‘We can hardly credit the fact that so little reliable information or even traditional legend, remains2 in the small inland market towns where so many officers were held prisoners on parole until as recently as 1815. It certainly speaks well for their conduct, for had any tragedy been connected with their stay, tradition would have preserved its memory and details. For several years prior to 1815 a number of educated foreigners formed a part of the society of our towns. At one time they were lively Frenchmen, at others sober Danes or spendthrift Americans. They lodged4 and boarded in the houses of our tradesmen; they taught the young people modern languages, music and dancing; they walked our streets and roads, and took a general interest in passing events; yet to-day hardly a trace can be discovered of their presence beyond a few neglected mile-stones on our country roads, and here and there a grave in our Parish churchyards. This is particularly the case with Ashburton.’
He goes on to say that he got more information about the American prisoners at Ashburton from a Bostonian who was at the post-office there, making inquiries6, than from anyone else. This Bostonian’s grandfather was a naval7 surgeon who had been captured on the Polly; had been sent to Dartmoor, but was released on parole to Ashburton.
Mr. Amery gives as an instance of this local indifference8 to the past the fact that the family of Mr. Joseph Gribble, solicitor9 and county coroner, who had been prisoner agent at Ashburton, had lived opposite to the entrance to the vicarage until 1899, but that by that time everything about the prisoners had been forgotten by them.
Mr. Amery writes to me:
‘I have heard our people say that my great-uncle who lived here at that time used to have open house for the prisoners on 433parole. The French were very nice and gentlemanly, but the Americans were a much rougher lot, and broke up things a good deal. The French used to teach French and dancing in the town.’
The following Masonic Petition from Ashburton is interesting:
‘Ashburton, April 6, 1814, of our Lord, and in Masonry10 5814. To the Grand Master, Grand Wardens11, and Members of the Grand Lodge5, London.
‘Brethren,
‘We, the undersigned, being Ancient York Masons, take the liberty of addressing you with this Petition for our Relief, being American prisoners of war on parole at this place. We are allowed 10s. 6d. per week for our support. In this place we cannot get lodgings12 for less than 3s. per week, and from that to 5s. per week. Meat is constantly from 9d. to 1s. per lb., and other necessaries in proportion. Judge, brethren, how we live, for none of us have any means of getting money. Our clothes are wearing out, and God knows how long we shall be kept here; many of us have been captured 9 or 10 months, as you will see opposite our signatures. We form a body in this place by ourselves for the purpose of lecturing each other once a week, and have had this in contemplation for some time, but have deferred13 making application until absolute want has made it necessary. We therefore pray that you will take into consideration and provide some means for our relief. You will please address your letter to Edwin Buckannon.
‘Edwin Buckannon. G. W. Burbank. Pierson Baldwin. Wm. Miller15. Archd. Taylor, Junr. Ezra Ober. Wm. Smith. James Lans. John Schers.’
There was also a French Lodge at Ashburton, ‘Des Amis Réunis’, but the only record of its existence is a certificate granted to Paul Carcenac, an initiate16. It is roughly drawn17 by hand on parchment, and is entirely18 in French, and, as the recipient19 is under obligation to affiliate20 himself to some regularly warranted French Lodge immediately on his return to his native land, it would seem that the Lodge at Ashburton was only of a temporary or irregular character.
The foregoing references to Freemasonry remind us that this universal brotherhood21 was the occasion of many graceful22 acts during the Great Wars between men of opposing sides.
434
Tavistock
There were upon an average 150 prisoners here. The Prison Commissioners23 wrote:
‘Some of them have made overtures24 of marriage to women in the neighbourhood, which the magistrates25 very properly have taken pains to discourage.’
This, of course, refers to the ruling of the French Government that it would regard such marriages as invalid26. That French women sometimes accompanied their husbands into captivity27 is evident from not infrequent petitions such as this:
‘The French woman at Tavistock requests that Sir Rupert George (Chairman to the Transport Office) will interest himself to procure28 rations29 for her child who was born at the Dép?t, and is nearly five months old.’
Okehampton
Here, very little information is obtainable, as very few of the ‘oldest inhabitant’ type are to be found, and there are very few residents whose parents have lived there for any length of time—a sign of these restless, migrating days which makes one regret that the subject of the foreign prisoners of war in Britain was not taken up before the movement of the rural world into large towns had fairly set in. One old resident could only say that his father used to talk of from five to six hundred prisoners being at Okehampton, but in the rural mind numbers are handled as vaguely30 as is time, for assuredly in no single parole town in Britain were there ever so many prisoners. Another aged3 resident said:
‘They were all bettermost prisoners: the rough ones were kept at Princetown, but these were quartered in various houses, and paid very well for it. Their bounds were a mile out of town, but I have heard they were very artful, and shifted the milestones31 and borough32 stones. My father told me that one escaped, but he was shot down in the neighbourhood of the Bovey Clay Works. There was a riot in the town one day amongst them, and old Dr. Luxmoore, who was a big, tall man, mounted his big horse, and, armed with his hunting whip, rode down through the prisoners, who were fighting in the town, and with the cracks of it dispersed33 them in every direction.... The Mess Room was the St. James’ Street schoolroom, and stood opposite the South entrance of the Arcade34 which 435was pulled down a few years ago. In their spare time the prisoners made many small articles such as cabinets, chairs, cribbage-boards, and various models of churches and houses. Some taught their languages to the inhabitants.’
Odiham
General Simon was at Odiham. We have had to do with him before, and he seems to have been thoroughly35 bad. He had been concerned with Bernadotte and Pinoteau in the Conspiracy36 of Rennes against Bonaparte’s Consular37 Government, had been arrested, and exiled to the Isle38 of Rhé for six years. When Bonaparte became emperor he liberated39 Simon and gave him a command. At the battle of Busaco, September 27, 1810, Simon’s brigade led the division of Loison in its attack on the British position, and Simon was first man over the entrenchments. ‘We took some prisoners,’ says George Napier, ‘and among them General Simon. He was horribly wounded in the face, his jaw40 being broken and almost hanging on his chest. Just as myself and another officer came to him a soldier was going to put his bayonet into him, which we prevented, and sent him up as prisoner to the General.’
Simon reached England in October 1810, and was sent on parole to Odiham. The prisoners lived in houses in Bury Square, opposite the stocks and the church, and some old redbrick cottages on the brink41 of the chalk-pit at the entrance to the town, all of which are now standing42. They naturally made the fine old George Inn their social centre, and to this day the tree which marked their mile limit along the London road is known as ‘Frenchman’s Oak’. Simon absconded43 from Odiham, and the advertisement for him ran:
‘One hundred pounds is offered for the capture of the French general Simon, styled a baron44 and a chevalier of the Empire, who lately broke his parole and absconded from Odiham.’
The Times of Jan. 20, 1812, details his smart capture by the Bow Street officers. They went first to Richmond, hearing that two foreigners of suspicious appearance were there. The information led to nothing, so they went on to Hounslow, thinking to intercept45 the fugitives46 on their way from Odiham to the Kent Coast, and here they heard that two Frenchmen had hired 436a post-chaise to London. This they traced to Dover Street, Piccadilly, but the clue was lost. They remembered that there was a French doctor in Dover Street, but an interview with him revealed nothing. On they went to the house of a Madame Glion, in Pulteney Street, late owner of a Paris diligence, and, although their particular quarry47 was not there, they ‘ran in’ three other French ‘broke-paroles’. Information led them to Pratt Street, Camden Town. A female servant appeared in the area of No. 4 in reply to their knocks, denied that there was any one in the house, and refused them admittance. The officers, now reinforced, surrounded the house, and some men were seen sitting in a back-parlour by candle-light. Suddenly the candles were put out. Lavender, the senior officer, went again to the front door and knocked. The servant resisted his pretext48 of having a letter for a lady in the house, and he threatened to shoot her if she still refused admission. She defied him. Other officers had in the meanwhile climbed over the back garden wall and found Simon and another officer, Surgeon Boiron, in the kitchen in darkness.
The mistress and servant of the house were both Frenchwomen, and they were carried off with Simon and Boiron: altogether a capital haul, as the women were found upon examination to be ‘deep in the business’ of aiding and abetting49 in the escape of prisoners. With Simon’s subsequent career I have dealt in the chapter upon Escapes and Escape Agents.
Leicester
To Mr. John Thorp of this town I am indebted for the following notes:
‘In 1756 Count Benville and 30 other French officers were on parole at Leicester. Most of them were men of high rank, and were all well received by the townpeople.[18] They were polite and agreeable in manner, and as they expended50 about ￡9,000 during their stay in the town it was of benefit to a large part of the inhabitants.
‘A number of French prisoners came from Tavistock in 1779, and remained in the town about six months. They behaved well and produced agreeable impressions upon the 437inhabitants by their light-hearted and amiable51 manners, and, in consequence, were very civilly treated. They were free from boasting, temperate52, and even plain in living, and paid the debts they had contracted during their residence in the town.’
Tragic events were by no means so common among the prisoners on parole as in the prisons, no doubt because of the greater variety in their lives, and of their not being so constantly in close company with each other.
A French officer, on parole at Andover in 1811, at what is now Portland House in West Street, fell in love with the daughter of his host, and upon her rejection54 of his suit, retired55 to a summer-house in the garden, opened a vein56 in his arm, and bled to death.
Duels57 were frequent, and not only would there have been more, had weapons of offence been procurable59, but the results would have been more often fatal.
In 1812 two French officers at Reading fought in a field near the New Inn on the Oxford60 road. They could not get pistols, but one gun. They tossed for the first shot with it at fifty paces, and the winner shot his opponent through the back of the neck so that he died.
At Leek61 in Staffordshire in the same year, a Captain Decourbes went out fishing and came in at curfew. At 8 p.m. in the billiard-room of the Black’s Head, a Captain Robert chaffed him about his prowess as an angler, words were exchanged, and Robert insulted and finally struck him. Decourbes, of course, challenged him. The only weapon they could get was a cavalry62 horse-pistol which they borrowed from a yeomanry trooper. They met at Balidone on October 17. Decourbes won the toss for first shot and hit Robert in the breech. Robert, who had come on to the ground on crutches63, then fired and hit Decourbes in the nape of the neck. Decourbes managed to walk back to Leek, but he died in ten days.
A very different version of this affair was given in a contemporary Times. According to this, Decourbes, about ten days before the duel58, was out of his lodgings after the evening bell had rung, and the boys of Leek collected and pelted64 him with 438stones. His behaviour caused one of his brother officers to say that he was ‘soft’ and would faint at the sight of his own blood. Decourbes gave him the lie, the other struck him, and the result was a challenge and the duel as described. But the verdict, ‘Died by the visitation of God,’ was questioned, and the writer of a letter to The Times declared that there was no evidence of a duel, as Decourbes’ body was in a putrid65 state, and that three French and two English surgeons had declared that he had died from typhus.
In 1807 a tragedy was enacted66 at Chesterfield which caused much stir at the time. Colonel Richemont and Captain Méant were fellow prisoners, released from the Chatham hulks, and travelling together to Chesterfield where they were to live on parole. On the road thither67 they slept at Atherstone. When Richemont arrived at the Falcon68 Hotel at Chesterfield he found that his trunk had been robbed of a quantity of gold dust, a variety of gold coins, and of some gold and silver articles. Suspecting that it had been done at the inn in Atherstone, he caused inquiry69 to be made, but without result. He then suspected his fellow traveller Méant, caused his box to be searched, and in it found silver spoons and other of his missing property.
Méant, on being discovered, tried to stab himself, but, being prevented, seized a bottle of laudanum and swallowed its contents. Then he wrote a confession70, and finding that the laudanum was slower in action than he expected, tried to stab himself again. A struggle took place; Méant refused the emetic71 brought, and died. Méant’s brother-in-law brought an action against Richemont, declaring that the latter in reality owed the dead man a large sum of money, and that Méant had only taken his due. During the trial Colonel Richemont was very violent against the British, and especially when the jury decided72 the case against him, and found that the dead man was his creditor73, although, of course, the means he employed to get what was his were illegal.
Méant was buried, according to usage, at the union of four cross roads just outside the borough boundary, with a stake driven through his body. The funeral took place on a Sunday, and great crowds attended.
439On April 13, 1812, Pierre de Romfort or De la Roche, a prisoner on parole at Launceston, was hanged at Bodmin for forgery74. ‘He behaved very penitently75, and was attended to at the last moment by Mr. Lefers, a Roman Catholic priest living at Lanhearne.’
I quote this because it is one of the very few instances of this crime being committed by a prisoner on parole.
International Courtesies
It is gratifying to read testimonies76 such as the following, taken out of many, to chivalry77 and kindness on the part of our enemies, and to note practical appreciations78 of such conduct.
In 1804 Captain Areguandeau of the Blonde privateer, captured at sea and put on the parole list, was applied79 for by late British prisoners of his to whom he had been kind, to be returned to France unconditionally80. The Commissioners of the Transport Board regretted that under existing circumstances they could not accede82 to this, but allowed him a choice of parole towns—Tiverton, Ashbourne, Chesterfield, Leek, or Lichfield.
In 1806, Guerbe, second captain of a transport, was allowed to be on parole although he was not so entitled by his rank, because of his humane83 treatment of Colonel Fraser and other officers and men, lately his prisoners.
Lefort, on parole at Tiverton, was allowed to go to France on parole because of his kindly84 treatment of the wounded prisoners on the Hannibal (which, after a heroic resistance, ran aground in 1801 at Algeciras and was captured).
In 1813 Captain Collins of H.M.S. Surveillante successfully obtained the unconditional81 release of Captain Loysel because of the splendid manner in which the latter had risked his life in protecting two British officers, who were wounded in the unsuccessful first attack on San Sebastian, from being killed by some drunken or infuriated French soldiers.
A French marine85 officer named Michael Coie, a prisoner on parole, died at Andover, November 9, 1813. It happened that the 2nd battalion86, 5th Regiment87 was halting on the march in the town, and the commanding officer, Captain Boyle, at once offered to attend the funeral, with the battalion, the regimental band at the head. This was done, all the French officers in 440Andover being present. The act of grace was much appreciated by the prisoners.
So also when General Rufin—a great favourite of Bonaparte, captured at Barossa in 1811—died in the May of that year on his passage to England, his body was interred88 in the Garrison89 Chapel90 at Portsmouth, with every rank of honour and distinction, minute guns, flags half-mast high, and three rounds of nine pieces of cannon91 at the close.
In 1814, an officer on parole at Oswestry was liberated for having rescued an infant from the paws of a lion.
The following is pleasing reading:
General Barraguay-Hilliers, who with his suite92 was captured in the Sensible by H.M.S. Seahorse in June 1798, arrived at Portsmouth in August, and on the very day after his arrival was allowed to go on parole to France with his aides-de-camp, Lamotte and Vallie. But before they could get out of England an amusing incident occurred which afforded an English gentleman an opportunity for displaying a graceful courtesy. The officers reached Lewes en route for Dover, where they hoped to get a neutral vessel93 to France, but, as Brighton races were on, not for love or money could they get a conveyance94 to carry them on their journey. None of them could speak English; they were not allowed by the terms of their parole to go to London, which they might have done by mail-coach, so they resolved to send their baggage on by cart, and themselves proceed on foot. Sir John Shelley of Maresfield Park heard of their predicament, and at once sent carriages to take them on to Dover.
It is also pleasant to read that at Tiverton the French officers on parole there, with scarcely an exception, conducted themselves in such a way as to win the esteem95 and regard of their hosts, and in many cases lasting96 friendships were formed with them. After the establishment of Peace in 1815, some, rather than return to France, remained. Among these was M. Alexandre de la Motte, who lived at Tiverton, acquired property there, and gained much respect as French master at Blundell’s School.
That so gregarious97 a race as the French should form clubs and associations for social purposes among themselves in 441all circumstances can be readily understood, and in almost every parole town some such institution existed, and in no small degree contributed to the enlivenment of local social life. There were also no less than twenty-five lodges98 and chapters of Freemasons in England, and others in Scotland. Still, the Government, from politic99 motives100, warned their Agents to keep these institutions under observation, and were disposed to regard with suspicion such clubs as the ‘Des Amis Réunis’ at Ashburton and Plymouth, the ‘Enfants de Mars et de Neptune’ at Abergavenny and Tiverton, and others of like character, as being institutions for the fomentation sub rosa of agitation101 and disaffection. For the same reasons all amusements which gathered crowds were discouraged among the prisoners.
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1
queries
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| n.问题( query的名词复数 )；疑问；询问；问号v.质疑，对…表示疑问( query的第三人称单数 )；询问 | |
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remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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aged
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| adj.年老的，陈年的 | |
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lodged
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| v.存放( lodge的过去式和过去分词 )；暂住；埋入；（权利、权威等）归属 | |
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lodge
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| v.临时住宿，寄宿，寄存，容纳；n.传达室，小旅馆 | |
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inquiries
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| n.调查( inquiry的名词复数 )；疑问；探究；打听 | |
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naval
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| adj.海军的，军舰的，船的 | |
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indifference
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| n.不感兴趣，不关心，冷淡，不在乎 | |
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solicitor
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| n.初级律师，事务律师 | |
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masonry
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| n.砖土建筑；砖石 | |
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wardens
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| n.看守人( warden的名词复数 )；管理员；监察员；监察官 | |
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lodgings
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| n. 出租的房舍, 寄宿舍 | |
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deferred
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| adj.延期的，缓召的v.拖延，延缓，推迟( defer的过去式和过去分词 )；服从某人的意愿，遵从 | |
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humbly
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| adv. 恭顺地，谦卑地 | |
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miller
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| n.磨坊主 | |
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initiate
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| vt.开始，创始，发动；启蒙，使入门；引入 | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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recipient
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| a.接受的,感受性强的 n.接受者,感受者,容器 | |
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affiliate
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| vt.使隶(附)属于；n.附属机构，分公司 | |
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brotherhood
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| n.兄弟般的关系，手中情谊 | |
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graceful
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| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
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commissioners
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| n.专员( commissioner的名词复数 )；长官；委员；政府部门的长官 | |
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overtures
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| n.主动的表示，提议；（向某人做出的）友好表示、姿态或提议( overture的名词复数 )；（歌剧、芭蕾舞、音乐剧等的）序曲，前奏曲 | |
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magistrates
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| 地方法官，治安官( magistrate的名词复数 ) | |
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invalid
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| n.病人，伤残人；adj.有病的，伤残的；无效的 | |
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captivity
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| n.囚禁；被俘；束缚 | |
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procure
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| vt.获得，取得，促成；vi.拉皮条 | |
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rations
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| 定量( ration的名词复数 )； 配给量； 正常量； 合理的量 | |
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vaguely
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| adv.含糊地，暖昧地 | |
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milestones
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| n.重要事件( milestone的名词复数 )；重要阶段；转折点；里程碑 | |
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borough
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| n.享有自治权的市镇；(英)自治市镇 | |
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dispersed
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| adj. 被驱散的, 被分散的, 散布的 | |
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arcade
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| n.拱廊；(一侧或两侧有商店的)通道 | |
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thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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conspiracy
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| n.阴谋，密谋，共谋 | |
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consular
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| a.领事的 | |
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isle
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| n.小岛，岛 | |
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liberated
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| a.无拘束的，放纵的 | |
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jaw
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| n.颚，颌，说教，流言蜚语；v.喋喋不休，教训 | |
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brink
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| n.(悬崖、河流等的)边缘，边沿 | |
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standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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absconded
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| v.（尤指逃避逮捕）潜逃，逃跑( abscond的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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44
baron
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| n.男爵；(商业界等)巨头，大王 | |
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intercept
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| vt.拦截，截住，截击 | |
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46
fugitives
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| n.亡命者，逃命者( fugitive的名词复数 ) | |
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quarry
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| n.采石场；v.采石；费力地找 | |
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pretext
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| n.借口，托词 | |
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abetting
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| v.教唆（犯罪）( abet的现在分词 )；煽动；怂恿；支持 | |
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50
expended
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| v.花费( expend的过去式和过去分词 )；使用（钱等）做某事；用光；耗尽 | |
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amiable
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| adj.和蔼可亲的，友善的，亲切的 | |
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temperate
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| adj.温和的，温带的，自我克制的，不过分的 | |
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tragic
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| adj.悲剧的，悲剧性的，悲惨的 | |
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rejection
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| n.拒绝，被拒，抛弃，被弃 | |
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retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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vein
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| n.血管，静脉；叶脉，纹理；情绪；vt.使成脉络 | |
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duels
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| n.两男子的决斗( duel的名词复数 )；竞争，斗争 | |
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duel
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| n./v.决斗；(双方的)斗争 | |
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procurable
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| adj.可得到的，得手的 | |
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Oxford
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| n.牛津（英国城市） | |
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leek
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| n.韭葱 | |
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cavalry
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| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
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crutches
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| n.拐杖, 支柱 v.支撑 | |
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pelted
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| （连续地）投掷( pelt的过去式和过去分词 )； 连续抨击； 攻击； 剥去…的皮 | |
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putrid
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| adj.腐臭的；有毒的；已腐烂的；卑劣的 | |
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enacted
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| 制定（法律），通过（法案）( enact的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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thither
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| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
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falcon
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| n.隼，猎鹰 | |
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inquiry
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| n.打听，询问，调查，查问 | |
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confession
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| n.自白，供认，承认 | |
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emetic
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| n.催吐剂；adj.催吐的 | |
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decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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creditor
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| n.债仅人，债主，贷方 | |
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forgery
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| n.伪造的文件等，赝品，伪造（行为） | |
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penitently
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testimonies
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| （法庭上证人的）证词( testimony的名词复数 )； 证明，证据 | |
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chivalry
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| n.骑士气概，侠义；（男人）对女人彬彬有礼，献殷勤 | |
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appreciations
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| n.欣赏( appreciation的名词复数 )；感激；评定；（尤指土地或财产的）增值 | |
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applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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unconditionally
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| adv.无条件地 | |
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unconditional
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| adj.无条件的，无限制的，绝对的 | |
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accede
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| v.应允，同意 | |
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humane
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| adj.人道的，富有同情心的 | |
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kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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marine
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| adj.海的；海生的；航海的；海事的；n.水兵 | |
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battalion
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| n.营；部队；大队(的人) | |
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regiment
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| n.团，多数，管理；v.组织，编成团，统制 | |
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interred
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| v.埋，葬( inter的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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garrison
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| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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chapel
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| n.小教堂，殡仪馆 | |
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cannon
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| n.大炮，火炮；飞机上的机关炮 | |
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suite
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| n.一套(家具)；套房；随从人员 | |
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vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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conveyance
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| n.(不动产等的)转让，让与；转让证书；传送；运送；表达；（正）运输工具 | |
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esteem
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| n.尊敬，尊重；vt.尊重，敬重；把…看作 | |
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lasting
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| adj.永久的，永恒的；vbl.持续，维持 | |
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gregarious
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| adj.群居的，喜好群居的 | |
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lodges
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| v.存放( lodge的第三人称单数 )；暂住；埋入；（权利、权威等）归属 | |
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politic
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| adj.有智虑的；精明的；v.从政 | |
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motives
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| n.动机，目的( motive的名词复数 ) | |
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agitation
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| n.搅动；搅拌；鼓动，煽动 | |
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