MAP OF THE VALLEY OF MEXICO
“Wait until you get to the City of Mexico,” said an educated Mexican to me as we were crossing the sparsely-settled tablelands of northern Mexico, where the only inhabitants are Indians. The Mexicans are proud of their city and are pleased to have it likened to the gay French capital, for their ideals and tastes are fashioned after the Latin standard rather than the American. The French, they say,[47] have the culture and can embrace a la Mexicana, which is done by throwing an arm around a friend whom they meet and patting him heartily6 on the back. They prefer the easy-going, wait-a-while style of existence to the hurried, strenuous7 life of an American city. No people love leisure and the pursuit of pleasure more than our neighbours in the Mexican metropolis. They work during the morning hours, take a noon siesta8, close up early in the afternoon and are ready for pleasure in the evening until a late hour.
In appearance the capital resembles Madrid more than any other city I have ever seen. The architecture is the Moorish-Spanish style, into which some Aztec modifications9 have been wrought10 by the new-world builders. The light, airy appearance of an American city is absent for there are no frame structures anywhere. The square, flat-roofed buildings, with walls thick enough to withstand any earthquake shock, are two or three stories in height and built round a patio11, or courtyard, the centre of which is open to the sky. The old architects were not hampered12 by such paltry13 considerations as the price of lots, and so they built veritable palaces with wide corridors and rooms lofty and huge. Through many of these rooms[48] you might easily drive a carriage. There are parlours as large as public halls, and throughout all one notes the grandiose14 ideas of the race. The houses, of stone or brick covered with stucco, are built clear up to the sidewalk so that there is no tinge15 of green in front. The Mexican is not particular about the exterior16 of his home, but expends17 his thought and money on the open court within. The plainness of the outside is relieved only by the large gate, or door, which is also the carriage drive-way, and the neat little, iron-grated balconies on which the windows open from the upper stories.
THE PATIO OF AN OLD RESIDENCE
These balconies afford a convenient place for the women of the household to see what is passing on the street, and also for the se?orita, or young lady, to watch the restless pacing to and fro of the love-stricken youth who is “playing bear” in front of the house. The great doorway18, which is carefully barred and bolted at night, and strictly19 guarded by the porter during the day, is the only entrance to the patio, which, in the better class of homes, is adorned20 with pretty gardens, statuary and fountains. Many of them contain an open plunge21 bath. Through the wide windows one catches glimpses of fascinating interiors, and through the broad doorways22 the passer-by on the street gets many a[49] pretty view of the courtyards, and of these miniature gardens. One or two rows of living-apartments extend around and above the court, with broad corridors in front handsomely paved with tile, protected by balustrades and adorned with flowers and vines. Above, the red tiles of the roof add a little additional colour to the scene. There are no cellars nor chimneys. The latter were never introduced because of the mildness of the climate. In the courts protected from the winds, the people keep on the sunny side when it is cool and hide from the same orb23 when it is hot. Charcoal24 fires are used for cooking and heat when it becomes necessary. Cellars are made impossible because of the marshy25 nature of the soil.
It will be recalled that Tenochtitlan, the Aztec capital, has been called the New World Venice, whose streets were once canals. It must have been a gay and picturesque26 scene when the fair surface of its waters was resplendent with shining cities and flowering islets. The waters have since receded27 until Lake Texcoco, at its nearest point, is three miles distant. Mexico is now a more prosaic28 city of streets and cross-streets which extend from north to south and from east to west. Some of the principal thoroughfares are broad,[50] paved with asphalt and well kept; but many are quite narrow, and especially is this true of the streets called lanes, though devoted29 to business. There is no exclusive residence section, except in the new additions, and many of the homes of the old families are found sandwiched in between stores. It is a difficult matter to become familiar with the names of the streets, for they are more than nine hundred in number, and a street generally has a different name for each block. If several blocks have the same name, as, for instance, Calle de San Francisco, one of the finest streets, and on or near which are some of the largest hotels, finest stores and richest private dwellings30, then it is First San Francisco, Second San Francisco, etc.
A few years ago the streets were re-named. All the streets extending east and west were called avenidas, and the north and south streets calles, each continuous thoroughfare being given but one name. The people, however, in this land of legend and tradition, clung so tenaciously31 to the former designations that they have practically been restored. Some of the old names of streets commemorated32 historical events, as, for instance, the Street of the Cinco de Mayo, which is in remembrance of the victory[51] of the Mexicans over the French at Puebla in 1862. Others are named in honour of men noted33 in the history of Mexico. Many religious terms appear, such as the street of Jesus, Sanctified Virgin34, Holy Ghost, Sepulchres of the Holy Sabbath, and the like. Others owe their names to some incident or legend, which is both interesting and mysterious. Of the latter class may be mentioned the Street of the Sad Indian, Lane of Pass if You Can, Street of the Lost Child, Street of the Wood Owls35, Lane of the Rat, Bridge of the Raven36 and Street of the Walking Priest. The Street of the Coffin37 Makers38 is now known as the Street of Death. It is a thoroughfare of one block, and is one of the few streets that still preserves its ancient caste, for it is devoted exclusively to the makers of coffins39. All of the coffins are made by hand. It is a gloomy street and there are cleaner spots on the face of the earth.
Mexico is a very cosmopolitan40 city. Its three hundred and seventy-five thousand inhabitants include representatives from nearly every nation of the earth. The Indians are vastly in the majority, and they are the pure and original Mexicans. The Creoles, who are descendants of Europeans, generally Spanish, call themselves the Mexicans and rank second in[52] number. They form the real aristocratic body from whom come the representative Mexicans. They are not all dark, but a blonde is a rare specimen41. Most of them have an olive-brown colour, thus showing the mixture of Indian blood, for in early days it was not considered a mesalliance for even a Spanish officer of high rank to marry an Aztec maiden42 of the better class.
The old families cling tenaciously to the great estates, or haciendas, many of which have remained intact for centuries. Quite a number can even trace their estates back to the original grants from the king of Spain. Many of these hacendados, or landed proprietors43, enjoy princely incomes from their lands, and nearly all of them own residences in the capital. They maintain elaborate establishments and keep four times as many servants as would be found in an American house.
The average Mexican does not care for business. Neither is he an inventor or originator, for he is content to live as his ancestors have lived. Nearly all lines of commerce and industry are in the hands of foreigners. The Germans monopolize44 the hardware trade; the French conduct nearly all the dry goods stores; the Spaniards are the country’s grocers; and[53] the Americans and English control the railroad, electric and mining industries. All these interests centre in the City of Mexico. Railroads are not very numerous until you approach the Valley of Mexico where they converge45 from all directions. The hum of industry is apparent here as nowhere else in the whole republic. The Mexicans boast of their capital, but they often forget the debt they owe to foreigners, for all the modern improvements have been installed by alien races and outside capital. It is another foreign invasion but with a pacific mission. The American colony alone in that city numbers more than six thousand persons, and the number is constantly increasing. Hatred46 of the American has almost disappeared, and the incomers are cordially welcomed. There are two flourishing clubs around which the social life of the expatriated Americans centre.
The society of the capital, and indeed of the whole country, is very diverse. What might be said of one class would not apply to another. The differences of dress and customs alone make known the heterogeneousness47 of the population. They all use the same language and all classes are brought together on a common level in their religion. No other nation has ever[54] made such complete conquests as Spain. She not only subjugated48 the lands but forced her language, as well as religion, upon the conquered races. The English have succeeded in extending their sway over a large part of the world, but in no instance have they been able to accomplish these two results with the native population. The priests of Spain went hand in hand with the conquistadores, and, within a few generations after the conquest of Mexico by Cortez, the Spanish language was universally used and the Indians were at least nominal49 Catholics.
The climate of the City of Mexico is delightful50. It is neither hot nor cold. It is too far south to be cold and the altitude, seven thousand, four hundred and thirty-four feet above the level of the sea, is too great to be hot. The temperature usually ranges from sixty-five to eighty-five, but sometimes goes as high as ninety, and as low as thirty-five, and frosts occasionally are experienced. The mornings and evenings are cool and at midday it is always hot. There is a great difference in the temperature between the sunny and shady side of the street. Only dogs and Americans take the sunny side, the Mexicans say. The rainy and dry seasons occur with great regularity51, the[55] former lasting52 from May to October. It is the best season in the year although most visitors go there in winter. The rains always occur in the afternoon and usually cease before dark. At this time, too, all nature takes on a beautiful shade of green which replaces the rather dull landscape of the dry season. There is also a brisk, electric condition of the atmosphere that is decidedly exhilarating and a good tonic53.
This mildness of climate has greatly influenced the life of the capital. The streets, except during the noon siesta, are full of people at all times. To judge from the crowds, one might think the capital a city of a million people. In the morning the women go to mass garbed54 in black, generally wearing a black shawl over the head. Occasionally a black lace mantilla is seen half-concealing, half-exposing the olive-brown face, and bright, sparkling eyes of a se?orita. Shoppers are out and business is active. The women of the wealthier classes sit in their carriages and have the goods brought out to them, or go to a private room where articles are exhibited by clerks. They think that it is unbecoming to stand at the counters, although the American plan of shopping is becoming quite popular in recent years.
About the middle of the afternoon the crowds[56] again appear, and a little later the streets begin to fill with carriages. Nowhere, not even in Paris, have I observed so many carriages as can be seen here on any pleasant afternoon. They form one continuous, slow-moving line of many miles. The procession moves out San Francisco Street through the Alameda, along the Paseo de la Reforma, and then into the beautiful park surrounding the Castle of Chapultepec which is set with great cypresses55, said to antedate56 the conquest. The cavalcade57 winds around through the various drives at the base of the rock, along the shores of the lake, past the castle and back to the city. The carriages go out on one side and return on the other, leaving the central portion for riders. It is a sight that never wearies for one to sit on a bench and watch the motley throng58 of people driving, riding on horseback and promenading59. An oriental exclusiveness is observed by ladies of the upper class who always ride in closed carriages. All kinds of vehicles are to be seen, from fine equipages with liveried drivers and footmen, to the poorest cab in the city with its disreputable driver and broken-down horses, fit only for the bull-ring.
There are many horsemen and the Mexicans are always excellent riders. Their horses are[57] Lilliputian in size but fast and enduring. The saddle, bridle60 and trappings are frequently gorgeous with their silver ornaments61 and immense stirrups fancifully worked and shaped. The rider is often a picture wonderful to behold62 from the heavy silver spurs which he wears, to the sombrero of brown or yellow felt with a brim ten to fifteen inches wide and a crown equally as high, the whole covered with heavy gilt63 cord formed into a sort of rope. Then there is the dude or fop, who is well named in Mexico. He is called a “lajartija” which means a “little lizard64.” He used to dress in such close-fitting and stiff costumes that he had not much more freedom of motion than the stiff little lizard. Now he is the dandy who is generally seen standing65 on a public corner, wearing a French cutaway suit, American patent leather shoes and an English stovepipe hat, with his fingers closed over the indispensable cigarette.
In the evening the populace attend the theatre or some social function. Sunday is the day of all others for recreation, and, with the average inhabitant of Mexico, is one continuous and eternal round of pleasure. After morning service the entire day is devoted to pleasure. Band concerts are always given by the military[58] bands on the Plaza66 in the morning, in the Alameda early in the afternoon, and at Chapultepec about five o’clock. Then there is the bull-fight which occurs only on Sundays and holidays.
The average crowd in the City of Mexico is a good natured and peaceable one. The city Indian and his country cousin, the peon from the plantation67, join the crowd on a feast day with their numerous progeny68. They are not the pleasantest neighbours in the world for both have the odour of garlic and pulque and their baths are of the annual variety. That the little brown man is a peon is no fault of his. His uncleanliness is, in a measure, the result of centuries of neglect, and more particularly of a scarcity69 of water at his home. It is possible that if he had the water his condition would be just the same. Though he is poor and down-trodden, there is nothing of the anarchist70 about him. He is absolutely devoid71 of envy or malice72; and withal his spirits are gay and he is as generous to his family or friends as his finances permit. The artificial refinements73 of modern civilization have not yet spoiled him, and there is a pleasant, even if malodorous, naturalness about him.
In no city do ancient and modern customs[59] come into such intimate contrast as in the City of Mexico. Nowhere is a greater mixture of races to be seen than here. There are many tribes of Indians speaking scores of dialects, and there are mestizos of various degrees of mixture with African, American and European blood. Types of four centuries can be seen in any group on one of the plazas74. The Plaza Mayor is a great, imposing75, central square of fourteen acres in the centre of the city, and on its walks all the types can be seen at their best. Men and women come into the city through the streets lighted by electricity, bearing immense loads on their heads and backs rather than use a wagon76. Peddlers carry around jars of water for sale just as in the olden times. Indians, who are almost pure Aztecs, pass along, taking the middle of the street in Indian file. Well dressed men in black broadcloth suits and wearing silk hats go by. The women of the middle class add colour to the scene with the red and blue rebosas, sometimes covering the head, or tied across the chest and holding an infant at the back. Nearly all the passers-by show in their colour that they can claim kinship with the hosts of Montezuma. The general effect is kaleidoscopic77 but entertaining. The great cathedral on the north side[60] of the Plaza is the one place where all are brought together and class distinction obliterated78. Visit the cathedral any day and you may see an Indian with his pack on his back side by side with a young woman who may inherit a dozen titles. There are no select, high-priced, aristocratic pews for rent, but all meet by a common genuflection79 before the sacred altars. The poor Indian may not understand all the pomp and ceremony, the music of the vested choirs80, or the solemn chanting by the priests, but it fills a deep want in his nature and he is satisfied.
At one side of the Plaza Mayor once stood the great Aztec Teocalli, the Temple of Sacrifice. This was a high imposing altar reached by a flight of more than a hundred steps. From the top was a magnificent view of the entire valley, and it was from this point that the envious81 eyes of Cortez looked out upon this beautiful scene. The altar was dedicated82 to the Aztec war god Huitzilopochtli, and here, to appease83 the wrath84 of this terrible god, human sacrifices were offered. The breast was cut open and the heart, still palpitating, plucked out and placed upon the altar. The bodies were cast down to the ground, whence they were taken and prepared for the banquet table.
THE CATHEDRAL
[61]
A part of the space once covered by this gruesome but majestic85 pile, is now occupied by the Monte de Piedad, or “mountain of mercy,” one of the most unique charities in the world. It is nothing more or less than a gigantic pawn-shop, but it is one of the most beneficient institutions in the country. The Count of Regla, a noted personage in Mexico, founded this institution by a gift of three hundred thousand dollars. He did this in order that the poor and needy86, and the impoverished87 members of families once genteel, might secure small sums upon personal property at low rates of interest, instead of becoming involved in the meshes88 of the blood-sucking vampires89 who prey90 upon this class of unfortunates. About three-fourths of the actual value of the property pledged as fixed91 by appraisers, will be loaned. If the interest is not paid, the property is kept for seven months, when it is offered for sale at a fixed price. If not disposed of in another five months it is sold at auction92.
The truly remarkable93 feature of this establishment is, that if a greater sum is realized than the amount of the loan and interest, the excess is placed to the credit of the owner, or his heirs, and will be kept for one hundred years, after which time it reverts94 to the institution.[62] Many old heirlooms of former grandees95, Aztec curios, diamonds, gold ornaments and even family gods have passed through this organization of charity. For more than a century it has existed, having survived all the civil wars, revolutions and changes of government. The original capital has been more than doubled by the forfeitures96, and many branches of this parent institution are operated in the capital and in several of the large cities of the republic. It is an example that might be suggested to some of our multi-millionaires who do not know what to do with their vast accumulations of wealth.
Even the funerals are conducted in a strange way. With the exception of funerals among the wealthy, the street cars are universally used. The enterprising owner of the street car system some years ago acting97 on the trust idea, bought up all the hearses and introduced funeral cars. After a short time the people became accustomed to the new plan, which seemed to give satisfaction. Now, trolley98 funeral cars of the first, second and third class are furnished at a price varying from five dollars for the cheapest class, to a hundred dollars or more for a first-class car. Some of the poor rent coffins which are returned after the burial.[63] The very poor may be seen carrying their dead on their shoulders to the Campo Santo, or holy ground. Graves are usually sold only for a certain number of years, after which, unless the relatives pay the prescribed fee, the bones are taken up and the ground made ready for a new occupant. The dead are soon forgotten. A pile of bones in a corner of the cemetery99 represents all that is mortal of the generations who passed away not many years ago. There is an entire lack of reverence100 for the mortal remains101 of the departed, such as one is accustomed to find in our own country. One is reminded of the couplet
“Rattle his bones over the stones,
The City of Mexico is not the healthiest city in the world. On the contrary the death rate is unusually high. The average duration of life is said to be only twenty-six years. This is due in a great measure to infant mortality. Typhoid and malarial103 fevers are prevalent because of the accumulated drainage of centuries, which lies just a few feet beneath the surface. Pneumonia104 is common and regarded as very dangerous because of the rarefied air, and patients suffering from this disease are immediately[64] transported to lower altitudes for treatment. The entire lack of hygiene105 and sanitary106 conditions among the peon classes is in a great measure responsible for the unusual percentage of mortality. Few other cities in the world have such a high rate of deaths compared with the population.
Strange it is that the capital was ever built on this low, marshy soil when higher land was available and near at hand. It was one of the great blunders of Cortez, for Mexico might have been made a healthy city. No exigency107 of commerce dictated108 its selection, for it is far from the sea coast on either side and was difficult of access before the day of railroads. The new city was built on the site of the old, and the temples of the Christian109 religion were raised on the sites of the old pagan altars wherever possible. A plan of moving the city to higher ground was strongly agitated110 at one time but the vested interests succeeded in killing111 this project. It is hoped and believed that when the plans for sewerage are completed, the health conditions will be placed on a par2 with that of most cities. The authorities are making an honest and earnest effort to carry out these commendable112 projects.
[65]
“Know ye not pulque,
Liquor divine,
The Angels in heaven
Prefer it to wine.”
Thus sings the lower class Mexican to whom this liquor has become a curse. To it is due much of his poverty and many of his crimes. For it he will neglect his family and steal from his employer. It does not contain a large percentage of alcohol, but, taken in large quantities, as is customary among these people, it puts them in a dopy condition which they sleep off. One railroad brings in a train-load each day, and, besides, large quantities are brought in by other lines. There are sixteen hundred pulque saloons in the capital, but they are all closed at six o’clock by a law which is strictly enforced. The pulque-shop betrays itself by its odour, as well as by the crowds of poorly dressed and even filthy113 men and women who surround its doors and press around the counter. It is a gaily114 decorated affair and is oftentimes adorned in flaring115 colours inside and out, with reds, blues116, greens and yellows predominating, and frequently with a huge, rude painting on the outside walls. In some of the shops you will find a curious string knotted in a peculiar117 manner or strung with shells. This is a survival[66] of the Aztec method of counting by means of beads118, or shells, strung together.
As one writer says, “the pulque shop, notwithstanding its evil influence upon the life of the people, presents a very picturesque appearance to the tourist who has never seen anything like it before. The dress of the people, the curious, vivid colours of the walls of the building, the semi-barbaric appearance of the decorations within, the curious semi-symbolic pictures upon the walls, the unaccustomed groupings of the people, all combine to attract the attention of the stranger in Mexico.”
A PICTURESQUE PULQUE SHOP
In the naming of the pulque-dens the imagination is allowed full play. I quote from a Mexican periodical the names of some of these resorts: A place in the suburbs of Mexico is termed the “Delight of Bacchus.” One is called “The Seventh Heaven,” another “The Food of the Gods,” while still another bears the euphonious119 title of “The Land of the Lotus.” “A Night of Delight” is another place near “The Heart’s Desire.” The above names are commonplace by the side of the following: “The Hang-out of John the Baptist,” “The Retreat of the Holy Ghost,” “The Delight of the Apostle,” “The Retreat of the Holy Virgin,” “The Mecca of Delight,” and “The[67] Fountain of the Angels.” Nothing disrespectful is intended by these appellations120 but they sound very sacrilegious to us.
There is, however, a brighter side to the Indian life in the City of Mexico. In one corner of the Zocalo, and covering a part of the site formerly121 occupied by the great sacrificial altar, is the flower-market. This flower-market is always attractive and a never-ending source of interest to the tourist. Immense bouquets122 of the choicest flowers are sold so cheap that the price seems almost absurd. By judicious123 bargaining a few cents will purchase a large and varied124 supply of roses, violets and heliotrope125, which only dollars could buy from a New York florist126. No hot-houses are needed here at any season, for in this climate flowers bloom all the year round, and one crop succeeds another in a never-ending succession. The Mexican Indian is a lover of flowers. It is one of the redeeming127 traits of his character. He is not always particular as to his personal appearance; he may be unkempt and untidy to look upon; but he loves flowers, is prodigal128 in his use of them and shows good taste in their arrangement. This taste is innate129, is no doubt inherited from his Aztec ancestors, and has survived the oppressions and exactions of the[68] succeeding centuries. This love for flowers finds expression even in his worship, and it is no uncommon130 thing to find flowers before the image of the Virgin, and such an offering is one of the expressions of his good will. When we consider that our forefathers131 were taught to worship God with the first fruits of their husbandry, it is not surprising that this primitive132 and ignorant race should still find use in their worship for these beautiful products of a prodigal nature.
The gardens and parks of the City of Mexico attain133 a luxuriant growth that cannot be equalled in our northern cities. These breathing-places where one can sit amid scenes of tropical verdure, and admire the bright tints134 of the flowers while shielded from the hot sun by the broad-leafed foliage135 of the plants, are truly delightful spots for an American to visit. They contrast so strongly with the cheerless appearance of the streets. In the centre of the large Plaza Mayor lies the Zocalo, a little green oasis136 in the great paved waste. It is in the very heart of the city’s throbbing137 life, and everything either has its beginning or ending on this imposing square.
On one side of the Plaza lies the Palacio Nacional which has stood there for more than[69] two centuries. It covers the site of the ancient palace of Montezuma, and has an imposing fa?ade of nearly seven hundred feet. Over the main entrance hangs the Liberty Bell of Mexico which was rung by Hidalgo on the first call to independence at Dolores, where it had so often summoned the people to mass. The immense windows which look out upon the Plaza open into the various rooms where the official business of the executive department of the republic is transacted138. Other parts of this immense structure, for it is almost a square building enclosing an open court, are occupied by the legislative139 chambers140 and barrack rooms for several regiments141 of soldiers.
A few blocks away from the Plaza lies the Alameda, which is the park of the better classes. Every city has an alameda, as the visitor soon learns, but this is the alameda of Mexico. It is a pretty place, and, with its beautiful trees, flowers and fountains, forms a resort for the fashionable people, who congregate142 here on Sundays and feast days to listen to the military bands. The visitor can almost lose himself in this part, for the view is circumscribed143 on every hand by the dense144 shrubbery.
It is on the subject of the Paseo de la Reforma that the Mexican becomes enthusiastic.[70] This beautiful boulevard extends for a distance of two miles from a place near the Alameda to Chapultepec. It is a smooth thoroughfare averaging five hundred feet in width, with promenades145 on each side shaded by trees under which are stone seats, and with paved driveways in the centre. Here and there the Paseo widens into circles, called glorietas, in the centre of which are placed statues. Those already erected146 include statues to Charles IV of Spain, Columbus and Cuautemoc, the Aztec warrior147 and emperor. To Maximilian is due the credit for the Paseo, and a more beautiful boulevard cannot be found in Europe or America.
I have purposely described the old features of the city and the unique characteristics before touching148 upon the more modern innovations. The average visitor would follow that plan, for he would be more interested in the unusual than in that with which he is more or less familiar. Like all capitals and large cities affected149 by commercialism, the City of Mexico is fast becoming cosmopolitan. The traveller who visited it ten, or even five, years ago would be astonished at the changes wrought by improvements. The fine system of electric lights, the excellent electric traction150 lines with modern,[71] cars, the asphalted streets and the attractive new suburbs of an entirely151 foreign architecture, link the old with the new, the sixteenth with the twentieth century. A city hindered by a racial conservatism, and obstructed152 at every turn by tradition, does not become entirely modern in a decade, but the trend is there and its progress has been really remarkable. It will never be a city of skyscrapers153 for a hard stratum154 is not encountered until a depth of a hundred and forty feet is reached.
A new and modern hotel is more needed than anything else. There are plenty of hotels of the Mexican kind, where it is almost impossible to find a room with an outside window. All the rooms simply have an opening on the patio which answers for both door and window. In cool weather which is sometimes experienced here, there is no means of heating these rooms except by an open pan of coals, which is not very satisfactory to one accustomed to modern steam-heated hotels or a good stove.
The national government controls the federal district within which is situated155 the City of Mexico, much the same as the District of Columbia, in our own land, and is assisted by a city council. Plans have been drawn156 for fifty[72] million dollars’ worth of public buildings, many of which are already under way. The fine new post-office which has been building for several years is now occupied by that department. It is a beautiful structure of the medieval Spanish style, and is a striking departure from the other public buildings. It is four stories high, equipped with every convenience and is finished within and without in elaborate style.
A new legislative palace is under construction, which is the most pretentious157 building yet planned. Its estimated cost is $20,000,000. Opposite the post-office a national theatre is being erected to cater158 to the amusement lovers, which is designed to be the finest theatre in the new world. An entire block is being razed159 to make room for the Panteon Nacional—a resting place for Mexico’s illustrious dead. Within the marble walls of this unique memorial will rest all that is mortal of her heroes. An army and navy building, a museum of art and a department of public works are among the other improvements planned for the capital. These buildings are being scattered160 over the city instead of following the group plan as designed at Washington. The reason for this has been a desire to have every section of the city benefited and beautified by these public structures.[73] The year 1910 marked the centennial of Mexican independence. The month of September was almost wholly given up to celebrations of this event in the capital. A number of public buildings were dedicated during the celebrations. Among these were a new insane asylum161 and several fine new public school buildings, which greatly added to the educational facilities of the city. A magnificent new monument to independence, recently erected on the Paseo, was dedicated with great ceremony. A number of gifts were made by foreign colonies and governments. Not the least of these was a monument to Washington, which was presented by the resident Americans. The ceremonies and functions of the centennial celebration were very elaborate, and the capital has been beautified in many ways as a result.
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refinement
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| n.文雅；高尚；精美；精制；精炼 | |
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par
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| n.标准，票面价值，平均数量；adj.票面的，平常的，标准的 | |
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metropolis
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| n.首府；大城市 | |
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abject
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| adj.极可怜的，卑屈的 | |
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degradation
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| n.降级；低落；退化；陵削；降解；衰变 | |
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heartily
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| adv.衷心地，诚恳地，十分，很 | |
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strenuous
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| adj.奋发的，使劲的；紧张的；热烈的，狂热的 | |
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siesta
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| n.午睡 | |
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modifications
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| n.缓和( modification的名词复数 )；限制；更改；改变 | |
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wrought
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| v.引起；以…原料制作；运转；adj.制造的 | |
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patio
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| n.庭院，平台 | |
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hampered
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| 妨碍，束缚，限制( hamper的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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13
paltry
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| adj.无价值的，微不足道的 | |
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14
grandiose
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| adj.宏伟的，宏大的，堂皇的，铺张的 | |
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15
tinge
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| vt.(较淡)着色于，染色；使带有…气息；n.淡淡色彩，些微的气息 | |
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16
exterior
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| adj.外部的，外在的；表面的 | |
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17
expends
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| v.花费( expend的第三人称单数 )；使用（钱等）做某事；用光；耗尽 | |
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18
doorway
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| n.门口，(喻)入门；门路，途径 | |
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19
strictly
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| adv.严厉地，严格地；严密地 | |
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20
adorned
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| [计]被修饰的 | |
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21
plunge
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| v.跳入，(使)投入，(使)陷入；猛冲 | |
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22
doorways
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| n.门口，门道( doorway的名词复数 ) | |
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23
orb
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| n.太阳；星球；v.弄圆；成球形 | |
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24
charcoal
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| n.炭，木炭，生物炭 | |
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25
marshy
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| adj.沼泽的 | |
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26
picturesque
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| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
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27
receded
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| v.逐渐远离( recede的过去式和过去分词 )；向后倾斜；自原处后退或避开别人的注视；尤指问题 | |
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28
prosaic
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| adj.单调的，无趣的 | |
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29
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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30
dwellings
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| n.住处，处所( dwelling的名词复数 ) | |
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31
tenaciously
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| 坚持地 | |
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32
commemorated
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| v.纪念，庆祝( commemorate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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33
noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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34
virgin
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| n.处女，未婚女子；adj.未经使用的；未经开发的 | |
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35
owls
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| n.猫头鹰( owl的名词复数 ) | |
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36
raven
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| n.渡鸟，乌鸦；adj.乌亮的 | |
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37
coffin
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| n.棺材，灵柩 | |
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38
makers
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| n.制造者，制造商（maker的复数形式） | |
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39
coffins
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| n.棺材( coffin的名词复数 )；使某人早亡[死，完蛋，垮台等]之物 | |
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40
cosmopolitan
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| adj.世界性的，全世界的，四海为家的，全球的 | |
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41
specimen
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| n.样本，标本 | |
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42
maiden
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| n.少女，处女；adj.未婚的，纯洁的，无经验的 | |
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43
proprietors
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| n.所有人，业主( proprietor的名词复数 ) | |
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44
monopolize
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|
| v.垄断，独占，专营 | |
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45
converge
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| vi.会合；聚集，集中；(思想、观点等)趋近 | |
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46
hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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47
heterogeneousness
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| n.heterogeneous（混杂的）的变形 | |
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48
subjugated
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| v.征服，降伏( subjugate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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49
nominal
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| adj.名义上的；(金额、租金)微不足道的 | |
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50
delightful
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|
| adj.令人高兴的，使人快乐的 | |
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51
regularity
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| n.规律性，规则性；匀称，整齐 | |
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52
lasting
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| adj.永久的，永恒的；vbl.持续，维持 | |
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53
tonic
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| n./adj.滋补品，补药，强身的，健体的 | |
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54
garbed
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| v.（尤指某类人穿的特定）服装，衣服，制服( garb的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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55
cypresses
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| n.柏属植物，柏树( cypress的名词复数 ) | |
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56
antedate
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| vt.填早...的日期，早干，先干 | |
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57
cavalcade
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| n.车队等的行列 | |
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58
throng
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| n.人群，群众；v.拥挤，群集 | |
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59
promenading
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| v.兜风( promenade的现在分词 ) | |
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60
bridle
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| n.笼头，束缚；vt.抑制，约束；动怒 | |
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61
ornaments
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| n.装饰( ornament的名词复数 )；点缀；装饰品；首饰v.装饰，点缀，美化( ornament的第三人称单数 ) | |
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62
behold
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| v.看，注视，看到 | |
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63
gilt
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| adj.镀金的；n.金边证券 | |
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64
lizard
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| n.蜥蜴，壁虎 | |
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65
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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66
plaza
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| n.广场，市场 | |
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67
plantation
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| n.种植园，大农场 | |
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68
progeny
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| n.后代，子孙；结果 | |
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69
scarcity
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| n.缺乏，不足，萧条 | |
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70
anarchist
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| n.无政府主义者 | |
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71
devoid
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| adj.全无的，缺乏的 | |
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72
malice
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| n.恶意，怨恨，蓄意；[律]预谋 | |
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73
refinements
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| n.（生活）风雅；精炼( refinement的名词复数 )；改良品；细微的改良；优雅或高贵的动作 | |
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74
plazas
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| n.（尤指西班牙语城镇的）露天广场( plaza的名词复数 )；购物中心 | |
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75
imposing
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| adj.使人难忘的，壮丽的，堂皇的，雄伟的 | |
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76
wagon
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| n.四轮马车，手推车，面包车；无盖运货列车 | |
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77
kaleidoscopic
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|
| adj.千变万化的 | |
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78
obliterated
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| v.除去( obliterate的过去式和过去分词 )；涂去；擦掉；彻底破坏或毁灭 | |
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79
genuflection
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| n. 曲膝, 屈服 | |
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80
choirs
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| n.教堂的唱诗班( choir的名词复数 )；唱诗队；公开表演的合唱团；（教堂）唱经楼 | |
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81
envious
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|
| adj.嫉妒的，羡慕的 | |
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82
dedicated
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|
| adj.一心一意的；献身的；热诚的 | |
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83
appease
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| v.安抚，缓和，平息，满足 | |
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84
wrath
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| n.愤怒，愤慨，暴怒 | |
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85
majestic
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|
| adj.雄伟的，壮丽的，庄严的，威严的，崇高的 | |
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86
needy
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|
| adj.贫穷的，贫困的，生活艰苦的 | |
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87
impoverished
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|
| adj.穷困的，无力的，用尽了的v.使（某人）贫穷( impoverish的过去式和过去分词 )；使（某物）贫瘠或恶化 | |
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88
meshes
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| 网孔( mesh的名词复数 )； 网状物； 陷阱； 困境 | |
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89
vampires
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| n.吸血鬼( vampire的名词复数 )；吸血蝠；高利贷者；（舞台上的）活板门 | |
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90
prey
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|
| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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91
fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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92
auction
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|
| n.拍卖；拍卖会；vt.拍卖 | |
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93
remarkable
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|
| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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94
reverts
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| 恢复( revert的第三人称单数 )； 重提； 回到…上； 归还 | |
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95
grandees
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| n.贵族，大公，显贵者( grandee的名词复数 ) | |
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96
forfeitures
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| n.（财产等的）没收，（权利、名誉等的）丧失( forfeiture的名词复数 ) | |
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97
acting
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| n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的 | |
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98
trolley
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| n.手推车，台车；无轨电车；有轨电车 | |
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99
cemetery
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| n.坟墓，墓地，坟场 | |
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100
reverence
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| n.敬畏，尊敬，尊严；Reverence:对某些基督教神职人员的尊称；v.尊敬，敬畏，崇敬 | |
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101
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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102
pauper
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| n.贫民，被救济者，穷人 | |
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103
malarial
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| 患疟疾的，毒气的 | |
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104
pneumonia
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| n.肺炎 | |
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105
hygiene
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| n.健康法，卫生学 （a.hygienic） | |
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106
sanitary
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| adj.卫生方面的，卫生的，清洁的，卫生的 | |
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107
exigency
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| n.紧急；迫切需要 | |
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108
dictated
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| v.大声讲或读( dictate的过去式和过去分词 )；口授；支配；摆布 | |
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109
Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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110
agitated
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| adj.被鼓动的，不安的 | |
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111
killing
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| n.巨额利润；突然赚大钱，发大财 | |
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112
commendable
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| adj.值得称赞的 | |
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113
filthy
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| adj.卑劣的；恶劣的，肮脏的 | |
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114
gaily
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| adv.欢乐地，高兴地 | |
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115
flaring
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| a.火焰摇曳的，过份艳丽的 | |
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116
blues
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| n.抑郁，沮丧；布鲁斯音乐 | |
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117
peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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118
beads
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| n.（空心）小珠子( bead的名词复数 )；水珠；珠子项链 | |
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119
euphonious
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| adj.好听的，悦耳的，和谐的 | |
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120
appellations
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| n.名称，称号( appellation的名词复数 ) | |
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121
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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122
bouquets
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| n.花束( bouquet的名词复数 )；（酒的）芳香 | |
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123
judicious
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| adj.明智的，明断的，能作出明智决定的 | |
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124
varied
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| adj.多样的，多变化的 | |
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125
heliotrope
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| n.天芥菜；淡紫色 | |
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126
florist
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| n.花商；种花者 | |
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127
redeeming
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| 补偿的，弥补的 | |
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128
prodigal
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| adj.浪费的，挥霍的，放荡的 | |
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129
innate
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| adj.天生的，固有的，天赋的 | |
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130
uncommon
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| adj.罕见的，非凡的，不平常的 | |
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131
forefathers
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| n.祖先，先人；祖先，祖宗( forefather的名词复数 )；列祖列宗；前人 | |
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132
primitive
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| adj.原始的；简单的；n.原(始)人，原始事物 | |
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133
attain
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| vt.达到，获得，完成 | |
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134
tints
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| 色彩( tint的名词复数 )； 带白的颜色； （淡色）染发剂； 痕迹 | |
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135
foliage
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| n.叶子，树叶，簇叶 | |
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136
oasis
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| n.（沙漠中的）绿洲，宜人的地方 | |
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137
throbbing
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| a. 跳动的,悸动的 | |
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138
transacted
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| v.办理（业务等）( transact的过去式和过去分词 )；交易，谈判 | |
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139
legislative
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| n.立法机构，立法权；adj.立法的，有立法权的 | |
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140
chambers
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| n.房间( chamber的名词复数 )；（议会的）议院；卧室；会议厅 | |
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141
regiments
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| （军队的）团( regiment的名词复数 )； 大量的人或物 | |
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142
congregate
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| v.(使)集合，聚集 | |
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143
circumscribed
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| adj.[医]局限的：受限制或限于有限空间的v.在…周围划线( circumscribe的过去式和过去分词 )；划定…范围；限制；限定 | |
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144
dense
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| a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的；密度大的 | |
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145
promenades
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| n.人行道( promenade的名词复数 )；散步场所；闲逛v.兜风( promenade的第三人称单数 ) | |
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146
ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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147
warrior
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| n.勇士，武士，斗士 | |
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148
touching
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| adj.动人的，使人感伤的 | |
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149
affected
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| adj.不自然的，假装的 | |
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150
traction
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| n.牵引；附着摩擦力 | |
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151
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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152
obstructed
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| 阻塞( obstruct的过去式和过去分词 )； 堵塞； 阻碍； 阻止 | |
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153
skyscrapers
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| n.摩天大楼 | |
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154
stratum
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| n.地层，社会阶层 | |
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155
situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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156
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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157
pretentious
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| adj.自命不凡的，自负的，炫耀的 | |
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158
cater
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| vi.(for/to)满足，迎合；(for)提供饮食及服务 | |
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159
razed
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| v.彻底摧毁，将…夷为平地( raze的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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160
scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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161
asylum
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| n.避难所，庇护所，避难 | |
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