“THE LAND OF BURROS AND SOMBREROS”
The custom officials are very polite and soon affix4 the necessary label “despachado” to the baggage. “Vamonos” (we go) replaces the[23] familiar “all aboard,” and the train moves out over a country as flat and dreary5 as a desert. By whichever route the traveller enters Mexico, the journey is very uninteresting for the first half day. There is nothing to relieve the monotony except the telephone and telegraph poles, with their picturesque cross-arms standing6 out on the desert waste like giant sentinels. There is no vegetation except the prickly pear, cactus7, and feather duster palms, for frequently no rain falls for years at a time. It seems almost impossible that anything can get moisture from the parched8 air of these plains. But nature has strange ways of adapting life to conditions. A good illustration of this is seen in the ixtle, a species of cactus whose leaves look as if they could not absorb any moisture because of a hard varnish-like coat. Whenever any water in the form of dew or rain appears, however, this glaze9 softens10 and the plant absorbs all the moisture available and then glazes11 over again as soon as the sun comes out.
There is very little life here. Sometimes at the stations a few adobe12 huts are seen where dwell the section hands, and a few goats are visible which, no doubt, find the prickly pear and cactus with an occasional railroad spike[24] thrown in for variety, much more satisfying than an unchanging diet of tin cans such as falls to the lot of the city goat. The mountain ranges then appear, and never is the traveller out of sight of them in Mexico. On either side, toward the east and toward the west, is a range with an ever varying outline, sometimes near, then far,—advancing and retreating. At a distance in this clear atmosphere their rough features are mellowed13 by a soft haze14 into amethyst15 and purple; nearer they sometimes rise like a camp of giants and are the most fantastic mountains that earthquakes ever made in sport, looking as if nature had laughed herself into the convulsions in which they were formed.
The Mexican National Railway follows a broad road that was formerly16 an Indian trail, and the track crosses and recrosses this highway many times. By this same route it is probable that early Mexican races entered that country and marched down toward the Valley of Mexico. It was by this way that General Taylor invaded the country during the Mexican War and several engagements took place along the line of this railroad.
The first town of any size is Monterey, capital of the state of Nuevo Leon, the oldest and one of the most important cities in Northern[25] Mexico. It lies in a lovely valley with high hills on every side. It is at a lower altitude than the cities farther south on this line and enjoys a salubrious climate. Monterey is a very much Americanized town and has great smelters, factories, and breweries17, but it also boasts of beautiful gardens and some old churches. The Topo Chico hot springs only a few miles away have a great reputation for healing. Here it was, in 1846, that General Taylor overcame a much superior force of the enemy under General Ampudia in a desperate and stubbornly disputed battle lasting18 several days, the contest being hotly fought from street to street. The Mexican troops entered the houses and shot at the American soldiers from the windows and roofs. It is now a city of more than fifty thousand people.
Leaving Monterey, the road soon begins a gradual ascent19 to the higher plateaus and reaches the zone called tierra fria, or cold country. This name would seem a misnomer20 to one who hails from the land of snow and ice, for the mean temperature of this “cold land” is that of a perpetual spring such as is enjoyed north of Mason and Dixon’s line. It is properly applied21 to all that part of Mexico which is six thousand feet or more above the[26] level of the sea and the greater part of the immense central plateaus comes within this designation. These plains which comprise about two-thirds of the entire country, are formed by the great Andes range of mountains which separates into two great cordillerias near Oaxaca and gradually grow farther and farther apart as they approach the Rio Grande. The western branch crowds the shore of the Pacific and the eastern follows the coast line of the Gulf23 of Mexico, but the latter keeps at a greater distance from the sea, thus giving a wider expanse of the hotlands. They are not level tablelands, these mesas, as they always slope in some direction. The arid24 condition follows as a natural course, for the lofty ranges cause the rain to be precipitated25 on the coast lands except during certain seasons in the year when the winds change. When the rains do come, a miracle is wrought26, and the sombre landscape blossoms into a lively green dotted with flowers. It is rare to find such great plains at so high an altitude. Although now almost barren of trees it is probable that in early times these tablelands were covered with a forest growth principally of oak and cypress27. This is evidenced by the few groves28 that yet remain, in which many of the trees are of[27] extraordinary dimensions. The Spaniards completed the spoliation that had been begun by the earlier races.
Saltillo, the next important town, is the capital of the State of Coahuila. It is interesting to Americans, as just a few miles from here and near the railway took place the battle of Buena Vista29, at the village of that name. Here the Americans under General Taylor sent double their number of Mexicans under the notorious Santa Anna, flying on February 23rd, 1847.
Still climbing, the road continues toward the capital, passes through a rich mining district, and after the Tropic of Cancer is crossed the traveller is in the Torrid Zone, the spot being marked by a pyramid. Plains, seemingly endless, where for a hundred miles the long stretch of track is without a curve, are traversed, and so dry that wells and water-tanks are objects of interest. It is mostly given up to vast haciendas. Some of these estates still remain in the hands of the original families as granted at the time of the conquest.
It was on these vast, seemingly barren plateaus that the hacienda reached its highest development. One does not go far south of the Rio Grande before the significance of this[28] institution in Mexican life becomes apparent. Sometimes when the train stops at a little adobe station with a long name, the traveller wonders what is the need of a station; for there is no town and only a few native huts clustered around the depot31. However a glance around the horizon will reveal the towers and spire32 of a hacienda nestling at the foot of the hills perhaps several miles away. In the olden times they took the place of the feudal33 castles of the middle ages in Europe and in these sparsely34 settled regions they were especially necessary. Within the high walls which often surround them for protection were centralized the residence of the owner and all of his employees and the necessary buildings to store the products of the soil. The hacendado’s home was a large, roomy building, for, since there were no inns, the traveller must be entertained and hospitality was of the open-handed sort. The travel-worn wayfarer35 was welcomed and no questions asked. His wants were supplied and at his departure the benediction36 “Go, and God be with you,” followed him. Even yet at some of these great haciendas, where the old-time customs prevail, the bell is rung at mealtime and any one who hears it is welcomed at the table.
[29]
The term hacienda has a double meaning, for it is applied both to the great estates and to the buildings. It is a patriarchal existence that is led by these landed proprietors37. A thousand peons and more are frequently attached to the estate. Near the station of Villa30 Reyes is a great hacienda which once controlled twenty thousand peons. These must be provided with homes, but a room fifteen feet square is considered sufficient for a family, no matter how large. Little furniture is needed, for they live out of doors mostly, and mats, which can be removed during the day, take the place of cumbersome38 beds. The administrador, who may be an Indian also, and other heads, live better and are housed in larger quarters. A church is always a part of the estate and a priest must be kept to furnish spiritual solace39, as well as a doctor to administer to those whose bodies are infirm. Schools are also maintained by most of the proprietors to-day. The peon must be provided with his provisions each week and a little patch of ground for his own use. Around the buildings lie the cultivated fields, and from early morn until the shades of night have fallen, lines of burros are constantly passing in and out laden41 with wood, corn, vegetables, poultry,[30] boxes of freight, and all the other items of traffic which are a part of the life of this great household.
After piercing another of the mountain ranges which intersect the country from east to west, and traversing miles of fertile fields and gardens bearing semi-tropical fruits and vegetables, the road enters a valley and the city of San Luis Potosi is reached. Every country has its Saint Louis, but only one has a Saint Louis of the Treasure, and that is San Luis Potosi, the capital of the state of that name. It lies in a spreading plain of great fertility—made so by irrigation—whose gardens extend to the encircling hills that are rich in the mineral treasures which give the city its name. The San Pedro mines near here alone produce an annual output of several millions. These mines were revealed to Spaniards by an Indian who had become converted to Christianity. There is a mint here that coins several millions of dollars each year.
MARKET SCENE IN SAN LUIS POTOSI
San Luis Potosi is not a new city nor has its growth been of the mushroom variety. Founded in the middle of the sixteenth century, it preserves to-day in wood and stone the spirit of old Spain transplanted by the conquerors42 to the new world. Drawn43 hither by the reports[31] of gold, the Spanish cavalier stalked through the streets of this town in complete mail before the Mayflower landed on the shores of Massachusetts. The priests were chanting the solemn service of the church here long before the English landed at Jamestown. Dust had gathered on the municipal library, which now contains a hundred thousand volumes, centuries before the building of the first little red school house in the United States. Before New York had been thought of, the drama of life was being enacted44 here daily after Castillian models.
It is a cleanly city and the bright attractive look of its houses is refreshing45. A city ordinance46 compels the citizens to keep up the appearance of their houses, and the colours remind one of Seville. It is pleasant to walk along these streets and through the plazas47 with their trees and flowers and fountains.
I will never forget my arrival in this city. We reached there about midnight, having been delayed by a wreck48; and a number of mozos pounced49 upon the party of Americans who had been dropped by the belated train, each one eager to carry some of the baggage. We were marched through the Alameda, which, for a wonder, adjoins the station, on walks shaded[32] by broad-leaved, tropical plants, down narrow streets and around several corners to the hotel. Arrived here it was only after several minutes of vigorous knocking that a sleepy-looking porter opened the door, and we entered the hotel and walked down the hall through a line of sleeping servants. The room finally assigned to my friend and myself was thirty-four feet long, sixteen feet wide and about twenty-five feet high, and there were four great windows extending nearly from ceiling to floor and protected by heavy iron bars which made them look like the windows of a prison. It had doubtless been some church property at one time, but whether monastery50 or convent I did not learn.
COCK-FIGHTING IN MEXICO
Not all this city is pretty however, for distance often lends enchantment51, and a closer scrutiny52 takes away much of this charm. I saw filth53 on the streets here that can only be duplicated in old Spain itself. There are numerous churches and several of them are quite pretentious54 and contain some fine paintings. On the fa?ade of one church there is a clock presented by the king of Spain in return for the largest piece of gold ever found in America. San Luis is a thrifty55 city as Mexican towns go and has numerous manufacturing establishments,[33] including a large smelting56 works, the Compania Metallurgica, and is an important railroad centre. It is distant from the City of Mexico three hundred and sixty-two miles, and has a population of seventy thousand souls.
This city claims quite a number of American families as residents and many of the storekeepers have been somewhat Americanized, for they actually seem to be on the lookout57 for business. The state capitol is a very interesting building. While looking through this palace I saw the “line up” of petty offenders58 who were being sent out to sweep the streets. They were the worst looking lot of pulque-drinkers I ever saw and were clothed in rags. Each one was given a handful of twigs59 with which he was obliged to sweep the streets and gutters60, and they were sent out in gangs, each under a police officer. The vices61 of these people are generally more evident than their virtues62. They are inveterate63 gamblers. Wherever one goes (not alone in San Luis Potosi) fighting cocks are encountered tied by the leg to a stake with a few feet of string. Or they may be carried in the arms of young would-be sports who brag64 of their birds to any one who will listen. One day I saw a man with a cock whose head was one bloody-looking mass. He had just cut off[34] the rooster’s comb. When I stopped and looked, the Indian laughed as though it were a great joke and said he was “much sick.” This was done so that in a fight his opponent could not catch hold of the comb. Itinerant65 cock-fighters who travel across the country carrying their birds in hollow straw tubes are popular fellows.
Leaving San Luis Potosi at noontime the traveller catches his last glimpse of this city where
“Upon the whitened city walls
The golden sunshine softly falls,
On archways set with orange trees,
On paven courts and balconies.”
The train soon enters a rich agricultural belt and the country becomes more populous66. Giant cacti67 towering straight and tall to a height of fifteen or twenty feet are a common sight.
Dolores Hidalgo where the patriot-priest first sounded the call to liberty and revolution is passed. Then comes Querétero, which occupies a prominent place in Mexican history and is the last city of any size on the way to the capital. Here the treaty of peace between Mexico and the United States was negotiated. In this city Maximilian played the last act in the[35] tragedy of the empire. He was captured while attempting to escape on June 19th, 1867, and was shot on the Cerro de las Campa?as, a little hill just outside the city. With him were shot Generals Miramon and Mejia. Maximilian died with the cry of “Viva Mexico” on his lips. There is a magnificent aqueduct here which, because of the high arches, looks like the old ruined aqueduct seen on approaching Rome. The tallest arch is nearly one hundred feet. The entire length of the aqueduct is about five miles and it is still in use. There are a number of factories for cotton goods. Among them is the great Hercules Mill which employs more than two thousand hands. The grounds are laid out in elaborate and beautiful style.
After climbing the mountain range again until an altitude of nearly ten thousand feet has been reached, the descent begins and the beauty of the Valley of Mexico unfolds. Fleeting68 glimpses of the scene may be caught through little gaps in the mountains until finally the train enters a pass and the traveller has his first view of the City of Mexico. Beyond the glittering towers and domes69 of the modern city on the site of the ancient Aztec capital lies the bright expanse of the lakes, and still further in the distance is seen the encircling[36] girdle of mountains like a protecting wall around this enchanted70 scene.
There are many other cities situated71 on these vast plateaus, for the tierra fria has always maintained the bulk of the population in spite of the extraordinary richness of the lowlands. They are growing in size as manufacturing establishments become more numerous. A number of them like Chihuahua, Aguas Calientes, Zacatecas, Guanajuato, Durango, and Leon are interesting cities of from thirty to forty thousand inhabitants and all of them are old. Chihuahua (pronounced Che-wa-wa) is the capital of the state of that name which is the largest state in the republic and is twice as large as the state of Ohio. It has a population of less than four hundred thousand. This will serve to give a little idea of the vastness of these great tablelands and the sparseness72 of population. It is chiefly devoted73 to great ranches74 where hundreds of thousands of cattle are grazed.
It may be interesting to note that cattle ranching75 originated in this state. All the terms used on the range and roundup are of Spanish origin and are the same that have been employed for centuries. One man here is the owner of a cattle ranch22 covering seventeen million[37] acres. The traveller might journey for days and cross ranges of mountains and not pass beyond his princely domain76. There are a number of cattle ranches of from one to two million acres and a few Americans are now entering the field here since the public domain in the United States has dwindled77 so much.
Two cities, Guadalajara and Puebla, have long disputed for the honour of second city in the republic. Puebla is situated southeast of the capital and is a city of tiles, for tiles are used everywhere from the domes of churches to floors for the devout78 to kneel upon. It is the capital of the richest state in the republic and has probably seen more of the vicissitudes79 of war than any other city. It has been captured and occupied successively by Spaniards, Americans and French and by revolutionists times without number. This city was the scene of General Zaragossa’s victory on May 5th, 1862, when he repulsed80 the French forces just outside the city’s gates. This victory is celebrated81 each year as the “cinco de Mayo” (Fifth of May) and is the great anti-foreign day. Formerly foreigners did not show themselves on the street on this day, but that antagonistic82 sentiment has disappeared. In 1906 because of labour disturbances83 for which American[38] agitators84 were blamed trouble was feared on this day, but it passed off without an unpleasant incident. This city was founded as early as 1532. Its history is romantic and full of legends recounting the many visits of the angels. Angels appeared one night and staked out the city. Again, while the cathedral was being built, the angels came after nightfall when the city was wrapped in slumber85 and built a great part of the tower. At another time the angels were marshalled in mighty86 hosts just over the city. The people can even point out to you the very places where the angelic visitors roosted. The ecclesiastical records vouch87 for these appearances of the heavenly visitors and the people devoutly88 believe in them.
Puebla has wide streets—for Mexico—and many beautiful plazas with flowers and fountains. It is also noted89 for its bull-fights and has two bull-rings. These are in use nearly every Sunday and frequently for the benefit of or in honour of some church feast or departed saint. The public buildings are very creditable and the city contains good schools and hospitals. A goodly number of foreigners live here, especially Germans. I have noticed that the Germans affiliate90 with the Mexicans[39] much better than Americans generally do. One reason is that they come here to establish their permanent residence, while Americans, like the Chinese, desire to make their fortunes and then return to the land of their birth to spend their later days.
Puebla has become quite a manufacturing city and especially of cotton goods, paper, flour and soaps. Onyx and marble are quarried91 near here, and a large number of workmen are employed in the quarries92 and in the establishments preparing these materials for the market. Several railroads now reach this city, and its importance as an industrial centre is increasing each year.
All kinds of grains that are produced in the temperate93 zones will grow on the tablelands of Mexico wherever there is sufficient rain or water to be obtained by irrigation. A constantly increasing amount of acreage is being made available through the extension of the irrigation system, but its possibilities are only beginning to be realized. Corn, which is such a great article of food with the Mexicans, is by far the most valuable agricultural product and several hundred million bushels are produced each year. Wheat was first introduced in Mexico by a monk94 who planted a few grains[40] that he had brought with him. This grain is now raised quite extensively in some districts but frequently there is not enough for even local consumption. Cotton is also produced in a number of the states.
THE MAGUEY
Mexico is especially rich in fibre-producing plants and no country in the world has so many different varieties. All of these belong to the great cactus, or agave, family. The value of the cactus has never been fully95 appreciated but new uses are being found for it constantly, and new kinds with valuable qualities are being discovered in Mexico almost yearly. Perhaps the most valuable plant of this family that is being cultivated in Mexico to-day is that species of the agave that produces the valuable henequen fibre of commerce. This plant very much resembles the maguey and grows on the thin, rocky, limestone96 soil of Yucatan. From this fibre is made most of the binder97 twine98 and much of the rope used in the United States. It has the threefold qualities of strength, pliability99 and colour. In the past twenty years the cultivation100 of henequen has grown to enormous proportions, and some of the planters have become millionaires almost rivalling the famous bonanza101 kings of olden times. The amount of henequen, or sisal, fibre exported to the United[41] States from 1880 to 1905 was nine million, two hundred and nineteen thousand, two hundred and fifteen bales at an estimated value of $300,988,072.66. In 1902 the exports reached a maximum, and amounted to $34,185,275. All of this fibre is exported through the port of Progreso.
Several species of the cactus family are being experimented with, and it is claimed that they will produce an excellent quality of paper pulp102. This may help to solve the problem that now bothers paper manufacturers as the forests of spruce disappear before the woodsman’s ax. The graceful103 maguey, the agave americana, is cultivated almost everywhere on the plateau lands. It also produces a valuable fibre, but this plant is not cultivated primarily for that purpose. The ancient races used the thorns for pins and needles; the leaves furnished a kind of parchment for their writings and thatch104 for their roofs; and the juice when fermented105 made a—to them—most delicious drink. On the plains of Apam just east of the Valley of Mexico and north of Puebla the cultivation of the maguey has reached the highest development.
The good housewife in the United States who carefully nourishes the century plant, hoping that at least her descendants will have the[42] pleasure of seeing it blossom at the end of a hundred years, would be surprised to see the immense plantations106 consisting of thousands of this same plant growing here. The plant, commonly called the maguey, is a native of Mexico and grows to great size. It flourishes best in rocky and sandy soil and is quite imposing107 in appearance. Its dark green, spiked108 leaves which lift themselves up and spread out in graceful curves, sometimes reach a length of fifteen feet, and are a foot in breadth and several inches thick. It requires from six to ten years for the maguey to mature on its native heath. When that period arrives a slender stalk springs up from the centre of these great leaves, twenty to thirty feet high, upon which a great mass of small flowers is clustered. This supreme109 effort exhausts the plant and, its duty to nature having been performed, it withers110 and dies.
This is not the purpose for which the maguey is raised on the big plantations where the rows of graceful century plants stretch out as far as the eye can reach in unwavering regularity111. On these plantations the maguey is not permitted to flower. The Indians know, by infallible signs, almost the very hour at which it is ready to send up the central stalk, and it is[43] then marked by an overseer with a cross. The stalk is now full of the sap which is the object of its culture. Other Indians follow up the overseer and, making an incision112 at the base of the plant, extract the central portion, leaving only the rind which forms a natural basin. Into this the sap, which is called agua miel, or honey-water, and which is almost as clear as water and as sweet as honey, collects. So quickly does this fluid gather that it is found necessary to remove it two or three times per day. The method of gathering113 this sap is extremely primitive114. The Indian is provided with a long gourd115 at the lower end of which is a horn. He places the small end, which is open, in the liquid and, applying his lips to an opening in the large end, sucks the sap up into the gourd. The sap is then emptied into a receptacle swung across his back which is made of a whole goat-skin or pig-skin with the hair on the inside. The maguey plant will yield six or more quarts of this “honey-water” in a day and the supply will continue from one to three months. It is then exhausted116 and withers and decays. However, a new shoot will spring up from the old roots without replanting.
This innocent looking and savoury sap is then taken to a building prepared for the purpose[44] and there poured into vats117 made of cowhides stretched on a frame. In each vat40 a little sour liquor called “mother of pulque” has been poured. This causes quick fermentation and in a few hours the pulque of the Mexican is ready for the market. It is at its best after about twenty-four hours fermentation. It then has somewhat the appearance and taste of stale buttermilk and a rancid smell. After more fermentation it has the odour of putrid118 meat. The skins in which it is carried increase this disagreeable odour. The first taste of pulque to a stranger is repellant. However, it is said that, contrary to the general rule, familiarity breeds a liking119. Great virtues are claimed for it in certain ailments120 and it is said to be wholesome121. However this is not the reason why the peons drink pulque in such great quantities. Several special trainloads go in each day to the City of Mexico over one road, besides large amounts over other routes and it is a great revenue producer for the railroads. The daily expenditure122 for pulque in the City of Mexico alone is said to exceed twenty thousand dollars. Physicians say that the brain is softened123, digestion124 ruined and nerves paralyzed by a too generous use of this liquor. Many employers of labour will not employ labourers from the[45] pulque districts if they can possibly get them from other sources. Tequila and Mescal are two forms of ardent125 spirits distilled126 from a juice yielded by the leaves and root of the maguey. They are forms of brandy that it is best for the traveller to leave alone.
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1
picturesque
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| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
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modernized
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| 使现代化，使适应现代需要( modernize的过去式和过去分词 )； 现代化，使用现代方法 | |
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antiquity
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| n.古老；高龄；古物，古迹 | |
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affix
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| n.附件，附录 vt.附贴，盖(章)，签署 | |
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dreary
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| adj.令人沮丧的，沉闷的，单调乏味的 | |
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standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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cactus
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| n.仙人掌 | |
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parched
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| adj.焦干的；极渴的；v.（使）焦干 | |
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glaze
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| v.因疲倦、疲劳等指眼睛变得呆滞，毫无表情 | |
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softens
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| （使）变软( soften的第三人称单数 )； 缓解打击； 缓和； 安慰 | |
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glazes
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| n.上釉的表面( glaze的名词复数 )；釉料；（浇在糕点上增加光泽的）蛋浆v.装玻璃( glaze的第三人称单数 )；上釉于，上光；（目光）变得呆滞无神 | |
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adobe
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| n.泥砖，土坯，美国Adobe公司 | |
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mellowed
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| （使）成熟( mellow的过去式和过去分词 )； 使色彩更加柔和，使酒更加醇香 | |
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haze
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| n.霾，烟雾；懵懂，迷糊；vi.(over)变模糊 | |
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amethyst
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| n.紫水晶 | |
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formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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breweries
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| 酿造厂，啤酒厂( brewery的名词复数 ) | |
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lasting
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| adj.永久的，永恒的；vbl.持续，维持 | |
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ascent
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| n.(声望或地位)提高；上升，升高；登高 | |
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misnomer
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| n.误称 | |
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applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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ranch
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| n.大牧场，大农场 | |
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gulf
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| n.海湾；深渊，鸿沟；分歧，隔阂 | |
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arid
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| adj.干旱的；(土地)贫瘠的 | |
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precipitated
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| v.（突如其来地）使发生( precipitate的过去式和过去分词 )；促成；猛然摔下；使沉淀 | |
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wrought
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| v.引起；以…原料制作；运转；adj.制造的 | |
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cypress
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| n.柏树 | |
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groves
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| 树丛，小树林( grove的名词复数 ) | |
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vista
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| n.远景，深景，展望，回想 | |
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villa
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| n.别墅，城郊小屋 | |
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depot
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| n.仓库，储藏处；公共汽车站；火车站 | |
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32
spire
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| n.(教堂)尖顶，尖塔，高点 | |
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33
feudal
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| adj.封建的，封地的，领地的 | |
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34
sparsely
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| adv.稀疏地；稀少地；不足地；贫乏地 | |
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35
wayfarer
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| n.旅人 | |
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36
benediction
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| n.祝福；恩赐 | |
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37
proprietors
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| n.所有人，业主( proprietor的名词复数 ) | |
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38
cumbersome
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| adj.笨重的，不便携带的 | |
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39
solace
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| n.安慰；v.使快乐；vt.安慰(物)，缓和 | |
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40
vat
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| n.(=value added tax)增值税，大桶 | |
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41
laden
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| adj.装满了的；充满了的；负了重担的；苦恼的 | |
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42
conquerors
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| 征服者，占领者( conqueror的名词复数 ) | |
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43
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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44
enacted
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| 制定（法律），通过（法案）( enact的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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45
refreshing
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| adj.使精神振作的，使人清爽的，使人喜欢的 | |
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46
ordinance
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| n.法令；条令；条例 | |
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47
plazas
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| n.（尤指西班牙语城镇的）露天广场( plaza的名词复数 )；购物中心 | |
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48
wreck
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| n.失事，遇难；沉船；vt.(船等)失事，遇难 | |
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49
pounced
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| v.突然袭击( pounce的过去式和过去分词 )；猛扑；一眼看出；抓住机会（进行抨击） | |
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50
monastery
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| n.修道院，僧院，寺院 | |
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51
enchantment
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| n.迷惑，妖术，魅力 | |
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52
scrutiny
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| n.详细检查，仔细观察 | |
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53
filth
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| n.肮脏，污物，污秽；淫猥 | |
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54
pretentious
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| adj.自命不凡的，自负的，炫耀的 | |
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55
thrifty
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| adj.节俭的；兴旺的；健壮的 | |
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56
smelting
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| n.熔炼v.熔炼，提炼（矿石）( smelt的现在分词 ) | |
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57
lookout
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| n.注意，前途，瞭望台 | |
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58
offenders
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| n.冒犯者( offender的名词复数 )；犯规者；罪犯；妨害…的人（或事物） | |
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59
twigs
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| 细枝，嫩枝( twig的名词复数 ) | |
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60
gutters
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| （路边）排水沟( gutter的名词复数 )； 阴沟； （屋顶的）天沟； 贫贱的境地 | |
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61
vices
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| 缺陷( vice的名词复数 )； 恶习； 不道德行为； 台钳 | |
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62
virtues
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| 美德( virtue的名词复数 )； 德行； 优点； 长处 | |
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63
inveterate
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| adj.积习已深的，根深蒂固的 | |
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64
brag
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| v./n.吹牛，自夸；adj.第一流的 | |
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65
itinerant
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| adj.巡回的；流动的 | |
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66
populous
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| adj.人口稠密的，人口众多的 | |
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67
cacti
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| n.（复）仙人掌 | |
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68
fleeting
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| adj.短暂的，飞逝的 | |
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69
domes
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| n.圆屋顶( dome的名词复数 )；像圆屋顶一样的东西；圆顶体育场 | |
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70
enchanted
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| adj. 被施魔法的，陶醉的，入迷的 动词enchant的过去式和过去分词 | |
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71
situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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72
sparseness
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| n.稀疏，稀少 | |
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73
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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74
ranches
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| 大农场， （兼种果树，养鸡等的）大牧场( ranch的名词复数 ) | |
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75
ranching
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| adj.放牧的 | |
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76
domain
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| n.(活动等)领域，范围；领地，势力范围 | |
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77
dwindled
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| v.逐渐变少或变小( dwindle的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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78
devout
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| adj.虔诚的，虔敬的，衷心的 (n.devoutness) | |
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79
vicissitudes
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| n.变迁，世事变化；变迁兴衰( vicissitude的名词复数 )；盛衰兴废 | |
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80
repulsed
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| v.击退( repulse的过去式和过去分词 )；驳斥；拒绝 | |
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81
celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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82
antagonistic
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| adj.敌对的 | |
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83
disturbances
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| n.骚乱( disturbance的名词复数 )；打扰；困扰；障碍 | |
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84
agitators
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| n.（尤指政治变革的）鼓动者( agitator的名词复数 )；煽动者；搅拌器；搅拌机 | |
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85
slumber
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| n.睡眠，沉睡状态 | |
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86
mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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87
vouch
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| v.担保；断定；n.被担保者 | |
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88
devoutly
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| adv.虔诚地，虔敬地，衷心地 | |
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89
noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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90
affiliate
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| vt.使隶(附)属于；n.附属机构，分公司 | |
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91
quarried
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| v.从采石场采得( quarry的过去式和过去分词 )；从（书本等中）努力发掘（资料等）；在采石场采石 | |
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92
quarries
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| n.（采）石场( quarry的名词复数 )；猎物（指鸟，兽等）；方形石；（格窗等的）方形玻璃v.从采石场采得( quarry的第三人称单数 )；从（书本等中）努力发掘（资料等）；在采石场采石 | |
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93
temperate
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| adj.温和的，温带的，自我克制的，不过分的 | |
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94
monk
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| n.和尚，僧侣，修道士 | |
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95
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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96
limestone
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| n.石灰石 | |
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97
binder
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| n.包扎物，包扎工具；[法]临时契约；粘合剂；装订工 | |
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98
twine
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| v.搓，织，编饰；（使）缠绕 | |
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99
pliability
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| n.柔韧性；可弯性 | |
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100
cultivation
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| n.耕作，培养，栽培（法），养成 | |
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101
bonanza
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| n.富矿带，幸运，带来好运的事 | |
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102
pulp
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| n.果肉，纸浆；v.化成纸浆，除去...果肉，制成纸浆 | |
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103
graceful
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| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
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104
thatch
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| vt.用茅草覆盖…的顶部；n.茅草(屋) | |
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105
fermented
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| v.（使）发酵( ferment的过去式和过去分词 )；（使）激动；骚动；骚扰 | |
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106
plantations
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| n.种植园，大农场( plantation的名词复数 ) | |
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107
imposing
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| adj.使人难忘的，壮丽的，堂皇的，雄伟的 | |
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108
spiked
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| adj.有穗的；成锥形的；有尖顶的 | |
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109
supreme
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| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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110
withers
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| 马肩隆 | |
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111
regularity
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| n.规律性，规则性；匀称，整齐 | |
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112
incision
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| n．切口，切开 | |
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113
gathering
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| n.集会，聚会，聚集 | |
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114
primitive
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| adj.原始的；简单的；n.原(始)人，原始事物 | |
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115
gourd
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| n.葫芦 | |
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116
exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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117
vats
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| varieties 变化，多样性，种类 | |
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118
putrid
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| adj.腐臭的；有毒的；已腐烂的；卑劣的 | |
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119
liking
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| n.爱好；嗜好；喜欢 | |
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120
ailments
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| 疾病（尤指慢性病），不适( ailment的名词复数 ) | |
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121
wholesome
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| adj.适合；卫生的；有益健康的；显示身心健康的 | |
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122
expenditure
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| n.(时间、劳力、金钱等)支出；使用，消耗 | |
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123
softened
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| （使）变软( soften的过去式和过去分词 )； 缓解打击； 缓和； 安慰 | |
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124
digestion
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| n.消化，吸收 | |
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125
ardent
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，强烈的，烈性的 | |
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126
distilled
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| adj.由蒸馏得来的v.蒸馏( distil的过去式和过去分词 )；从…提取精华 | |
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