A rude wooden cross set up in a pile of stones is one of the striking features of Mexican landscape that is frequently seen. As the train whirls along through a narrow pass, high up on the mountain sides the cross is seen outlined against the sky; or, if you are pursuing your journey by horse or mule1, in the remote districts away from the railways, your reverie is suddenly interrupted by coming upon one of these silent sentinels unawares. These crosses are mute reminders3 of an age that is passing away. Each one marks the spot where a murder has taken place in times past. It is an appeal for the good Catholic to mutter a prayer for the soul of the murdered one, who was thus without preparation thrust into the world beyond. There was a time, and that not more than a generation ago, when the murderous and lawless classes were numerous in Mexico. The Mexican bandit was so much feared, that, even to this[329] day, some hesitate to travel in that country, and many more make walking arsenals4 of themselves before turning their faces toward our southern neighbour.
If the traditionary history that has come down to us is to be believed, these robber clans5 can trace their lineage back to the peregrinating merchants of the Aztecs, and Toltecs. The rich merchant of those days travelled over the country visiting the various cities with his wares2. For self protection they were obliged to carry with them a large force of armed retainers. This knowledge of their own power led them to violence. If, for any reason, these merchants became angered at a town, or, if the people refused to trade with them, they would attack it, pillage6 it and carry off the inhabitants to be sold as slaves in other remote places, or hold them for ransom7. This course generally proved far more remunerative8 than the more prosaic9 occupation of barter10 and trade. It was indeed a strong town in those days that could afford to refuse to trade with some of the powerful merchants. If one trader was not strong enough himself, he could easily enlist11 the assistance of another of his class, as the loot and slaves would be sufficient to remunerate both very well for the undertaking12.
[330]
Later came the freebooters, who, in early Spanish days, had things very much their own way. Although many of these were well known, they would visit the cities armed to the teeth and no one would dare to molest13 them. It is even claimed, and with good reason, that many officials were in league with these knights14 of the road, and gave them information, and assisted them in their plans to waylay15 wealthy inhabitants. So long as the outlaws16 did not interfere18 with matters of government, their immunity19 was practically secure. There is one city in the northern part of Mexico named Catorce, the Spanish numeral for fourteen, because, for a long time, it was the stronghold of fourteen of the boldest, bravest and worst bandits that Mexico ever produced, who terrorized the country round about and could not be captured or subdued20.
After independence, came a series of revolutions and uprisings for more than a half century. The bandits then became guerillas, fighting on whichever side offered the greatest advantage. They would loot a church, or rob the hacienda of some wealthy landowner, with equal cheerfulness. The place or person robbed depended upon whether the guerillas were enlisted21 in the cause of the clericals, or anti-clericals. By reason[331] of the many turmoils22 and fights that took place, these guerillas became a numerous and powerful class with their rendezvous23 in the mountains, which, in no part of Mexico, are far distant. Before the advent24 of the railroads and telegraph it was a difficult matter to cope with these robber bands in Mexico because roads were lacking, and their haunts were almost inaccessible25. This was one of the first problems attacked by President Diaz when he came into power, and he did it with the boldness, originality26 and dash for which he was noted27.
This new leader found the army a disorganized band of guerillas led by a few men, not always over-scrupulous, and many parts of the country overrun by bands of outlaws with whom the local authorities were utterly28 unable to cope. Having some veteran troops after his many campaigns, Diaz sent them after the bandits whenever opportunity afforded. They were hunted and trailed into their mountain fastnesses. The soldiers were instructed never to take captives. A little heap of fresh dirt, or a few stones, marked the place where a living and breathing bandit had once stood. This war of extermination29 made welcome to many the proposition of Diaz. This was that he would furnish employment to those outlaws who should[332] surrender, and would grant to them protection. The President being known as a man of his word, this proclamation had its effect and large numbers formerly30 under the ban of law, surrendered.
A RURALE
From this class of men the first companies of rurales were formed. Finding it was more profitable, or at least safer, to be in favour with this aggressive government than under its ban, they willingly entered this service. These men were brave and thoroughly32 familiar with all the mountain retreats and haunts of the outlaw17 bands. They hunted down their former confederates until a live bandit was a rare specimen33. Travelling once more became secure, and now there are few places in Mexico where it is not perfectly34 safe for a traveller to journey. The companies of rurales, of which there are many, form one of the most effective forces for preserving order ever devised by any government. Like the famous guardia civil of Spain, the rurales patrol the remote mountain trails and great plains of the central plateaus, and are in reality a body of rural police. Many a lonely traveller has been made glad by the sight of the gray uniform of this band. They are generally kind hearted, and will do everything in their power for a foreigner. Their uniform[333] is the typical riding costume of the country, and differs from the French appearance of the uniforms of the regular army. They are fine horsemen, expert in the use of pistol and carbine, and form one of the most picturesque35 cavalry36 bodies in the world.
There is no sickly sentimentality wasted upon law breakers, and the highwayman, or robber, gets little sympathy. Few criminals get a second opportunity to commit their outrages37 through the pardoning process. The old ley fuga, or law of attempted escape, which was in force under Spanish rule, under which Indians or slaves attempting to flee were shot, was revived. Orders were promulgated38 to shoot highwaymen on sight, and all other prisoners if escape was attempted. Few attempts to escape are now made by prisoners, for the guards have a reckless way of sending bullets after fleeing prisoners, so that no chains are needed to secure them. The bullets are swift and any one in custody39, even though held as a witness, will be followed by the quick, death-dealing messengers, if an attempt to escape is made. Gangs of convicts may be seen in various places working on the streets, or on the roads, under military guard but without shackle40. The only report necessary in the event a prisoner is killed is[334] that he attempted to escape. It may be a harsh proceeding41, but it saves the state a great deal of money, and conviction is sure. Furthermore, it relieves judge, jury and prison officials of much hard work and annoyance42.
A few years ago the Mexican army consisted of a few thousand irregular, nondescript soldiers so common in Spanish-American countries. Such men it was who placed Porfirio Diaz in power in 1876, the same year that we were celebrating the first centennial of our independence. In promoting peace this man of Mexico has not forgotten the arts of war. The army has been improved until it has ceased to be made up of the comic-opera type of the barefooted, half-naked soldier, and is now a well fed, well equipped, and well clothed organization to which Mexicans can point with pride. To the American eye the soldiers appear rather indifferent and insignificant43, because of their smaller stature44 and brown skin, which reveals the fact that the regular soldier is generally drawn45 from the lower classes of Mexicans.
Although Mexico might be termed a military nation, as military service is made obligatory46 by the law of the country, yet in times of peace this service is not enforced. It is said that the majority of the enlistments are not even voluntary,[335] but that recruits are drawn from the ranks of those who are persistent48 law breakers—those guilty of petty criminal offences which we would term misdemeanours. Many of these peon soldiers who before enlistment47 never knew what it was to have regular meals and wear clean clothes every day, leave the service after a few years much better citizens, and possessing a better education, for schools are maintained in connection with all the barracks where instruction is given in reading, writing and mathematics. The pay is about forty cents per day, in Mexican silver, and is good pay for that country when you take into consideration the fact that the soldier has absolutely no expenses except for such luxuries as he may want.
The standing49 army of Mexico consists of thirty thousand men and three thousand two hundred officers. Of this number the infantry50 number twenty-two thousand six hundred, cavalry five thousand five hundred, artillery51 two thousand, engineers and other branches of the service making up the remainder. This gives a soldier for every five hundred inhabitants, as compared with one for every fifteen hundred inhabitants in the United States. Both infantry and cavalry are equipped with the Spanish Mauser rifles and carbines. The headquarters[336] of the army are in the City of Mexico, and several battalions52 of infantry and regiments53 of cavalry are stationed there at all times. The country is divided into a number of districts, at the headquarters of each of which are stationed large bodies of troops. Nearly every town of any size has a commandancia where a few troops are quartered. This general distribution of the military forces has been made with a prudent54 foresight55 in order to prevent any local uprising.
ARMY HEADQUARTERS, CITY OF MEXICO
In addition to the regular standing army, there are a number of armed forces which would swell56 the number of available troops in time of war. First and foremost are the Rurales who number about three thousand five hundred by actual count, but double that number in effectiveness. The Fiscal57 Guards number about one thousand and are in the revenue service. The police of the states and cities are compelled to undergo military drill also, and could be drafted into the army as trained soldiers. These several forces would constitute another army almost equal in number to the regular standing army. Militia58 organizations have been provided for by law similar to those organizations in our own country, but as yet little has been done. When these plans are perfected, it is[337] designed to have the total war footing number a force of one hundred and fifty thousand drilled and disciplined men.
The President of Mexico is the commander-in-chief of the army and navy. The “West Point of Mexico” is located next to the presidential residence and is called the Chapultepec Military Academy. It was founded in 1824. During the war of 1847 Chapultepec was successfully stormed by the American forces, but heroically defended by the cadets. A monument now stands at the foot of the hill in memory of those cadets who fell in that engagement, and a graceful59 tribute is paid to the memory of those youthful patriots60 on each fourth of July, when wreaths are placed on the monument by the American residents of the capital at the same time that they decorate the graves of American soldiers who are buried near the city. This school now ranks high as a military school, and more than one-third of the commissioned officers of the army are graduates of this institution. The graduate leaves this school with the rank of lieutenant61. The student must bind62 himself to serve seven years in the army, if he takes the technical courses, and, if he is discharged, or refuses to serve, must repay to the government $16 for each month he[338] remained in the academy. If war should occur, all retired63 graduates would be compelled to report for service.
Not a generation ago the capital itself was the home of innumerable thieves. In fact, a goodly percentage of the people were either thieves, robbers or beggars. These were drawn from the mestizo class, and formed a picturesque but filthy64 group of blackguards. They would make love to any one’s pocket, and argue with one another at the point of a long, sharp knife. Each one carried a knife and revolver. “Unfortunate men, women and children, the legitimate65 heritage of wrong, oppression and misgovernment, thronged66 the streets begging in daytime, and committing petty robberies by night. They slept by hundreds in doorways67, on benches in public parks, in ruined houses, and in the dirtiest of apartments. A score or more of filthy beings of all ages and both sexes would sleep together in one small room reeking68 with the miasma69 that rose from sewers70 and unclean cobble-stone pavements.”
Vice31 was the natural outcome of such conditions. All natural feelings of delicacy71 and shame were deadened. Morality was unknown, and they lived like animals rather than human beings. Marriages were unthought of, and[339] children knew not their parents, for even their mothers deserted72 them. If not deserted, they were frequently maimed and turned out into the street to beg. Pulque and mescal added its touch to the picture. Disfiguring diseases were added, and the name leperos attached to them. Brantz Mayer, a writer on Mexico, has given the following definition of the lepero. “Blacken a man in the sun, let his hair grow long and tangled73 and become filled with vermin; let him plod74 about the streets in all kinds of dirt for years, and never know the use of a brush, or towel, or water, even, except in storms; let him put on a pair of leather breeches at twenty and wear them until forty without change or ablution; and over all place a torn and blackened hat and a tattered75 blanket begrimed with abominations; let him have wild eyes and shining teeth, features pinched by famine into sharpness, and breast bared and browned; combine all these in your imagination and you have a recipe for a Mexican lepero.”
These leperos were the thieving class. They frequented all parts of the city. Even the churches were not exempt76 and you were just as likely to be robbed by some apparently77 devout78, kneeling worshipper saying his ave marias in a sacred edifice79 as on the street. In the less frequented[340] streets many hold-ups took place, and the bodies of those murdered would be found on the pavement in the morning. It was hardly safe to move about the street after night had fallen. The thieves’ market was well known and did a thriving business. Here were the pawn-brokers who did a profitable business acting80 as “fences” for the thieves. Many instances are told by foreigners who were robbed, and, in a few hours, found their property exposed for sale in this market. They were obliged to pay considerable sums to recover their own property.
All these types are now disappearing, and even the beggars are less numerous. The former lawless leperos are now seen in the poor venders of lottery81 tickets who crowd every public place. Begging is forbidden in most parts of the city. Vice has not disappeared, it is true, nor has it in American cities. The poor peon still gets intoxicated82 and is dirty, but he is more law-abiding than formerly. Conditions, which are the result of neglect and misrule of centuries, can only be overcome entirely83 by education, immigration and the infusion84 of saner85 ideas, and this is a gradual process. A whole city, or a whole country, can not be plowed86 up and re-sown in a season, as the corn fields of[341] last year were transformed into the waving fields of golden grain this year. A generation is even too short a time. The change actually wrought87 has been almost a miracle. Work can now be had by all who are willing to work, and the government is making strenuous88 efforts to get rid of the idle classes. It is a long and hard task, but another decade under present conditions will work wonders.
An excellent police system is found in the capital and all the other cities. A policeman is not hard to find. One is stationed at nearly every street intersection89. During the day he stands like a statue, occasionally leaning against a door post. At night the policeman brings a lantern and a blanket, and sets the lantern in the centre of the crossing, while he stands beside it or not far away. The joker says the lantern is intended to aid the thief in avoiding the officer of the law. Sometimes after the people quit passing, he may lean up against a building and fall asleep, but you can locate his vicinity by the lantern. As the windows are all heavily barred, and the doors are heavy oaken affairs that it would take a stick of dynamite90 to move, and as fires are infrequent, his lot is not a very hard one. The police are very numerous, however, because the government wants to keep informed[342] in order that a revolutionary movement may not gain any headway. One seldom hears of knock-downs now, and pocket picking is about the only kind of robbery.
These guardians91 of the peace are generally called serenos. This name clings to them from the old Spanish watchman whose duty it was to call out the time of the night and state of the weather. As this was usually clear, the watchman would say “tiempo sereno” meaning “weather clear.” From the frequent repetition of this term the watchmen were dubbed92 serenos. The Mexican sereno is generally a faithful and reliable official and is obliging to a stranger. They have made the streets in the City of Mexico as safe as in Paris. The senses of sight and smell may be offended more often, but purse and life are just as secure.
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1
mule
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| n.骡子，杂种，执拗的人 | |
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wares
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| n. 货物, 商品 | |
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reminders
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| n.令人回忆起…的东西( reminder的名词复数 )；提醒…的东西；（告知该做某事的）通知单；提示信 | |
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arsenals
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| n.兵工厂，军火库( arsenal的名词复数 )；任何事物的集成 | |
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clans
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| 宗族( clan的名词复数 )； 氏族； 庞大的家族； 宗派 | |
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pillage
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| v.抢劫；掠夺；n.抢劫，掠夺；掠夺物 | |
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ransom
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| n.赎金，赎身；v.赎回，解救 | |
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remunerative
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| adj.有报酬的 | |
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prosaic
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| adj.单调的，无趣的 | |
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barter
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| n.物物交换，以货易货，实物交易 | |
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enlist
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| vt.谋取(支持等)，赢得；征募；vi.入伍 | |
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undertaking
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| n.保证，许诺，事业 | |
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molest
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| vt.骚扰，干扰，调戏 | |
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knights
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| 骑士； （中古时代的）武士( knight的名词复数 )； 骑士； 爵士； （国际象棋中）马 | |
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waylay
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| v.埋伏，伏击 | |
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outlaws
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| 歹徒，亡命之徒( outlaw的名词复数 )； 逃犯 | |
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outlaw
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| n.歹徒，亡命之徒；vt.宣布…为不合法 | |
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interfere
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| v.(in)干涉，干预；(with)妨碍，打扰 | |
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immunity
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| n.优惠；免除；豁免，豁免权 | |
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subdued
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| adj. 屈服的，柔和的，减弱的 动词subdue的过去式和过去分词 | |
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enlisted
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| adj.应募入伍的v.（使）入伍， （使）参军( enlist的过去式和过去分词 )；获得（帮助或支持） | |
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turmoils
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| n.混乱( turmoil的名词复数 )；焦虑 | |
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rendezvous
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| n.约会，约会地点，汇合点；vi.汇合，集合；vt.使汇合，使在汇合地点相遇 | |
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advent
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| n.(重要事件等的)到来，来临 | |
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inaccessible
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| adj.达不到的，难接近的 | |
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originality
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| n.创造力，独创性；新颖 | |
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noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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extermination
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| n.消灭，根绝 | |
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formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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vice
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| n.坏事；恶习；[pl.]台钳，老虎钳；adj.副的 | |
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thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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specimen
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| n.样本，标本 | |
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perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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picturesque
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| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
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cavalry
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| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
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outrages
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| 引起…的义愤，激怒( outrage的第三人称单数 ) | |
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promulgated
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| v.宣扬（某事物）( promulgate的过去式和过去分词 )；传播；公布；颁布（法令、新法律等） | |
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custody
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| n.监护，照看，羁押，拘留 | |
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shackle
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| n.桎梏，束缚物；v.加桎梏，加枷锁，束缚 | |
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proceeding
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| n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报 | |
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annoyance
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| n.恼怒，生气，烦恼 | |
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insignificant
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| adj.无关紧要的，可忽略的，无意义的 | |
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stature
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| n.（高度）水平，（高度）境界，身高，身材 | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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obligatory
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| adj.强制性的，义务的，必须的 | |
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47
enlistment
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| n.应征入伍，获得，取得 | |
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persistent
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| adj.坚持不懈的，执意的；持续的 | |
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standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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50
infantry
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| n.[总称]步兵(部队) | |
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artillery
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| n.(军)火炮，大炮；炮兵(部队) | |
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52
battalions
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| n.（陆军的）一营（大约有一千兵士）( battalion的名词复数 )；协同作战的部队；军队；（组织在一起工作的）队伍 | |
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regiments
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| （军队的）团( regiment的名词复数 )； 大量的人或物 | |
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prudent
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| adj.谨慎的，有远见的，精打细算的 | |
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foresight
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| n.先见之明，深谋远虑 | |
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swell
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| vi.膨胀，肿胀；增长，增强 | |
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fiscal
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| adj.财政的，会计的，国库的，国库岁入的 | |
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militia
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| n.民兵，民兵组织 | |
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graceful
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| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
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patriots
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| 爱国者，爱国主义者( patriot的名词复数 ) | |
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lieutenant
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| n.陆军中尉，海军上尉；代理官员，副职官员 | |
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bind
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| vt.捆，包扎；装订；约束；使凝固；vi.变硬 | |
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retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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filthy
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| adj.卑劣的；恶劣的，肮脏的 | |
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legitimate
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| adj.合法的，合理的，合乎逻辑的；v.使合法 | |
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thronged
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| v.成群，挤满( throng的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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doorways
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| n.门口，门道( doorway的名词复数 ) | |
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reeking
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| v.发出浓烈的臭气( reek的现在分词 )；散发臭气；发出难闻的气味 (of sth)；明显带有（令人不快或生疑的跡象） | |
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miasma
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| n.毒气；不良气氛 | |
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sewers
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| n.阴沟，污水管，下水道( sewer的名词复数 ) | |
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delicacy
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| n.精致，细微，微妙，精良；美味，佳肴 | |
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deserted
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| adj.荒芜的，荒废的，无人的，被遗弃的 | |
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tangled
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| adj. 纠缠的，紊乱的 动词tangle的过去式和过去分词 | |
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plod
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| v.沉重缓慢地走，孜孜地工作 | |
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tattered
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| adj.破旧的，衣衫破的 | |
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exempt
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| adj.免除的；v.使免除；n.免税者，被免除义务者 | |
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apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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devout
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| adj.虔诚的，虔敬的，衷心的 (n.devoutness) | |
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edifice
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| n.宏伟的建筑物(如宫殿，教室) | |
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acting
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| n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的 | |
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lottery
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| n.抽彩；碰运气的事，难于算计的事 | |
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intoxicated
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| 喝醉的，极其兴奋的 | |
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83
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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infusion
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| n.灌输 | |
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saner
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| adj.心智健全的( sane的比较级 )；神志正常的；明智的；稳健的 | |
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plowed
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| v.耕( plow的过去式和过去分词 )；犁耕；费力穿过 | |
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wrought
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| v.引起；以…原料制作；运转；adj.制造的 | |
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strenuous
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| adj.奋发的，使劲的；紧张的；热烈的，狂热的 | |
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intersection
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| n.交集，十字路口，交叉点；[计算机] 交集 | |
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dynamite
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| n./vt.(用)炸药(爆破) | |
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guardians
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| 监护人( guardian的名词复数 )； 保护者，维护者 | |
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dubbed
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| v.给…起绰号( dub的过去式和过去分词 )；把…称为；配音；复制 | |
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