Aug. 24—The English government, however, had the magnanimity, when news arrived of the Declaration of War by the United States, to allow all American vessels then in their ports six weeks to dispose of their lading and to depart undisturbed.
The great success of the war on the American side was on the sea, where it was much more seriously detrimental9 and mortifying10 to the English than victories on the land would have been. The land forces were generally inefficiently11 conducted, though the close of the war was signalized by the victory of Gen. Jackson, at New Orleans, which was extremely gratifying to American pride.
” 15—Ft. Dearborn (now Chicago) was abandoned by its small garrison15, by the orders of Hull. During their retreat they were attacked, and most of them massacred by the Indians.
” 16—Gen. Hull surrendered Detroit and all the military forces and stores in the territory to the British. He was afterward17 sentenced[621] to death by a court-martial19, but pardoned by the president, though degraded from all military command.
” 19—The U. S. frigate20 Constitution, Capt. Hull, does great honor to the American arms by the capture of the English frigate Guerriere. This vessel2 had challenged the American vessels in a contemptuous way. She had 79 killed and wounded, the Constitution only 13. There were 10 impressed American seamen21 on the Guerriere.
Sept. 7—The U. S. frigate Essex captures the Alert in 8 minutes.
Oct. 13—In another invasion of Canada by Gen. Van Rensselaer, though much gallantry was displayed, an unexpected British reinforcement obliged the surrender of 700 men after 160 had been killed and wounded.
” 18—The U. S. sloop23 of war Wasp24 captures the British sloop of war Frolic, which was the strongest vessel. The Frolic had 100 killed and wounded, the Wasp but 10. Both were captured by a British 74 pounder the same day.
” 25—Capt. Decatur, of the frigate United States, captures the Macedonian, a British frigate. British loss 104, American only 7.
Nov. 22—The U. S. brig Vixen is captured by the English frigate Southampton. Both were afterward shipwrecked.
A presidential election in this month secured the re-election of Madison.
Dec. 29—The U. S. frigate Constitution, Commodore Bainbridge, captures the British frigate Java, off the coast of Brazil. American loss 44, British 151. These naval25 victories with so little loss produced much exultation26 in America, and much surprise and mortification27 in England. The Americans were able seamen, and had long burned to avenge28 the insults and contempt of the English navy. Americans are capable of extraordinary vigor29 when thoroughly30 aroused. The operations on land had been much interfered31 with by the strenuous32 and almost treasonable opposition33 of the anti-war party, and this continued to be an embarrassment34 during nearly its whole course. The general disfavor with which this violent opposition was regarded, however, and the sympathy felt for the President, so embarrassed, procured35 his re-election.
1813.
Military operations this year were, in part, more creditable and encouraging. The regular force amounted to about 55,000 men; an act had been passed authorizing36 the construction of four 74 gun ships, and six forty-fours; and for an increase of the navy on the lakes.
Jan. 22—A disastrous37 enterprise at Frenchtown (now Monroe, Mich.) results in the loss of nearly 900 American troops under Winchester. The wounded were left by Gen. Proctor, the British commander, to be massacred by the Indians.
[622]
” 23—Geo. Clymer, of Pa., signer of the Declaration of Independence, died.
” 26—An act of Congress authorizes38 the President to borrow $16,000,000.
Feb. 24—The Hornet captures the British brig Peacock, on the coast of South America.
The Delaware and Chesapeake bays are blockaded by the British about this time.
” 8—The emperor of Russia having offered his services as mediator41 between the United States and England, the President appoints commissioners42 to treat for peace.
Apr. 10—The British attack Lewiston, Del., but are repulsed44 after having bombarded it several days.
” 27—Americans under Gen. Pike, capture York, Upper Canada, with a large quantity of stores. Gen. Pike is killed.
” 5—Gen. Clay coming to his assistance Proctor retreats. Col. Dudley, making a sortie from Ft. Meigs, is drawn46 into an ambuscade and loses 650 men. He is himself mortally wounded.
” 27—Ft. George, at Niagara, surrenders to the Americans, and Sir Geo. Prevost is repulsed from Sacketts Harbor, N. Y., by Gen. Brown.
June 1—The U. S. frigate Chesapeake captured by the British frigate Shannon. American loss 133; British loss about half as many. Capt. Lawrence of the Chesapeake is mortally wounded.
” 6—Gens. Chandler and Winder surprised in the night by the enemy they were going to attack. The two generals are taken prisoners, but their troops repulse43 the enemy and retire.
” 23—Col. Boerstler, in command of an American force of 600 men, is surrounded by a superior force at Beaver48 Dams and compelled to surrender.
” 25—Admiral Cockburn, failing in his attack on the American forces at Craney Island, Va., lands at Hampton and commits many outrages49.
July 31—American Com. Chauncy lands at York, U. C., captures and destroys stores, and the British do the same at Plattsburg, on lake Champlain.
Aug. 2—Gen. Proctor with 1,000 British and Indians attacks Col. Croghan with 160 men, at Ft. Stephenson, Lower Sandusky, O., and is repulsed with a loss of 150.
About this time the American frigate Essex, Capt. Porter, cruising in the Pacific ocean, captured 12 armed British whalers.
[623]
” 13—The American sloop-of-war Argus, cruising in the English Channel, captured 21 British merchantmen, but was herself captured by the Pelican50 after a severe engagement.
” 30—Tecumseh had stirred up the Creek51 Indians to war, and they attacked Ft. Mims, which they set on fire and captured, massacring all but 20 out of 400 men, women and children.
” 10—Perry’s victory on Lake Erie. He captures the whole fleet (6 vessels) of the enemy. His laconic53 dispatch to Gen. Harrison was, “We have met the enemy, and they are ours.”
Oct. 5—Battle of the Thames (Upper Canada). Gen. Harrison, commanding the Americans, defeated the British and Indians, under Gen. Proctor and Tecumseh. The latter was slain54. The British lost about 600 in killed, wounded and prisoners; the Americans 17 killed and 30 wounded.
” ”—Commodore Chauncy captures 5 British vessels on Lake Ontario.
” 9—Gen. Jackson defeats the Indians at Talladega, Ala., killing56 290 of them. Two other battles with the Indians occurred this month, and one in Dec. in which they were defeated with great slaughter57, and little loss to the Americans. Yet so spirited and resolute58 were they as to require to be almost exterminated59 before they would make peace.
” 11—1,200 Americans, under Gen. Boyd, engage 2,000 British, under Lt. Col. Morrison, and are repulsed with a loss of 339. British loss 180.
” 19—Ft. Niagara is taken by the British and Indians who massacre16 the garrison. Youngstown, Lewistown, the Tuscarora Indian village, and Manchester, all in N. Y., are burned, in retaliation61 of the destruction of Newark.
” 30—The British burn Black Rock, Buffalo62, three vessels of Perry’s fleet, and large quantities of provisions. Gen. Proctor justifies63 it as a proper retaliation. The burning of Newark was barbarous, but was avenged64 tenfold. Naturalized Irishmen, taken by the British in our armies this year, were sent to England to be tried for treason. An equal number of English officers were imprisoned by the American government and notice given to the governor of Canada that they should receive the same treatment and fate as our Irish soldiers. This had its effect, and the latter remained simply prisoners of war. This claim, and corresponding action on the part of the English government, which was one of[624] the principal causes of the war, was, from this time, practically relinquished65. In December an embargo66 was laid by Congress on American goods and provisions, to prevent their being employed to supply the British blockading force and armies. It produced great discontent in New England, where a large part of the people were dependent on commerce, and were thrown into great distress67. There was much factious68, and even seditious, opposition to the government.
1814.
The army operations had been unsuccessful in Canada during the last of the campaign, owing, it was thought, to the inefficiency69 of the commanders, and perhaps partly to the want of experience of their subalterns. Changes, that were proved much for the better, were made, and the campaign of this year, in this quarter, showed a more honorable record. Since the commencement of the war till this year, the English government had been carrying on an immense European war, which was closed by the abdication70 of Bonaparte and his banishment71 to the island of Elba. They prepared for a more vigorous effort in America, by sending considerable armies of the veterans of Wellington, who had conquered in Europe. They had received, the impression that the opposition to the war and the republican party, would co?perate with them, and that they might re-establish their dominion72 over their former colonies.
But they did not comprehend American character. Party politics have always been conducted in a bitter and hostile spirit, but that hostility73 has not been directed against their institutions. Extreme attachment74 to these, and jealous care to preserve all rights guaranteed by the Constitution, has always led the opposition to a close and sharp criticism of all measures of the party in power differing from their own interpretation75 of Constitutional rights. When these institutions are really in danger all parties unite in a defense76, the obstinacy77 and vigor of which carries everything before it. It stops at no obstacles, hesitates before no sacrifices, and counts no odds78. This became apparent to the British during the summer, dispelled79 forever their dream of conquest, and led to a peace at the close of the campaign. The British sent 14,000 troops to Canada this spring, which was supported, in July and August, by a large reinforcement. A strong naval force, with a large body of troops, was sent to invade the heart of the country and capture Washington. After failing in maintaining their ground here, they were directed against the gulf80 coast and the Mississippi river, ending in their decisive defeat by Gen. Jackson, at New Orleans, Jan. 8th, 1815, nine days before the treaty of peace, signed at Ghent, in Belgium, Dec. 24, was known in America.
Mar. 24—A loan of $25,000,000 authorized by Congress.
” 27—Gen. Jackson’s defeat of the Indians at Great Horseshoe Bend, Ala. This battle accomplished81 the subjection of the Creek Indians. Jackson had fought them on the 21st, 24th and 27th of[625] Jan., when they came near defeating him, but notwithstanding their fierce and obstinate82 bravery, he conquered each time, and finally, nearly exterminated them.
” 28—The brilliant career of the U. S. frigate Essex, in the Pacific ocean, is terminated by its capture, at Valparaiso, Chili83, by the British frigate Phebe and another sloop of war.
” 30—Gen. Wilkinson is repulsed in an advance into Canada, at La Colle, and is afterwards tried by court martial. Gen. Brown is given the command of the Niagara frontier, and Gen. Izard of northern N. Y.
April 21—The U. S. sloop of war Frolic captured by the British frigate Orpheus.
” 27—The U. S. sloop of war Peacock captures the British brig-of-war Epervier with $118,000 specie on board.
May 7—A British force captures and destroys the American fort at Oswego, N. Y., and carries off several guns.
” 29—The Americans capture a British force at Sandy Creek, N. Y.
June 9—The U. S. sloop of war Rattlesnake captured by a British 50 gun ship.
” 12—The U. S. sloop Syren captured by a British 74.
” 28—The U. S. sloop of war Wasp captures the British sloop of war Reindeer84, in the British Channel.
July 3—Gen. Brown captures Ft. Erie, near Niagara, U. C.
” 5—Battle of Chippewa, Canada. Gens. Brown, Scott, and Ripley, with about 3,000 men, were opposed by the British Gen. Riall with an equal number of the veterans of Waterloo. Gen. Scott attacked them with such prudence85 and valor86 as to conquer a largely superior force before Gen. Ripley could come up to his aid. It was a splendid test of American mettle87. Loss of the British 514, of Scott 328. The British fall back to Ft. George.
” 11—The British make a descent on the coast of Maine.
” 25—Gen. Scott engages a British force of seven times his number, and holds his ground for some hours when Gen. Ripley comes to his aid, and they drive the British from the field; but having only 1,600 men left, while the British have 5,000, they retire next day. The British lost 878, the Americans 860.
” 8—First meeting of the U. S. and English commissioners to treat for peace, who arranged the terms at the close of this year. The English were very high in their demands till the failure of their much vaunted veteran troops.
” 9—The British make an unsuccessful attack on Stonington, Conn. A treaty is made with the Creek Indians.
” 15—The British repulsed from Ft. Erie with the loss of 962 men. The Americans lost 84.
[626]
” 20—A British force landed from the fleet in the Chesapeake, marches on Washington.
” 24—The battle of Bladensburg, near Washington. The Americans, much inferior in numbers, were defeated. The British, under Gen. Ross, entered Washington the same day. They destroyed much private property, as well as public stores, buildings and documents.
Not deeming it prudent89 to remain, the British retreated from Washington to their vessels, leaving the people greatly exasperated90 at conduct unworthy of the army of a civilized91 nation.
” 27—Alexandria, Va., delivers up the public stores and shipping92 there and much merchandise as a ransom93 from plunder94 and burning.
Sept. 1—The U. S. sloop of war Wasp captures the British sloop Avon. After taking three other prizes in European waters, she disappeared and was never again heard of—supposed to have foundered95 at sea. The British Gen. Prevost advances toward Plattsburg, N. Y., with 12,000 veteran troops.
” 11—The battle of Plattsburg. Com. McDonough, American, with 4 vessels, 10 gun boats and 850 men, captures the British Com. Downie’s fleet of 4 vessels, 12 gun boats and 1,000 men. A simultaneous attack by Prevost on Plattsburg miscarried by the failure of the fleet and panic of the soldiers. They return, in disorder96, to Canada.
” 12—The British who had captured Washington, appear near Baltimore and land a force which repulses97 the Baltimore militia98, and, next day advances toward the city; but the attack seems so formidable to them that they retreat in the night to their vessels and depart. The British admiral could not reduce Ft. M’Henry so as to co-operate in an attack on the city by water. The patriotic99 song, “The Star Spangled Banner,” was written during this bombardment of Fort M’Henry. Gen. Ross, the British commander, was killed soon after the landing of the troops.
About this time various attacks are made at different places on the coast of New England, and the British pretend, by proclamation, to take possession of all of Maine east of the Penobscot river and annex100 it to New Brunswick.
” 17—A sortie is made from Ft. Erie and the works of the enemy surprised and taken with a loss to him of 1,000 men in killed, wounded and prisoners.
Thus, in the midst of ravages and alarms on the coast, the destruction of our commerce, the stagnation101 of business, the financial difficulties of the government that almost amounted to bankruptcy102, and the complaints of the peace party, (which produced much alarm by the calling of a convention of the New England States, in December of this year, at Hartford, Conn.,) the[627] honor of the United States was preserved. The formidable armies in Canada had been baffled and defeated, the capture of Washington followed immediately by the withdrawal103 of the invaders104, and a strong point made which had its effect in substantially gaining the cause that had brought on the war, for the Americans, in the treaty negotiations105 in progress. The British now turned their attention to the Mississippi river and the coast of the gulf of Mexico.
Nov. 7—Gen. Jackson takes Pensacola from the British, who were laboring106 to raise the Indians to war again.
Dec. 15—A British fleet captures the flotilla on Lake Borgne, La.
” 22—12,000 British troops land below New Orleans, and repulse the Americans.
” 24—The treaty of peace is signed at Ghent, but is not known in America until Feb. following.
1815.
Jan. 8—Gen. Jackson, with only 6,000 men, had intrenched himself in front of the British, who now made an assault on his position. They were repulsed with great slaughter, losing their general, Packingham, and near 2,000 men. Jackson lost but 7 killed and 6 wounded. The British retreated to their vessels.
” 15—The U. S. frigate President captured by four English vessels.
Feb. 18—Ft. Bowyer, near Pensacola, Fla., invested by the British fleet. It surrenders on the 21st.
” 17—The treaty of peace which arrived at New York on the 11th by the British sloop of war Favorite, ratified107 by the American government and Peace proclaimed.
” 24—Congress authorizes the loan of $18,400,000, and the issue of treasury notes to the amount of $25,000,000.
” 28—The naval war was continued some time longer. The U. S. frigate Constitution captures two British vessels of war, the frigate Cyane and the sloop Levant, off the island of Madeira. In March the U. S. frigate Hornet captured the British brig Penguin108, on the coast of Brazil.
The British government, elated by their triumph over Bonaparte, their large army accustomed to conquer in Europe, and the fleets set free from the blockade of the Continent, thought to make an easy conquest of America. But all their attempts were defeated. Had peace been made a little later the Americans might have obtained much better terms.
This war had been waged under many difficulties by the American administration. The country and its institutions, were new, and there was no such reserved fund of wealth and credit, as is always found in an old and well organized state. They depended largely on commerce, which was almost destroyed by the great[628] naval force of Great Britain, and the embargo policy. Our navy was gallant22 and successful; but the government lacked the means, and the unanimous support of the people, requisite109 to increase it to the necessary strength. The administration did not act with the vigor and efficiency calculated to bring all sections and classes to its support, and the people had not yet the experience and knowledge of the value and strength of their own institutions needful to inspire confidence, so that they were critical and difficult to please, and this spirit impaired110 the efficiency of nearly all government measures. What they undertook could be only imperfectly done. The old soldiers of the Revolution were dead or unfit by age for good service, and time was necessary to train others and ascertain111 who had the necessary military capacity for conducting operations with success. Yet, under all these great difficulties, the United States came out of the war with the respect of the world, such as it had never before enjoyed. It became formidable to Europe as a great and vigorous power with which it was not safe to trifle.
This was still more clear when the government declared war on the Dey of Algiers, one of the pirate princes of the North of Africa, which, for hundreds of years, had made war on the commerce of all nations almost with impunity112. Having violated their treaty with us, the President sent out an adequate naval force
June 17-19—which captured two Algerine vessels of war, and threatened Algiers. The Dey, intimidated113, immediately made peace, giving liberty to all prisoners without ransom, and full satisfaction for the injuries done to our commerce. No European nation had before so humbled114 these pirates, and it at once raised the credit of our government, and gained us respect and esteem115.
June 30—The last hostile act at sea took place in the Straits of Sunda, in the East Indies, where the U. S. brig of war Peacock captured the Nautilus, a British sloop of war. Thus the three American vessels at sea when the war closed, each came home crowned with laurels116. The British vessels captured during the war numbered 1,750—the American 1,683. The spirit and energy of the Americans, under all their embarrassments117, gave an unmistakable indication of the future greatness and power of the United States.
1816.
The last two years’ experience had taught the government and the people many important lessons by which they hastened to profit. The coast was fortified118, the navy increased, manufactures and commerce encouraged, and the best measures that the wisdom of the times could suggest, employed to restore the finances. The violently factious opposition of parties was much moderated by the confidence gained to our government and institutions,[629] and the evident folly119 of excessive fears. The Second U.S. Bank was chartered for 20 years, with a capital of $35,000,000.
Dec. 11—Indiana admitted into the union as a State. James Monroe was, this autumn, elected President.
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1
seizure
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| n.没收；占有；抵押 | |
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vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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upwards
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| adv.向上，在更高处...以上 | |
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averse
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| adj.厌恶的；反对的，不乐意的 | |
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negotiation
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| n.谈判，协商 | |
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hostilities
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| n.战争；敌意(hostility的复数)；敌对状态；战事 | |
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imprisoned
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| 下狱，监禁( imprison的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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detrimental
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| adj.损害的，造成伤害的 | |
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mortifying
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| adj.抑制的，苦修的v.使受辱( mortify的现在分词 )；伤害（人的感情）；克制；抑制（肉体、情感等） | |
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inefficiently
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| adv.无效率地 | |
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hull
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| n.船身；(果、实等的)外壳；vt.去(谷物等)壳 | |
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mishaps
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| n.轻微的事故，小的意外( mishap的名词复数 ) | |
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miller
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| n.磨坊主 | |
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garrison
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| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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massacre
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| n.残杀，大屠杀；v.残杀，集体屠杀 | |
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afterward
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| adv.后来；以后 | |
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mar
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| vt.破坏，毁坏，弄糟 | |
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martial
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| adj.战争的，军事的，尚武的，威武的 | |
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frigate
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| n.护航舰，大型驱逐舰 | |
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seamen
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| n.海员 | |
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gallant
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| adj.英勇的，豪侠的；(向女人)献殷勤的 | |
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sloop
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wasp
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| n.黄蜂，蚂蜂 | |
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naval
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| adj.海军的，军舰的，船的 | |
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exultation
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mortification
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| n.耻辱，屈辱 | |
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avenge
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vigor
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| n.活力，精力，元气 | |
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thoroughly
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interfered
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| v.干预( interfere的过去式和过去分词 )；调停；妨碍；干涉 | |
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strenuous
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| adj.奋发的，使劲的；紧张的；热烈的，狂热的 | |
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opposition
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| n.反对，敌对 | |
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embarrassment
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| n.尴尬；使人为难的人(事物)；障碍；窘迫 | |
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procured
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| v.（努力）取得， （设法）获得( procure的过去式和过去分词 )；拉皮条 | |
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authorizing
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| 授权，批准，委托( authorize的现在分词 ) | |
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disastrous
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| adj.灾难性的，造成灾害的；极坏的，很糟的 | |
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authorizes
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| 授权，批准，委托( authorize的名词复数 ) | |
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authorized
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| a.委任的，许可的 | |
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treasury
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| n.宝库；国库，金库；文库 | |
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mediator
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| n.调解人，中介人 | |
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commissioners
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| n.专员( commissioner的名词复数 )；长官；委员；政府部门的长官 | |
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repulse
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| n.击退，拒绝；vt.逐退，击退，拒绝 | |
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repulsed
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| v.击退( repulse的过去式和过去分词 )；驳斥；拒绝 | |
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besieges
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| 包围，围困，围攻( besiege的第三人称单数 ) | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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ravages
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| 劫掠后的残迹，破坏的结果，毁坏后的残迹 | |
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beaver
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| n.海狸，河狸 | |
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49
outrages
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| 引起…的义愤，激怒( outrage的第三人称单数 ) | |
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50
pelican
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| n.鹈鹕，伽蓝鸟 | |
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51
creek
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| n.小溪，小河，小湾 | |
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52
boxer
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| n.制箱者，拳击手 | |
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53
laconic
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| adj.简洁的；精练的 | |
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54
slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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55
warriors
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| 武士，勇士，战士( warrior的名词复数 ) | |
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56
killing
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| n.巨额利润；突然赚大钱，发大财 | |
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57
slaughter
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| n.屠杀，屠宰；vt.屠杀，宰杀 | |
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58
resolute
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| adj.坚决的，果敢的 | |
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59
exterminated
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| v.消灭，根绝( exterminate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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60
evacuated
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| 撤退者的 | |
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61
retaliation
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| n.报复，反击 | |
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62
buffalo
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| n.(北美)野牛；(亚洲)水牛 | |
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63
justifies
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| 证明…有理( justify的第三人称单数 )； 为…辩护； 对…作出解释； 为…辩解（或辩护） | |
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64
avenged
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| v.为…复仇，报…之仇( avenge的过去式和过去分词 )；为…报复 | |
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relinquished
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| 交出，让给( relinquish的过去式和过去分词 )； 放弃 | |
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66
embargo
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| n.禁运（令）；vt.对...实行禁运，禁止（通商） | |
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distress
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| n.苦恼，痛苦，不舒适；不幸；vt.使悲痛 | |
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68
factious
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| adj.好搞宗派活动的，派系的，好争论的 | |
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inefficiency
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| n.无效率，无能；无效率事例 | |
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abdication
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| n.辞职；退位 | |
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71
banishment
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| n.放逐，驱逐 | |
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72
dominion
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| n.统治，管辖，支配权；领土，版图 | |
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hostility
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| n.敌对，敌意；抵制［pl.］交战，战争 | |
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attachment
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| n.附属物，附件；依恋；依附 | |
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interpretation
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| n.解释，说明，描述；艺术处理 | |
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76
defense
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| n.防御，保卫；[pl.]防务工事；辩护，答辩 | |
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obstinacy
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| n.顽固；（病痛等）难治 | |
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odds
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| n.让步，机率，可能性，比率；胜败优劣之别 | |
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dispelled
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| v.驱散，赶跑( dispel的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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gulf
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| n.海湾；深渊，鸿沟；分歧，隔阂 | |
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accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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82
obstinate
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| adj.顽固的，倔强的，不易屈服的，较难治愈的 | |
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chili
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| n.辣椒 | |
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84
reindeer
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| n.驯鹿 | |
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85
prudence
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| n.谨慎，精明，节俭 | |
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86
valor
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| n.勇气，英勇 | |
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mettle
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| n.勇气，精神 | |
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besieged
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| 包围，围困，围攻( besiege的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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prudent
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| adj.谨慎的，有远见的，精打细算的 | |
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exasperated
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| adj.恼怒的 | |
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civilized
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| a.有教养的，文雅的 | |
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shipping
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| n.船运（发货，运输，乘船） | |
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ransom
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| n.赎金，赎身；v.赎回，解救 | |
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plunder
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| vt.劫掠财物，掠夺；n.劫掠物，赃物；劫掠 | |
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foundered
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| v.创始人( founder的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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disorder
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| n.紊乱，混乱；骚动，骚乱；疾病，失调 | |
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repulses
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| v.击退( repulse的第三人称单数 )；驳斥；拒绝 | |
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militia
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| n.民兵，民兵组织 | |
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patriotic
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| adj.爱国的，有爱国心的 | |
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100
annex
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| vt.兼并，吞并；n.附属建筑物 | |
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101
stagnation
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| n. 停滞 | |
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102
bankruptcy
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| n.破产；无偿付能力 | |
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103
withdrawal
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| n.取回，提款；撤退，撤军；收回，撤销 | |
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104
invaders
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| 入侵者，侵略者，侵入物( invader的名词复数 ) | |
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negotiations
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| 协商( negotiation的名词复数 )； 谈判； 完成（难事）； 通过 | |
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laboring
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| n.劳动，操劳v.努力争取(for)( labor的现在分词 )；苦干；详细分析；（指引擎）缓慢而困难地运转 | |
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107
ratified
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| v.批准，签认（合约等）( ratify的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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108
penguin
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| n.企鹅 | |
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109
requisite
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| adj.需要的，必不可少的；n.必需品 | |
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110
impaired
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| adj.受损的；出毛病的；有（身体或智力）缺陷的v.损害，削弱( impair的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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111
ascertain
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| vt.发现，确定，查明，弄清 | |
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112
impunity
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| n.(惩罚、损失、伤害等的)免除 | |
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113
intimidated
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| v.恐吓；威胁adj.害怕的；受到威胁的 | |
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114
humbled
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| adj. 卑下的，谦逊的，粗陋的 vt. 使 ... 卑下，贬低 | |
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115
esteem
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| n.尊敬，尊重；vt.尊重，敬重；把…看作 | |
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116
laurels
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| n.桂冠，荣誉 | |
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117
embarrassments
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| n.尴尬( embarrassment的名词复数 )；难堪；局促不安；令人难堪或耻辱的事 | |
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118
fortified
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| adj. 加强的 | |
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119
folly
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| n.愚笨，愚蠢，蠢事，蠢行，傻话 | |
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eminent
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| adj.显赫的，杰出的，有名的，优良的 | |
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