But in villages like Beddagama, these customs and formalities are often not observed. The young girls are not kept within the house; they have to work. The young men know them, and often choose for themselves. There is no family arrangement, no formal proposal of marriage; the villagers are too poor for there to be any question of a dowry.
And yet the villager makes a clear distinction between marriage and what he calls concubinage. In the former the woman is recognised by his and her families as his wife; almost invariably she is openly taken to his house, and there is a procession and feasting on the wedding day: in the latter the woman is never publicly recognised as a wife. Marriage is considered to be more respectable than concubinage, and in a headman's immediate family it would be more usual to find the women 'recognised' wives than 'unrecognised' wives. And though in the ordinary village life the 'unrecognised' wife is as common as, or even more common than, the 'recognised' wife, and is treated by all exactly as if she were the man's wife, yet the distinction is understood and becomes apparent upon formal occasions. For instance, a woman who is living with a man as his 'unrecognised' wife cannot be present at her sister's wedding. When a man takes a woman to live with him in this informal way, the arrangement is, however, regarded as in many ways a formal one, a slightly lower form than the recognised marriage. The man and the woman are of the same caste always: there would even be strong objection on the part of the man or woman's relations if either the one or the other did not come from a 'respectable' family.
Babun knew well his brother-in-law's dislike of Silindu, and the contempt with which the 'veddas' were regarded by the other villagers. He knew that his sister and Babehami would be very angry with him if he chose a wife from such a family. But he had watched Punchi Menika, and gradually a love, which was more than mere6 desire, had grown up in him. The wildness and strangeness of her father and of Hinnihami were tempered in her by a wonderful gentleness. Passion and desire were strong in him: they would allow no interference with his determination to take her to live with him.
The night after his meeting with Punchi Menika on the path from the chena, he broke the news to Nanchohami and Babehami, as he and his brother-in-law were eating the evening meal.
'Sister,' he said, 'it is time that, I took a wife.'
Nanchohami laughed. 'There is no difficulty. When you go to the chena the women look after you and smile and say, "Chi! chi! There goes a man. O that he would take my daughter to his house." But there are no women for you here. They are all sickly things, unfit to bear you children.'
'My father's brother married a woman of Kotegoda,' said Babehami. 'In those days wives brought dowries with them—of land. He went to live on her land at Kotegoda: it lies fifty miles away, towards Ruhuna. His sons and daughters are married now in that village, and have children. They are rich: it is a good village: rain falls there, and there are cocoanut lands, and paddy grows. The village spreads and prospers7, and the headman is a rich man. They say that tax is paid upon sixty men every year. It would be a good thing for you to take a wife from there, for she would bring you a dowry.'
'Yes,' said Nanchohami, 'it would be a good thing for you to go to Kotegoda and take a woman from there, a daughter of my man's brother.[16] She would bring you land, and you could settle there. What use is it to live in this village? Even the chena crops wither8 for want of rain. It is an evil place this.'
'I want no woman of Kotegoda,' said Babun. 'Nor will I leave the village. There is a woman, this Punchi Menika, the daughter of Silindu. I am going to take her to live with me.'
Babehami looked at his brother-in-law, his little eyes moving restlessly in astonishment9 and anger. Nanchohami threw up her hands, and began in a voice which shrilled10 and fluted11 with anger:
'Ohé! So we are to take veddas into the house, and I am to call a pariah12 sister! A fine and a rich wife! A pariah woman, a vedda, a daughter of a dog, vesi, vesige duwa! Ohé! the headman's brother is to marry a sweeper of jakes! Do you hear this? Will you allow these Tamils[17] in your house? Yes, 'twill be a fine thing in the village to hear that the headman has given his wife and daughters to Rodiyas,[18] leopards14, jackals!'
Babehami broke in upon his wife's abuse; but she, now thoroughly15 aroused, continued throughout the conversation to pour out a stream of foul16 words from the background in a voice which gradually rose shriller and shriller.
'The woman is right,' Babehami said angrily to Babun. 'You cannot bring this woman to the house.'
'I will take no other woman. I have watched her there about the compound. She is fair and gentle. She is unlike the other women of this village (here he looked round at Nanchohami), in whose mouths are always foul words.'
Babehami tried to hide his anger. He knew his brother-in-law to be obstinate17 as well as good-humoured and simple.
'No doubt the woman is fair. But if you desire her, is she not free to all to take? Does she not wander, like a man, in the jungle? They say that even kings have desired Rodiya women. If you desire her, it is not hard to take her. But there need be no talk of marriage, or bringing her to the house.'
'This morning I took her with me into the jungle, but it is not enough; the desire is still with me. I have thought about it. It is time that I took a wife to cook my food and bear me children. I want no other than this. I can leave your compound, and build myself a new house, and take her to live with me.'
Babehami's anger began to break out again.
'Are you a fool? Will you take this beggar woman to be your wife? Is not her father always about my door crying for a handful of kurakkan? Fool! I tell you my brother's children in Kotegoda will bring you land, paddy land, and cocoanuts. There is no difference between one woman and another.'
'I tell you I want no Kotegoda woman. I will take the daughter of Silindu. I want no strange woman or strange village. I can build myself a house here, and clear chenas, as my father did and his father.'
'Is it for this I took you into my house? Two years you have eaten my food. How much of my kurakkan have you taken?'
'I have taken nothing from you. I have worked two years in the chena, and the crop came to you, not to me. Is not the grain now in your barn from the chena cleared by me?'
Babehami was too quiet and cunning often to give way to anger, but this time he was carried away by the defiance18 of his brother-in-law, whom he regarded as a fool. He gesticulated wildly:
'Out of my house, dog; out of my house. You shall bring no woman to my compound. Go and lie with the pariahs19 in their own filth20?'
Babun got up and stood over Babehami.
'I am going,' he said quietly, 'and I will take Punchi Menika as my wife.'
The abuse of the headman and his wife followed him out of the compound. He walked slowly over to Silindu's hut. He found Silindu squatting21 under a ragged22 mustard-tree which stood in the compound, and he squatted23 down by his side. He did not like Silindu; he had always an uncomfortable feeling in the presence of this wild man, who never spoke24 to any one unless he was spoken to; and he felt it difficult to begin now upon the subject which had brought him to the compound. Silindu paid no attention to him. Babun sat there unable to begin, listening to the sounds of the women in the hut. At last he said:
'Silindu, I have come to speak to you about your daughter Punchi Menika.'
Silindu remained quite still: he apparently25 had not heard. Babun touched him on the arm.
'I am talking of your daughter, Silindu, Punchi Menika.'
Silindu turned and looked at him.
'The girl is in the house. What have you to do with her?'
'I want you to listen to me, Silindu, for there is much to say. I have watched the girl from the headman's compound, and a charm has come upon me. I cannot eat or sleep for thinking of her. So I said to my sister and my sister's husband, "It is time for me to take a wife, and now I will bring this girl into the compound." But they were very angry, for they want to marry me to a woman of Kotegoda, because of the land which she would bring as dowry. To-night they abused me, and there was a quarrel. I have left their compound. Now I will make myself a house in the old compound where my father lived, and I will take the girl there as my wife.'
Silindu had become more and more attentive26 as he listened to Babun. The words seemed to distress27 him: he shifted about, fidgeted with his hands, scratched himself all over his body. When Babun stopped, he took some time before he said:
'The girl is too young to be given to a man.'
'The girl is too young. I cannot give her to you, or evil will come of it.'
Babun's patience began to be exhausted29. His good humour had been undisturbed during the scene in the headman's compound, but this new obstacle began to rouse him. His voice rose:
'I cannot live without the girl. I have quarrelled with my sister and the headman over her; I have left the compound for her. I ask no dowry. Why should you refuse her to me?'
'They call us veddas in the village, while you are of the headman's house. Does the leopard13 of the jungle mate with the dog of the village?'
'That is nothing to me. The wild buffalo30 seeks the cows in the village herds31. The girl is very gentle, and my mind is made up. Also the girl wishes to come to me.'
The loud voices of the two men had reached the women in the house. They had come out, and stood listening behind the men. At the last words of Babun, Silindu cried out as if he had been struck:
'Aiyo! aiyo! they take even my daughter from me. Is there money in the house? No. Is there rice? No. Is there kurakkan, or chillies, or jaggery,[19]or salt even? The house is empty. But there is always something for the thief to find. They creep in while I am away in the jungle; they see the little ones whom I have fed, the little ones who laughed and called me "Appochchi"[20]when I brought them fruits and honeycomb from the jungle. They creep in like the hooded33 snake, and steal them away from me. Aiyo! aiyo! The little ones laugh to go.'
Punchi Menika rushed forward, threw herself at Silindu's feet, which she touched and caressed34 with her hands. She struck the ground several times with her forehead, crying and wailing35:
'Appochchi! Appochchi! Will you kill me with your words? I will never leave you nor my sister.'
Babun turned upon her:
'Are the words in the jungle nothing then? Did you lie to me when you said you would come to my house? They are right then when they say that women's words are lies—in the morning one thing, at night another. Did I not tell you that I cannot be without you? Aiyo! You told me there under the cassia-tree that you would come to me and cook my rice. And in the evening I am homeless and without you! I shall go now into the jungle and hang myself.'
Babun moved away, but Karlinahami caught hold of his hand and pulled him back. Punchi Menika threw herself on the ground again in front of Silindu.
'Appochchi! it is true: I said I would go to him. Do not kill me with bitter words. I must go: I cannot be without him. I gave my word: what can I do?'
Punchi Menika crouched36 down at Silindu's feet. He sat very still for a little while, and then began in a low, moaning voice:
'Did I not often tell you of the devils of the trees that lurk37 for you by the way? I have stood by you against them in the day: I have held you in my arms when they howled about the house at night. I told you that the place is evil, and evil comes from it. They lie in the shadows of the trees, and cast spells on you as you pass. And now one has got you, and you laugh to go from me. They sit in the trees among the grey monkeys and laugh at me as I pass in the morning: they howl at me among the jackals as I come back in the evening. They take all from me, and the house is very empty.'
'Appochchi! the devils are not taking me. I shall not leave you; when you come from the jungle I shall be here with my sister. But the man has called to me and I must go to him. The cub5 does not always remain in the cave by the father's side: her time comes, and she hears her mate call from the neighbouring rocks: she leaves her father's cave for another's. But, Appochchi, she will still look out for the old leopard when he returns: she will live very close to him.'
'Aiyo! aiyo! the house will be empty.'
'The doe cannot always stay with the herd32. She hears the call of the buck38, and they fly together into the jungle.'
'The house is empty. There is no use for me to live now.'
Karlinahami, who had been growing more and more impatient, here broke in:
'Are you mad, brother? The child is a woman now, and it is time to give her to a man. Is she to die childless because she has a father? There is no need for her even to leave the compound. There is room for Babun to make himself a house here.'
Babun eagerly seized upon this suggestion. He assured Silindu that he had no intention of taking Punchi Menika out of the compound. Punchi Menika, still crouching39 at his feet, told her father that she would never leave him.
It was eventually arranged that for the present Babun should live in the house while he put up another house for himself and Punchi Menika. Silindu took no part in the discussion. After Karlinahami intervened, he became silent: there was nothing for him to do or to say which could help him: it was only one more of the evils which inevitably40 came upon him. The talk died down: the others went into the house to prepare the evening meal. He sat on under the mustard-tree, staring at the outline of the trees against the starlit sky. The silence of the jungle settled down upon the compound. Punchi Menika brought him his food. She tried to comfort him, to get him to come into the house, but for once she could not rouse him. He sat in the compound through the night, staring into the darkness, and muttering from time to time, 'Aiyo, the house is empty!'
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1
rigid
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| adj.严格的，死板的；刚硬的，僵硬的 | |
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2
exclusion
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| n.拒绝，排除，排斥，远足，远途旅行 | |
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3
immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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negotiations
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| 协商( negotiation的名词复数 )； 谈判； 完成（难事）； 通过 | |
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5
cub
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| n.幼兽，年轻无经验的人 | |
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6
mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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7
prospers
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| v.成功，兴旺( prosper的第三人称单数 ) | |
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8
wither
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| vt.使凋谢，使衰退，(用眼神气势等)使畏缩；vi.枯萎，衰退，消亡 | |
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9
astonishment
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| n.惊奇，惊异 | |
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10
shrilled
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| （声音）尖锐的，刺耳的，高频率的( shrill的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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11
fluted
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| a.有凹槽的 | |
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pariah
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| n.被社会抛弃者 | |
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13
leopard
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| n.豹 | |
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leopards
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| n.豹( leopard的名词复数 )；本性难移 | |
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15
thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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16
foul
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| adj.污秽的；邪恶的；v.弄脏；妨害；犯规；n.犯规 | |
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17
obstinate
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| adj.顽固的，倔强的，不易屈服的，较难治愈的 | |
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18
defiance
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| n.挑战，挑衅，蔑视，违抗 | |
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19
pariahs
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| n.被社会遗弃者( pariah的名词复数 )；贱民 | |
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20
filth
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| n.肮脏，污物，污秽；淫猥 | |
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21
squatting
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| v.像动物一样蹲下( squat的现在分词 )；非法擅自占用（土地或房屋）；为获得其所有权；而占用某片公共用地。 | |
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22
ragged
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| adj.衣衫褴褛的，粗糙的，刺耳的 | |
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23
squatted
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| v.像动物一样蹲下( squat的过去式和过去分词 )；非法擅自占用（土地或房屋）；为获得其所有权；而占用某片公共用地。 | |
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24
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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25
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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26
attentive
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| adj.注意的，专心的；关心(别人)的，殷勤的 | |
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27
distress
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| n.苦恼，痛苦，不舒适；不幸；vt.使悲痛 | |
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28
attained
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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29
exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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30
buffalo
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| n.(北美)野牛；(亚洲)水牛 | |
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31
herds
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| 兽群( herd的名词复数 )； 牧群； 人群； 群众 | |
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32
herd
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| n.兽群，牧群；vt.使集中，把…赶在一起 | |
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33
hooded
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| adj.戴头巾的；有罩盖的；颈部因肋骨运动而膨胀的 | |
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34
caressed
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| 爱抚或抚摸…( caress的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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35
wailing
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| v.哭叫，哀号( wail的现在分词 )；沱 | |
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36
crouched
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| v.屈膝，蹲伏( crouch的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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37
lurk
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| n.潜伏，潜行；v.潜藏，潜伏，埋伏 | |
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38
buck
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| n.雄鹿，雄兔；v.马离地跳跃 | |
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39
crouching
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| v.屈膝，蹲伏( crouch的现在分词 ) | |
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40
inevitably
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| adv.不可避免地；必然发生地 | |
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