourite occupation, and the more elaborate of these models were disposed of by means of lotteries45. Another of their industries was the working of straw, which they dyed in gay colours, or plaited. Silk-hat making and silk-weaving they are said to have introduced into the town. They were also experts at making woollen gloves, &c., with a bone crook46. One Bourlemont opened a dép?t for British wines. One prisoner got employment as a painter, but another had to seek work as a banksman at the Hady coal-pits.
Several of the prisoners were surgeons, and practised in the town, and it is reported that so great were the services some of these gentlemen rendered the poor of the town gratuitously48, that representations were made to the Government, and they were given free pardons and safe-conducts back to France.
Some prisoners married, one the daughter of Turner the Parish Clerk, but generally beneath them.
Bone Model of H.M.S. Prince of Wales
Made by prisoners of war
417The Abbé Legoux tried to have religious services in a private house, but they were poorly attended, the Republicans nearly all being atheists, and preferring to pass their Sundays at card-tables and billiards50.
Mrs. Roberts thus describes some peculiarities51 of the prisoners’ dress and manners:
‘Their large hooped52 gold ear-rings, their pink or sky-blue umbrellas, the Legion of Honour ribbons in their button holes; their profuse53 exchange of embraces and even kisses in the public street; their attendant poodles carrying walking-sticks in their mouths, and their incessant54 and vociferous55 talking. A great source of amusement was the training of birds and dogs.
‘There were few instances of friction56 between the prisoners and the townsfolk, but there was one angry affray which led to six of the prisoners being sent to Norman Cross to be kept in close confinement57. The wives of some of the prisoners had permission to join their husbands in confinement, but “they were very dingy58, plain-looking women.”
‘Colonel Fruile married a Miss Moore, daughter of a Chesterfield cabinet maker2, and she, like the English wives of other of the prisoners, went to France when Peace was proclaimed. Rank distinctions between officers were rigidly59 observed, and the junior officers always saluted60 their superiors who held levées on certain days of the week. The fortunes of Napoleon were closely followed; defeats and victories being marked. During the sojourn62 of the French prisoners at Chesterfield, took place the battles of Wagram, Jena, Vienna, Berlin, and the Russian campaign. The news of Trafalgar produced great dismay, and the sight of rejoicings—of sheep and oxen roasted whole, of gangs of men yoked63 together bringing wood and coals for bonfires, was too much to bear, and most of them shut themselves up in their lodgings until the rejoicings were over.
‘After the Peace a few of the prisoners remained in Chesterfield, and some of their descendants live in the town to-day. Many died, and were buried in the “Frenchmen’s Quarter” of the now closed Parish churchyard.’
Oswestry
Oswestry, in Shropshire, was an important parole town. In 1803, when rumours64 were afloat that a concerted simultaneous rising of the French prisoners of war in the Western Counties was to be carried out, a hurried transfer of these latter was made to the more inland towns of Staffordshire and Shropshire. 418and it has been stated that Oswestry received no less than 700, but this has been authentically65 contradicted, chiefly by correspondents to Bygones, a most complete receptacle of old-time information concerning Shropshire and the Welsh border, access to which I owe to the kindness of Mr. J. E. Anden of Tong, Shifnal.
Among the distinguished66 prisoners at Oswestry were the Marquis d’Hautpol, on whose Memories of Captivity67 in England I have already drawn68 largely; General Phillipon, the able defender69 of Badajos, who escaped with Lieut. Garnier from Oswestry; and Prince Arenburg, who was removed thither70 to Bridgnorth upon suspicion of having aided a fellow prisoner to escape.
The prisoners were, as usual, distributed in lodgings about the town; some were at the Three Tuns inn, where bullet marks in a wall are said to commemorate71 a duel fought between two of them.
From the London Chronicle of May 20, 1813, I take the following:
‘There is in this town (Oswestry) a French officer on parole who is supposed by himself and countrymen to possess strength little inferior to Samson. He is Monsieur Fiarsse, he follows the profession of a fencing-master, and is allowed to have considerable skill in that way. He had been boasting that he had beat every Englishman that opposed him in the town where he was last on parole (in Devonshire), and he sent a challenge the other day to a private of the 64th Regiment72 to a boxing-match. It was accepted. The Frenchman is a very tall, stout-built man, of a most ferocious73 countenance74; the soldier is a little, round-faced man, as plump as a partridge. Five rounds were fought; the first, I understand, the Frenchman threw a blow at his adversary75 with all his strength which brought him down; he rose, however, in a moment, and played his part so well that I think M. Fiarsse will never like to attack a British soldier again! The little fellow made him spin again, he dealt his blows with such judgement. After the fifth round, Fiarsse said: “It is ‘nough! I vill no moe!”’
There were French Royalist refugees at Oswestry as elsewhere, and one of the hardest tasks of local parole agents was to prevent disturbances76 between these men and their bitter opponents the Bonapartist officer prisoners, dwelling77 in the 419same towns. In fact, the presence of large numbers of French Royalists in England, many of them very highly connected, brought about the very frequent attacks made on them in contemporary French literature and journalism78 for playing the parts of spies and traitors79, and originated the parrot-cry at every French diplomatic or military and naval reverse, ‘Sold by the princes in England!’
There are graves of French prisoners in Oswestry churchyard. Upon one is ‘Ci-g?t D. J. J. J. Du Vive, Capitaine-Adjudant aux états-Majors généraux: prisonnier de guerre sur parole; né à Pau, Dépt des Basses-Pyrénées, 26 Juillet 1762; décédé à Oswestry, 20 Juillet 1813.’
Leek, in Staffordshire, was also an important parole centre.
‘The officer prisoners at Leek received all courtesy and hospitality at the hands of the principal inhabitants, with many of whom they were on the most intimate terms, frequenting the assemblies, which were then as gay and as well attended as any within a circuit of 20 miles. They used to dine out in full uniform, each with his body-servant behind his chair.’ (Sleigh’s History of Leek.)
The first prisoners came here in 1803 from San Domingo. In 1809 and 1812 many more arrived—some accounts say as many as 200, and one fact considered worthy81 of record is that they were to be met prowling about early in the morning in search of snails82!
‘All accounts agree that these unfortunates conducted themselves with the utmost propriety84 and self-respect during their enforced sojourn among us; endearing themselves to the inhabitants generally by their unwonted courtesy and strictly honourable85 behaviour. But as to their estimate of human life, it was unanimously remarked that they seemed to value it no more than we should crushing a fly in a moment of irritation86.’
The Freemasons had a Lodge ‘Réunion Désirée,’ and a Chapter ‘De l’Amitié,’ working at Leek in 1810–11.
420
Alresford
At Alresford the prisoners were at first unpopular, but their exertions87 at a fire in the town wrought88 a change of feeling in their favour. It is interesting to note that when the Commune in Paris in 1871 drove many respectable people abroad, quite a number came to Alresford (as also to Odiham), from which we may deduce that they were descendants of men who had handed down pleasant memories of parole life in these little Hampshire towns.
The Rev1. Mr. Headley, Vicar of Alresford, kindly allowed me to copy the following from his Parish Records:
‘1779. The Captain and officers of the Spanish man-of-war who behaved so gallantly91 in the engagement with the Pearl, and who are prisoners of war at Alresford, lately gave an elegant entertainment and ball in honour of Capt. Montagu and his officers, in testimony92 of the high sense they entertain of the polite and most generous treatment they received after their capture. Capt. Montagu and his officers were present, also Capt. Oates and officers of the 89th Regiment, and many of the most respectable families from the neighbourhood of Alresford.’
I am indebted also to Mr. Headley for the following entries in the registers of his church:
Burials.
1794.
July 21. St. Aubin, a French prisoner on parole.
1796.
July 11. Baptiste Guillaume Jousemme; aged42 21, born at Castillones in France. A prisoner on parole.
1803.
June 27. Thomas Monclerc. Aged 42. A French servant.
1809.
Dec. 12. Jean Charbonier. A French prisoner.
1810.
Dec. 14. Hypolite Riouffe. A French prisoner.
1811.
Aug. 2. Pierre Garnier. A French prisoner.
1811.
Dec 25. Ciprian Lavau. A French prisoner. Aged 29.
1812.
Feb. 7. Louis de Bousurdont. A French prisoner. Aged 44.
1812.
April 13. Marie Louise Fournier. A French prisoner. Aged 44.
1812.
Aug. 8. Jean de l’Huille. A French prisoner. Aged 51.
Mr. Payne of Alresford told me that the clock on the church tower, which bears the date 1811, is said to have been presented by the French prisoners on parole in the town in gratitude93 for the kindly treatment they received from the inhabitants.
421
Thame
At Thame, in 1809, Israel Eel89 was charged at the Oxford94 Quarter Sessions with assaulting Ravenau, a French prisoner on parole. To the great surprise of all, not a true bill was returned.
Some of the prisoners at Thame were lodged95 in a building now called the ‘Bird Cage’, once an inn. A memory of the prisoners lingers in the name of ‘Frenchman’s Oak’ still given to a large tree there, it having marked their mile boundary.
General Villaret-Joyeuse, Governor of Martinique, was one of the many prisoners of fame or rank at Thame. He brought upon himself a rebuke96 from the Transport Office in 1809, for having said in a letter to his brother, ‘Plusieurs Fran?ais se sont détruits ne pouvant supporter plus longtemps l’humiliation et l’abjection où ils étaient réduits.’ The Transport Office told him that he had been grossly misinformed, and that during the past war only two prisoners were known to have destroyed themselves: one was supposed to have done so in consequence of the deranged97 state of his account with the French Government, and the other, having robbed his brother prisoner of a large amount, when detected, dreading98 the consequence. ‘When you shall have better informed yourself and altered the said letter accordingly, it will be forwarded to France.’
General Privé, one of Dupont’s officers, captured at Baylen, was called to order for making false statements in a letter to the French minister of war, in an offensive manner: ‘The Board have no objection of your making representations you may think proper to your Government respecting the Capitulation of Baylen, and transmitting as many Truths as you please to France, but indecent Abuse and reproachful Terms are not to be suffered.’
Wincanton
To Mr. George Sweetman I am indebted for some interesting particulars about parole prisoner life at Wincanton in Somersetshire. The first prisoners came here in 1804, captured on the Didon, and gradually the number here rose to 350, made up of 422Frenchmen, Italians, Portuguese99, and Spaniards. In 1811 the census100 showed that nineteen houses were occupied by prisoners, who then numbered 297 and 9 women and children. An ‘oldest inhabitant’, Mr. Olding, who died in 1870, aged eighty-five, told Mr. Sweetman that at one time there were no less than 500 prisoners in Wincanton and the adjacent Bayford. Some of them were men of good family, and were entertained at all the best houses in the neighbourhood.
‘After the conquest of Isle of France,’ said Mr. Olding, ‘about fifty French officers were sent here, who were reputed to have brought with them half a million sterling101.... They lived in their own hired houses or comfortable lodgings. The poorer prisoners took their two meals a day at the Restaurant pour les Aspirants102. The main staple103 of their diet was onions, leeks104, lettuce105, cucumbers, and dandelions. The richer, however, ate butchers’ meat plentifully106.’
Altogether the establishment of Wincanton as a parole town must have been of enormous benefit to a linen-weaving centre which was feeling severely107 the competition of the great Lancashire towns, and was fast losing its staple industry.
Mr. Sweetman introduces an anecdote108 which illustrates109 the great trading difficulties which at first existed between foreigners who knew nothing of English, and natives who were equally ignorant of French.
One of the many butchers who attended the market had bought on one occasion some excellent fat beef to which he called the attention of a model French patrician110, and, confusing the Frenchman’s ability to understand the English language with defective111 hearing, he shouted in his loudest tones, which had an effect contrary to what he expected or desired. The officer (noted for his long pig-tail, old round hat, and long-waisted brown coat), to all the jolly butcher’s earnest appeals to him to buy, answered nothing but ‘Non bon, non bon!’
‘Well, Roger,’ said a brother butcher, ‘If I were you, he should have bone enough next time!’
‘So he shall,’ said Roger, and on the next market-day he brought a fine neck and chine of bull beef, from which lots of steaks were cut, and soon sold.
Presently the old officer came by, and Roger solicited112 his 423custom for his line show of bones. The indignant Frenchman again exclaimed, ‘Non bon! non bon!’
‘Confound the fellow,’ said Roger, ‘what can he want, why, ’tis a’al booin, idden it?’
Both men were becoming really angry, when a boy standing by, who had speedily acquired some knowledge of French, explained the matter to both men. When at length they understood each other they both laughed heartily113 at the misunderstanding, but the incident became a standing joke against Roger as long as he lived.
The mile boundaries of the prisoners were Bayford Elm on the London road; Anchor Bridge on the Ilchester road; Abergavenny Gate on the Castle Cary road; and Gorselands on the Bruton road. The prisoners frequently promenaded114 the streets in great numbers, four abreast115. The large rooms in the public-houses were often rented for holding meetings of various kinds. On one occasion the large room at the Swan Inn was used for the lying in state of a Freemason, who was buried in a very imposing116 manner. Two other great officers lay in state at the Greyhound and The Dogs. Many died from various causes incidental to captivity. They were buried in the churchyard, and a stone there marks the resting-place of a Russian or a Pole who was said to have died of grief.[17] One of them committed suicide. Another poor fellow became demented, and every day might have been heard playing on a flute117 a mournful dirge118, which tune61 he never changed. Others bore their estrangement119 from home and country less sorrowfully, and employed their time in athletic120 sports or in carving121 various articles of different kinds of wood and bone. Some were allowed to visit friends at a distance, always returning faithfully to their parole.
During the winter months they gave, twice a week, musical and theatrical122 entertainments. Many of the captives, especially those of the upper ranks, were good musicians. These held concerts, which were attended by the people of the town.
Sunday was to them the dullest day of the week; they did not know what to make of it. Some of them went to the parish church and assisted in the instrumental part of the 424service. A few attended the Congregational, or as it was then called, the Independent Chapel123. The majority of them were, in name at least, Roman Catholics; whatever they were, they spent Sundays in playing chess, draughts124, cards and dominoes,—indeed, almost anything to while the time away.
The prisoners used to meet in large rooms which they hired for various amusements. Some of them were artists, and Mr. Sweetman speaks of many rooms which they decorated with wall-pictures. In one—the ‘Orange Room’ at The Dogs in South Street—may still be seen wall-paintings done by them; also in the house of Mr. James, in the High Street, three panels of a bedroom are painted with three of the Muses125. Miss Impey, of Street, has some drawings done by a prisoner, Charles Aubert, who probably did the paintings above alluded126 to.
As time went on and the prisoners became more homesick and more impatient of restraint, desertions became frequent, and it was necessary to station a company of infantry127 in Wincanton, and they were ‘kept lively’. One night a party was escaping and the constable128 of the town, attempting to prevent them, was roughly handled. The soldiers were on guard all night in the streets, but nevertheless some prisoners managed even then to escape.
‘In 1811’, said the Salisbury Journal, ‘Culliford, a notorious smuggler129, was committed to Ilchester Gaol130 for conveying from Wincanton several of the prisoners there to the Dorsetshire coast, whence they crossed to Cherbourg. Culliford was caught with great difficulty, and then only because of the large reward offered.’
There was at Wincanton, as in other parole towns, a Masonic Lodge among the prisoners; it was called (as was also the Lodge at Sanquhar) ‘La Paix Désirée’. There were English members of it. Mr. Sweetman reproduces, in the little book upon which I have drawn for my information, the certificate of Louis Michel Duchemin, Master Mason in 1810. This M. Duchemin married Miss Clewett of Wincanton, and settled in England, dying in Birmingham in 1854 or 1855. His widow only survived him a week, but he left a son who in 1897 lived in Birmingham, following his father’s profession as a teacher of French. M. Duchemin was evidently much esteemed131 in Wincanton, as the following testimonial shows:
425
‘Wincanton, June 1821.
‘I, the undersigned, having been His Majesty’s Agent for Prisoners of War on Parole in this place during the late war, do certify132 that Monsr. L. M. Duchemin was resident for upwards133 of six years on his Parole of Honour in this Town, from the time [1805] of the capture of the French frigate134 La Torche to the removal of the Prisoners to Scotland, and that in consequence of his universal good conduct, he was excepted (on a memorial presented by Inhabitants to the Commissioners of H. M. Transport Service) from a previous Order of Removal from this place with other prisoners of his rank. Monsr. Duchemin married while resident in this place into a respectable family, and, having known him from 1806 to the present time, I can with much truth concur135 in the Testimonial of his Wells friends.
‘G. Messiter.’
This Mr. George Messiter, a solicitor, was one of the best sort of parole agents, and is thus eulogized by Mr. Sweetman:
‘He was a gentleman well qualified136 for the office he held: of a noble mien137, brave, and held in respect by all who knew him. Under his direction the captives were supplied with every accommodation he could give them. Several years after his death one of the survivors138, an army surgeon, came to the scene of his former captivity, when he paid a high tribute to the Commissary, and spoke139 in terms of affection of the townspeople amongst whom he had sojourned.’
When it is remembered that Messiter had to deal with such troublesome fellows as Generals Rochambeau and Boyer (who were actually sent away from Wincanton, as they had already been sent away from other parole places, on account of their misdeeds), the worth of this testimony may be appreciated.
Not many marriages between prisoners and Englishwomen are recorded at Wincanton, for the same reason that ruled elsewhere—that the French law refused to regard such marriages as valid140.
Alberto Bioletti, an Italian servant to a French officer, married and settled in the town as a hairdresser. He married twice, and died in 1869, aged ninety-two. William Bouverie, known as ‘Billy Booby’, married and settled here. John Peter Pichon is the very French name of one who married Dinah Edwards, both described as of Wincanton, in 1808. In 1809 Andrée Joseph Jantrelle married Mary Hobbs.
426Mr. Sweetman says:
‘Here, as in all other parole towns, a large number of children were born out of wedlock141 whose fathers were reputed to be our visitors. Some indeed took French names, and several officers had to pay large sums of money to the parish authorities before they left. One of the drawbacks to the sojourn of so many strangers among us was the increase of immorality142. One informant said: “Not the least source of attraction to these gallant90 sons of France, were the buxom143 country maidens144, who found their way into the town, but lost their way back. I regret to say that our little town was becoming a veritable hotbed of vice47.”’
The prisoners were suddenly withdrawn145 from Wincanton, on account of the alarm, to which I have alluded elsewhere, that a general rising of the prisoners of war all over England, but chiefly in the west, had been concerted, and partly on account of the large numbers of escapes of prisoners, favoured as they were by the proximity146 of the Dorsetshire coast with its gangs of smugglers.
Mr. Sweetman continues:
‘In February 1812, a company of infantry and a troop of cavalry147 arrived at the South Gate, one morning at roll-call time. Before the roll had been completed the troop entered the town and surrounded the captives. The infantry followed, and those who had not presented themselves at roll-call were sent for. So sudden had been the call, that although many had wished for years to leave, they were unprepared when the time came. At 4 o’clock those who were ready departed; some had not even breakfasted, and no one was allowed to have any communication with them. They were marched to Mere148, where they passed the night in the church. Early next morning, those who were left behind, after having bestowed149 their goods (for many of them had furnished their own houses), followed their brethren, and, joining them at Mere, were marched to Kelso. Deep was the regret of many of the inhabitants at losing so many to whom they had become endeared by ties of interest and affection. A great gap was made in the life of the town which it took years to fill.’
Seventeen burials are recorded in the Wincanton registers from the end of July 1806 to the end of May 1811.
Prominent prisoners at Wincanton were M. de Tocqueville, Rear-Admiral de Wailly-Duchemin, and Rochambeau, whom 427Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch, in his story The Westcotes, the scene of which he lays at ‘Axcester’—i.e. Wincanton—paints as quite an admirable old soldier. It was the above-named rear-admiral who, dying at Wincanton, lay in state in the panelled ‘Orange Room’ of The Dogs. This is now the residence of Dr. Edwards, who kindly allowed me to inspect the paintings on the panels of this and the adjoining room, which were executed by French officers quartered here, and represent castles and landscapes, and a caricature of Wellington, whose head is garnished150 with donkey’s ears.
The ‘Orange Room’ is so called from the tradition that Dutch William slept here on his way from Torbay to London to assume the British crown.
Later on a hundred and fifty of the French officers captured at Trafalgar and in Sir Richard Strachan’s subsequent action, were quartered here, and are described as ‘very orderly, and inoffensive to the inhabitants’.
The suicide mentioned above was that of an officer belonging to a highly respectable family in France, who, not having heard from home for a long time, became so depressed151 that he went into a field near his lodgings, placed the muzzle152 of a musket153 in his mouth, and pushed the trigger with his foot. The coroner’s jury returned a verdict of ‘Lunacy’.
I have said that the frequency of escapes among the prisoners was one of the causes of their removal from Wincanton. The Commissary, Mr. George Messiter, in November 1811 asked the Government to break up the Dép?t, as, on account of the regularly organized system established between the prisoners and the smugglers and fishermen of the Dorsetshire coast, it was impossible to prevent escapes. Towards the close of 1811 no fewer than twenty-two French prisoners got away from Wincanton. The Commissary’s request was at once answered, and the Salisbury Journal of December 9, 1811, thus mentions the removal:
‘On Saturday last upwards of 150 French prisoners lately on their parole at Wincanton were marched by way of Mere through this city under an escort of the Wilts154 Militia155 and a party of Light Dragoons, on their way to Gosport, there to be embarked156 with about 50 superior officers for some place in 428Scotland. Since Culliford, the leader of the gang of smugglers and fishermen who aided in these escapes, was convicted and only sentenced to six months’ imprisonment157, they have become more and more daring in their violations158 of the law.’
Ashby-de-la-Zouch
Ashby occupies an interesting page in that little-known chapter of British history which deals with the prisoners of war who have lived amongst us, and I owe my cordial thanks to the Rev. W. Scott, who has preserved this page from oblivion, for permission to make use of his pamphlet.
In September 1804, the first detachment of prisoners, forty-two in number, reached Ashby, and this number was gradually increased until it reached its limit, 200. The first arrivals were poor fellows who had to board and lodge themselves on about ten shillings and sixpence a week; but the later officers from Pampeluna had money concealed159 about their clothing and in the soles of their boots.
On the whole, Mr. Scott says, they seem to have had a tolerably good time in Ashby. Their favourite walk was past the Mount Farm near the Castle, along the Packington Road, then to the left to the Leicester Road, across the fields even now sometimes called ‘The Frenchman’s Walk’, but more generally, Packington Slang. The thirty-shilling reward offered to any one who should report a prisoner as being out of bounds was very rarely claimed, for the officers were such general favourites that few persons could be found who, even for thirty shillings, could be base enough to play the part of informer.
An indirect evidence of the good feeling existing between the townspeople and their guests is afforded by the story of two dogs. One of these, named Mouton, came with the first prisoners in 1804, spent ten years in Ashby, and returned with the men in 1814. The other dog came with the officers from Pampeluna, and was the only dog who had survived the siege. Both animals were great pets with the people of Ashby.
There seem to have been at least two duels160. Mr. Measures, a farmer of Packington, on coming to attend to some cattle in Packington Slang, saw a cloak lying on the ground, and upon removing it was horrified161 to see the body of a French officer. 429It proved to be that of Captain Colvin. He was buried in the churchyard of Packington, and, honour being satisfied, the man who had slain162 him was one of the chief mourners. There is a brief entry of another duel in Dr. James Kirkland’s records: ‘Monsieur Denègres, a French prisoner, killed in a duel, Dec. 6th, 1808.’
Good friends as the prisoners were with the male inhabitants of the town, and with the neighbouring farmers, who on more than one occasion lent horses to officers who wished to escape, it was with the ladies that they were prime favourites. One of the prisoners, Colonel Van Hoof163, was the admirer of Miss Ingle, the reigning164 beauty of Ashby. The courtesy and good nature of the prisoners bore down all obstacles; and the only ill-wishers they had were the local young dandies whose noses they put out of joint165. The married dames166 were also pleased and flattered: many of the prisoners were excellent cooks, and one who made a soup which was the envy and despair of every housekeeper167 in Ashby, when asked by a lady the secret of it, said: ‘I get some pearl barley168 and carry it here several days,’ placing his hand melodramatically over his heart.
In spite of the mile-limit regulation, they went to picnics in Ashby Old Parks, riding in wagons169, and going along the tram road which ran from Willesley to Ticknall. On these occasions the officers were accompanied by the better class girls of the town and their admirers. Music was supplied by one of the Frenchmen who played a violin. For this or for some other reason he seems to have been a first favourite. When passing through the tunnel underneath170 Ashby Old Parks Hill, it was no unusual thing for him to lay aside his fiddle171 to kiss the girls. Of course, they always asked him to play while in the tunnel in order to keep him from obliging them in this manner, and of course he would know what they meant.
The permanent result of this love-making is shown by the parish register of Ashby; from 1806 to June 1, 1814, the following weddings took place between local girls and French ‘Prisoners of War resident in this Parish’, or ‘on parole in this Parish’:
1806.
Francis Robert to Jane Bedford.
430
?〃
Pierre Serventie to Elizabeth Rowbottom.
?〃
Anthony Hoffmann to Elizabeth Peach.
1809.
Louis Jean to Elizabeth Edwards.
1810.
Francis Picard to Charlotte Bedford.
?〃
Henry Antoine to Sarah Roberts.
?〃
Pierre Geffroy to Phillis Parkins
1812.
Casimir Gantreuil to Elizabeth Adcock.
?〃
Louis Fran?ois Le Normand Kegrist to Mary Ann Kirkland.
?〃
Louis Adoré Tiphenn to Ann Vaun.
?〃
Frederic Rouelt to Ann Sharp.
1813.
Auguste Louis Jean Segoivy to Elizabeth Bailey.
?〃
Francis Peyrol to Martha Peach.
1814.
Francis Victor Richard Ducrocq to Sarah Adcock.
?〃
Richard le Tramp to Mary Sharpe.
Two Masonic Lodges172 and a Rose Croix Chapter were established in Ashby—the above-mentioned Louis Jean was a member of the ‘Vrais Amis de l’Ordre’ Lodge, and four relics173 of his connexion are still preserved. Tradition says that the constitution of the Lodge was celebrated174 by a ball given by the French officers, the hosts presenting to each lady two pairs of white gloves, one pair long, the other short.
The second Lodge was ‘De la Justice et de l’union’.
When Peace was declared, the French Masons at Ashby disposed of their Lodge furniture to the ‘Royal Sussex’, No. 353, of Repton, in Derbyshire. In 1869 the Lodge removed to Winshill, Burton-on-Trent, where the furniture is still used.
There is the register of three burials:
1806.
étienne Lenon.
1807.
Fran?ois Rabin.
1808.
Xavier Mandelier.
Here, as elsewhere, the Frenchmen gave proofs of their skill in fine handiwork. They did ornamental work in several new houses; they taught the townsfolk the art of crochet-work (I quote from Mr. Scott); they were artists, carvers, &c. Some of the officers worshipped in the Baptist Church, and became members of it. The conversion175 of Captain Le Jeune is an interesting little story. Shocked by certain phases and features of the Roman Catholic religion, he became a deist and finally an atheist49, and during the Revolution joined readily in the ill-treatment of priests. At San Domingo he was taken 431prisoner in 1804, and sent to Ashby on parole. Four years later the death of his father very deeply impressed him, and he began to think seriously about the existence of God. A fellow prisoner, De Serre, a member of the Baptist Church in Ashby, a devout176 Christian177, became intimate with him, persuaded him to join the Church, and he finally became an active and zealous178 missionary179 in his own country; and until his death corresponded with the Ashby pastors180, and particularly with the Rev. Joseph Goadly, who exercised an wholesome181 and powerful influence among the French prisoners of war.
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rev
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| v.发动机旋转，加快速度 | |
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maker
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| n.制造者，制造商 | |
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isle
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| n.小岛，岛 | |
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abound
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| vi.大量存在；(in，with)充满，富于 | |
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quota
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| n.（生产、进出口等的）配额，（移民的）限额 | |
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rout
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| n.溃退，溃败；v.击溃，打垮 | |
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standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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esteem
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| n.尊敬，尊重；vt.尊重，敬重；把…看作 | |
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rattle
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dispersed
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| adj. 被驱散的, 被分散的, 散布的 | |
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impudent
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| adj.鲁莽的，卑鄙的，厚颜无耻的 | |
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insolent
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| adj.傲慢的，无理的 | |
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abode
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| n.住处，住所 | |
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ruffles
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| 褶裥花边( ruffle的名词复数 ) | |
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breach
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| n.违反，不履行；破裂；vt.冲破，攻破 | |
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remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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procure
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| vt.获得，取得，促成；vi.拉皮条 | |
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duel
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| n./v.决斗；(双方的)斗争 | |
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ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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lodge
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| v.临时住宿，寄宿，寄存，容纳；n.传达室，小旅馆 | |
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breaches
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| 破坏( breach的名词复数 )； 破裂； 缺口； 违背 | |
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gentry
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| n.绅士阶级，上层阶级 | |
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commissioners
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| n.专员( commissioner的名词复数 )；长官；委员；政府部门的长官 | |
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strictly
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| adv.严厉地，严格地；严密地 | |
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improper
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| adj.不适当的，不合适的，不正确的，不合礼仪的 | |
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motives
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| n.动机，目的( motive的名词复数 ) | |
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lieutenant
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| n.陆军中尉，海军上尉；代理官员，副职官员 | |
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rusty
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| adj.生锈的；锈色的；荒废了的 | |
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promenades
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| n.人行道( promenade的名词复数 )；散步场所；闲逛v.兜风( promenade的第三人称单数 ) | |
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lodgings
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| n. 出租的房舍, 寄宿舍 | |
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formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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winked
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| v.使眼色( wink的过去式和过去分词 )；递眼色（表示友好或高兴等）；（指光）闪烁；闪亮 | |
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milestone
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| n.里程碑；划时代的事件 | |
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solicitor
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| n.初级律师，事务律师 | |
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bower
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| n.凉亭，树荫下凉快之处；闺房；v.荫蔽 | |
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superannuated
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| adj.老朽的，退休的；v.因落后于时代而废除，勒令退学 | |
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lieutenants
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| n.陆军中尉( lieutenant的名词复数 )；副职官员；空军；仅低于…官阶的官员 | |
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kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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stringent
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| adj.严厉的；令人信服的；银根紧的 | |
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mustered
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| v.集合，召集，集结（尤指部队）( muster的过去式和过去分词 )；（自他人处）搜集某事物；聚集；激发 | |
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naval
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| adj.海军的，军舰的，船的 | |
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aged
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| adj.年老的，陈年的 | |
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ornamental
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| adj.装饰的；作装饰用的；n.装饰品；观赏植物 | |
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adept
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| adj.老练的，精通的 | |
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lotteries
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| n.抽彩给奖法( lottery的名词复数 )；碰运气的事；彩票；彩券 | |
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crook
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| v.使弯曲；n.小偷，骗子，贼；弯曲(处) | |
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vice
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| n.坏事；恶习；[pl.]台钳，老虎钳；adj.副的 | |
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gratuitously
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| 平白 | |
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atheist
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| n.无神论者 | |
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billiards
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| n.台球 | |
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peculiarities
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| n. 特质, 特性, 怪癖, 古怪 | |
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hooped
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| adj.以环作装饰的；带横纹的；带有环的 | |
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profuse
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| adj.很多的，大量的，极其丰富的 | |
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incessant
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| adj.不停的，连续的 | |
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vociferous
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| adj.喧哗的，大叫大嚷的 | |
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friction
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| n.摩擦，摩擦力 | |
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confinement
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| n.幽禁，拘留，监禁；分娩；限制，局限 | |
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dingy
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| adj.昏暗的，肮脏的 | |
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rigidly
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| adv.刻板地，僵化地 | |
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saluted
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| v.欢迎，致敬( salute的过去式和过去分词 )；赞扬，赞颂 | |
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tune
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| n.调子；和谐，协调；v.调音，调节，调整 | |
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sojourn
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| v./n.旅居，寄居；逗留 | |
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yoked
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| 结合（yoke的过去式形式） | |
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rumours
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| n.传闻( rumour的名词复数 )；风闻；谣言；谣传 | |
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authentically
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| ad.sincerely真诚地 | |
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distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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captivity
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| n.囚禁；被俘；束缚 | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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defender
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| n.保卫者，拥护者，辩护人 | |
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thither
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| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
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commemorate
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| vt.纪念，庆祝 | |
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regiment
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| n.团，多数，管理；v.组织，编成团，统制 | |
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ferocious
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| adj.凶猛的，残暴的，极度的，十分强烈的 | |
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countenance
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| n.脸色，面容；面部表情；vt.支持，赞同 | |
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adversary
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| adj.敌手，对手 | |
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disturbances
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| n.骚乱( disturbance的名词复数 )；打扰；困扰；障碍 | |
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dwelling
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| n.住宅，住所，寓所 | |
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journalism
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| n.新闻工作，报业 | |
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traitors
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| 卖国贼( traitor的名词复数 )； 叛徒； 背叛者； 背信弃义的人 | |
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leek
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| n.韭葱 | |
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worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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snails
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| n.蜗牛；迟钝的人；蜗牛( snail的名词复数 ) | |
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queries
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| n.问题( query的名词复数 )；疑问；询问；问号v.质疑，对…表示疑问( query的第三人称单数 )；询问 | |
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propriety
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| n.正当行为；正当；适当 | |
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honourable
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| adj.可敬的；荣誉的，光荣的 | |
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irritation
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| n.激怒，恼怒，生气 | |
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exertions
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| n.努力( exertion的名词复数 )；费力；（能力、权力等的）运用；行使 | |
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wrought
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| v.引起；以…原料制作；运转；adj.制造的 | |
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eel
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| n.鳗鲡 | |
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gallant
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| adj.英勇的，豪侠的；(向女人)献殷勤的 | |
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gallantly
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| adv. 漂亮地，勇敢地，献殷勤地 | |
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testimony
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| n.证词；见证，证明 | |
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gratitude
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| adj.感激，感谢 | |
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Oxford
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| n.牛津（英国城市） | |
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lodged
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| v.存放( lodge的过去式和过去分词 )；暂住；埋入；（权利、权威等）归属 | |
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rebuke
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| v.指责，非难，斥责 [反]praise | |
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deranged
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| adj.疯狂的 | |
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dreading
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| v.害怕，恐惧，担心( dread的现在分词 ) | |
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Portuguese
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| n.葡萄牙人；葡萄牙语 | |
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census
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| n.(官方的)人口调查，人口普查 | |
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sterling
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| adj.英币的(纯粹的，货真价实的)；n.英国货币(英镑) | |
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102
aspirants
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| n.有志向或渴望获得…的人( aspirant的名词复数 )v.渴望的，有抱负的，追求名誉或地位的( aspirant的第三人称单数 )；有志向或渴望获得…的人 | |
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103
staple
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| n.主要产物，常用品，主要要素，原料，订书钉，钩环；adj.主要的，重要的；vt.分类 | |
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104
leeks
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| 韭葱( leek的名词复数 ) | |
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105
lettuce
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| n.莴苣；生菜 | |
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106
plentifully
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| adv. 许多地，丰饶地 | |
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107
severely
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| adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地 | |
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108
anecdote
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| n.轶事，趣闻，短故事 | |
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109
illustrates
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| 给…加插图( illustrate的第三人称单数 )； 说明； 表明； （用示例、图画等）说明 | |
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110
patrician
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| adj.贵族的，显贵的；n.贵族；有教养的人；罗马帝国的地方官 | |
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111
defective
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| adj.有毛病的，有问题的，有瑕疵的 | |
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112
solicited
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| v.恳求( solicit的过去式和过去分词 )；（指娼妇）拉客；索求；征求 | |
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113
heartily
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| adv.衷心地，诚恳地，十分，很 | |
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114
promenaded
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| v.兜风( promenade的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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115
abreast
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| adv.并排地；跟上(时代)的步伐，与…并进地 | |
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116
imposing
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| adj.使人难忘的，壮丽的，堂皇的，雄伟的 | |
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117
flute
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| n.长笛；v.吹笛 | |
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118
dirge
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| n.哀乐，挽歌，庄重悲哀的乐曲 | |
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119
estrangement
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| n.疏远，失和，不和 | |
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120
athletic
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| adj.擅长运动的，强健的；活跃的，体格健壮的 | |
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121
carving
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| n.雕刻品，雕花 | |
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122
theatrical
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| adj.剧场的，演戏的；做戏似的，做作的 | |
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123
chapel
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| n.小教堂，殡仪馆 | |
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124
draughts
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| n. <英>国际跳棋 | |
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125
muses
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| v.沉思，冥想( muse的第三人称单数 )；沉思自语说（某事） | |
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126
alluded
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| 提及，暗指( allude的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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127
infantry
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| n.[总称]步兵(部队) | |
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128
constable
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| n.(英国)警察，警官 | |
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129
smuggler
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| n.走私者 | |
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130
gaol
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| n.(jail)监狱；(不加冠词)监禁；vt.使…坐牢 | |
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131
esteemed
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| adj.受人尊敬的v.尊敬( esteem的过去式和过去分词 )；敬重；认为；以为 | |
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132
certify
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| vt.证明，证实；发证书(或执照)给 | |
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133
upwards
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| adv.向上，在更高处...以上 | |
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134
frigate
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| n.护航舰，大型驱逐舰 | |
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135
concur
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| v.同意，意见一致，互助，同时发生 | |
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136
qualified
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| adj.合格的，有资格的，胜任的，有限制的 | |
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137
mien
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| n.风采；态度 | |
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138
survivors
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| 幸存者，残存者，生还者( survivor的名词复数 ) | |
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139
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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140
valid
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| adj.有确实根据的；有效的；正当的，合法的 | |
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141
wedlock
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| n.婚姻，已婚状态 | |
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142
immorality
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| n. 不道德, 无道义 | |
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143
buxom
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| adj.（妇女）丰满的，有健康美的 | |
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144
maidens
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| 处女( maiden的名词复数 )； 少女； 未婚女子； （板球运动）未得分的一轮投球 | |
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145
withdrawn
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| vt.收回；使退出；vi.撤退，退出 | |
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146
proximity
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| n.接近，邻近 | |
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147
cavalry
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| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
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148
mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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149
bestowed
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| 赠给，授予( bestow的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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150
garnished
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| v.给（上餐桌的食物）加装饰( garnish的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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151
depressed
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| adj.沮丧的，抑郁的，不景气的，萧条的 | |
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152
muzzle
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| n.鼻口部；口套；枪(炮)口；vt.使缄默 | |
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153
musket
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| n.滑膛枪 | |
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154
wilts
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| （使）凋谢，枯萎( wilt的第三人称单数 ) | |
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155
militia
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| n.民兵，民兵组织 | |
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156
embarked
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| 乘船( embark的过去式和过去分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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157
imprisonment
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| n.关押，监禁，坐牢 | |
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158
violations
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| 违反( violation的名词复数 )； 冒犯； 违反（行为、事例）； 强奸 | |
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159
concealed
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| a.隐藏的，隐蔽的 | |
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160
duels
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| n.两男子的决斗( duel的名词复数 )；竞争，斗争 | |
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161
horrified
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| a.(表现出)恐惧的 | |
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162
slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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163
hoof
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| n.(马，牛等的)蹄 | |
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164
reigning
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| adj.统治的，起支配作用的 | |
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165
joint
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| adj.联合的，共同的；n.关节，接合处；v.连接，贴合 | |
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166
dames
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| n.（在英国）夫人（一种封号），夫人（爵士妻子的称号）( dame的名词复数 )；女人 | |
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167
housekeeper
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| n.管理家务的主妇，女管家 | |
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168
barley
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| n.大麦，大麦粒 | |
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169
wagons
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| n.四轮的运货马车( wagon的名词复数 )；铁路货车；小手推车 | |
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170
underneath
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| adj.在...下面，在...底下；adv.在下面 | |
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171
fiddle
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| n.小提琴；vi.拉提琴；不停拨弄，乱动 | |
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172
lodges
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| v.存放( lodge的第三人称单数 )；暂住；埋入；（权利、权威等）归属 | |
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173
relics
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| [pl.］n.遗物，遗迹，遗产；遗体，尸骸 | |
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174
celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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175
conversion
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| n.转化，转换，转变 | |
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176
devout
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| adj.虔诚的，虔敬的，衷心的 (n.devoutness) | |
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177
Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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178
zealous
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| adj.狂热的，热心的 | |
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179
missionary
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| adj.教会的，传教(士)的；n.传教士 | |
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180
pastors
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| n.（基督教的）牧师( pastor的名词复数 ) | |
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181
wholesome
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| adj.适合；卫生的；有益健康的；显示身心健康的 | |
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