Many of the larger beaked1 birds may be taught to speak words or even sentences, or will learn them of their own accord from overhearing them. This power is principally possessed2 by the even tailed parrots, in which the tongue is large, broad, and fleshy at the tip. Their articulation3 does not possess that accuracy and exactness of modulation4 characteristic of the human voice, but to a certain extent this is mimicked5. Usually there is a harshness and crudeness in their speech, though in this respect they greatly vary.
All birds possessing the power of learning to talk are gifted with a great imitative faculty6, and therein lies the secret of their tuition. Parrots will often pick up words, or odds7 and ends of sentences, but usually it is desired that they shall learn some particular phrases, to suit the fancy of their owner. In this case a little drilling is required. The trainer should take the bird alone where there will be nothing to distract his attention; caress8 and pet him a little, then repeat the word in a distinct tone, and repeat at intervals9 of a few moments. Soon the parrot will attempt to repeat the word; caress him and reward him with a bit of cracker10. Repeat this until he has learned the word thoroughly11; when he has done so an alteration12 may be made in the method of training. On all occasions when he desires anything, make him repeat his lesson before his wishes are gratified. Gradually his lesson may be increased in length, new words or phrases being added. A lady relative of the writer possessed, some years ago, a parrot which was always anxious to be allowed to come from the hall, where he was usually kept, into the sitting room. Before he was permitted to enter he was 196always made to repeat a long string of nonsense, something like the following: “Pretty little, darling, sweet, beautiful, adorable Polly wants to come in.” This task he was rather inclined to shirk, and would commence with: “Pretty Polly wants to come in,” in hopes that would suffice. The door remaining closed, however, he would in a minute or two commence with: “Pretty little Polly wants to come in,” and so on, each time going away back to the commencement, and each time adding one of the previously13 omitted words until the whole were given and the door opened to admit him.
Usually there is no sense in a parrot’s expression; he “Polly wants a cracker” on all occasions, however inappropriate. He may be taught to use his language in a manner which is almost startling to one uninitiated into the secret of the matter, so apparently14 is it the action of reasoning powers. We have shown above how the bird can be taught to repeat any required set of words (within reasonable limits) to accomplish a desired result. The bird knows nothing about any meaning to these words, he only knows that by making certain sounds he receives a reward. Ordinarily a parrot will persistently15 assert that “Polly wants a cracker” when Polly doesn’t want anything of the kind, but does want a drink of water. The owner does not take the parrot’s statement as the expression of the actual want expressed, but merely that the bird wants something. The parrot consequently uses any phrase he has learned to express any desire. He is capable of associating certain phrases with certain results, without knowing anything of the meaning of the phrase. Thus, if he be taught the phrases: “Polly wants a cracker,” and “Polly wants a drink,” he will be just as apt to express either one by either phrase as he will to do so correctly; but if he receives cracker only when he asks for it, and a drink only when he asks for that, he will learn to associate the different sounds with the different results. This may be extended beyond this simple illustration as much as individual ability is capable of.
A story is told of a dweller16 in some eastern country who trained a parrot for sale. The bird’s education comprised only one phrase: “There can be no doubt of that!” To market the parrot was taken, and exposed for sale. Attracted by his beautiful plumage a certain rich man inquired the price. “One hundred sequins,” replied the owner. “Is he really worth all that?” inquired the customer; whereupon the bird exclaims, “There can be no doubt of that.” Charmed by the appropriateness of the reply the man buys the bird and takes him home in triumph, which triumph is changed to a disgust when the 197limited powers of his prize are discovered. Enraged17 at having paid so extravagant18 a price for so poor a talker the man one day exclaimed in the presence of the bird: “What a fool I was to buy such a stupid thing!” Again the parrot’s single sentence comes in quite appropriate as he repeats, “There can be no doubt of that!”
A bird show was held at a museum in New York several years since, to which a parrot was sent that had been taught to repeat the Lord’s Prayer. This was advertised extensively, and hundreds of persons went to hear the wonder, but to their disappointment and the vexation of the owner, Poll would not utter a word during the exhibition, although fully19 able to do what had been expected. After the show, the parrot was taken home, and upon reaching its place it exclaimed—probably an accustomed phrase—“I suppose I can talk now,” and became as voluble as ever.
The bird’s silence was not remarkable20, as song birds will seldom sing freely for some time after being taken to a new place; the speech on going home certainly seemed to indicate intelligence. A gentleman had taught his parrot to say, “Get your gun, John,” which was well remembered one night by the bird, for burglars entered the house, and Poll, hearing a noise, screamed out at the top of her voice, “Get your gun, John,” awakening21 her owner, and at the same time putting the robbers to flight.
An Englishman describing another wonderful parrot hanging in a cage from the window of a house which he often passed, said: “It cries ‘Stop thief’ so naturally that every time I hear it I always stop.”
It is very essential that the trainer should be on good terms with the parrot, in order to secure success, as they will not readily learn for one for whom they entertain any dislike. Under favorable circumstances not only do they copy the words of their trainer but even his peculiarities22 of voice. Buffon mentions a gray parrot which was taught to speak by a sailor during a voyage from Guinea, and acquired so exactly his harsh voice and cough as to be frequently mistaken for him. It was afterward23 instructed by a young man, and although it then heard no voice but that of its new teacher, the former lessons were never forgotten, and it often amused the bystanders by suddenly passing from a soft and agreeable voice to its old hoarse24 sea tone.
Not only do parrots learn to imitate the human voice but also that of animals. This is more difficult to teach owing to the difficulty of securing the sounds for the bird to copy. A bird 198of good powers will usually pick up this knowledge if it has an opportunity of frequently hearing the animals. The blue and yellow macaw, though it does not readily learn words (except “Jacob,”) seems to have a talent for imitating the bleating25 of sheep, the mewing of cats, and the barking of dogs, with great exactness.
It not only has the power of learning but often shows a desire to do so. It continually repeats the syllables26 which it has heard, and in order not to be misled in memory, endeavors to cry down all sounds which disturb it. So deep an impression do its lessons make that sometimes it dreams aloud. When young its memory is so good as to retain whole verses and sentences. Rhodiginus mentions a gray parrot which could repeat the Apostles’ Creed27 without a slip, and was on that account bought by a cardinal28 for a hundred crowns.
In Scotland a species of parrot is employed to call the names of the stations on the railway. Each bird is taught the name of the station at which it is placed, and this name it shouts on the approach of the train.
Several birds besides parrots possess the power of talking. Magpies29 are taught in Germany to imitate not only the human voice but many striking sounds. They are taken from the nest when quite young, otherwise this cannot be accomplished30. A clergyman in Paris is said to have had two sparrows which were able to repeat the fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh commandments. It produced a highly comic effect when, in their quarrels over their food, one of them would gravely admonish31 the other—“Thou shalt not steal.”
Ravens32 often talk with considerable fluency33. In Thugaingia the traveler on entering an inn is frequently saluted34 with the appellations35, “thief, rascal,” uttered by one of these birds. Some trainers with a view to facilitate the utterance36 of articulate sounds, are accustomed to cut what is called the string of the tongue, an operation which certainly attains37 its end in some measure, though ravens often speak on which it has not been performed.
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1
beaked
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| adj.有喙的，鸟嘴状的 | |
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2
possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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articulation
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| n.（清楚的）发音；清晰度，咬合 | |
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modulation
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| n.调制 | |
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5
mimicked
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| v.（尤指为了逗乐而）模仿( mimic的过去式和过去分词 )；酷似 | |
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6
faculty
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| n.才能；学院，系；(学院或系的)全体教学人员 | |
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7
odds
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| n.让步，机率，可能性，比率；胜败优劣之别 | |
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8
caress
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| vt./n.爱抚，抚摸 | |
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9
intervals
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| n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息 | |
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cracker
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| n.（无甜味的）薄脆饼干 | |
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11
thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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12
alteration
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| n.变更，改变；蚀变 | |
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previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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14
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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15
persistently
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| ad.坚持地；固执地 | |
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16
dweller
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| n.居住者，住客 | |
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17
enraged
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| 使暴怒( enrage的过去式和过去分词 )； 歜； 激愤 | |
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18
extravagant
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| adj.奢侈的；过分的；(言行等)放肆的 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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21
awakening
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| n.觉醒，醒悟 adj.觉醒中的；唤醒的 | |
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22
peculiarities
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| n. 特质, 特性, 怪癖, 古怪 | |
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afterward
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| adv.后来；以后 | |
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24
hoarse
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| adj.嘶哑的，沙哑的 | |
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25
bleating
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| v.（羊，小牛）叫( bleat的现在分词 )；哭诉；发出羊叫似的声音；轻声诉说 | |
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26
syllables
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| n.音节( syllable的名词复数 ) | |
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27
creed
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| n.信条；信念，纲领 | |
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28
cardinal
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| n.(天主教的)红衣主教；adj.首要的，基本的 | |
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29
magpies
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| 喜鹊（magpie的复数形式） | |
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30
accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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admonish
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| v.训戒；警告；劝告 | |
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32
ravens
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| n.低质煤；渡鸦( raven的名词复数 ) | |
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33
fluency
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| n.流畅，雄辩，善辩 | |
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34
saluted
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| v.欢迎，致敬( salute的过去式和过去分词 )；赞扬，赞颂 | |
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35
appellations
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| n.名称，称号( appellation的名词复数 ) | |
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36
utterance
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| n.用言语表达，话语，言语 | |
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37
attains
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的第三人称单数 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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