The value of this manual is attested5 by its use continued to the present day, so far as it is applicable. The Rules of the House are therefore representative of the wisdom of the Old World on this point as well as of the usages of the New.
They deserve to be carefully studied by American citizens above any other body of parliamentary rules for several reasons besides those mentioned above. Hardly any other will be likely to contain so many points of adaptation to popular use; every one should be fairly acquainted with the prevailing6 usages that he may be ready to act his part well if called on to preside in any public meeting; all who read the reports of congressional doings require such acquaintance with parliamentary usage to fully2 appreciate many points in such reports, and these Rules are a fine illustration of the spirit of our government and the genius of the American people.
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We see, in the most impressive manner, that the utmost pain is taken to make Legislative work orderly, decorous, and as rapid as is consistent with due care that what is done shall be well and carefully done; that no pains are spared, in regulations, that every legislator shall have the means of knowing all that is his special business to know; and we discover that proper care is taken to see that economy and faithfulness are constantly observed by all the officers of the government. If this is not always actually the case there is, at least, no fault in the arrangements, rules and orders to that effect. All the people should know to what they may properly hold their Representatives accountable, and they will be prepared to judge of the extent of obedience7 or transgression9. The Rules are just and good. Let the people see that they are properly observed.
The House of Representatives has 160 Rules, the Senate 52, and the Joint10 Rules of the House and Senate, regulating their intercourse11 with each other, number 22. Whatever of difference exists between them is unimportant after due allowance is made for the different character and constitution of the two bodies. The principles on which they are founded are identical.
STANDING RULES AND ORDERS FOR CONDUCTING BUSINESS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES.
THE DUTY OF THE SPEAKER.
1. He shall take the chair every day precisely12 at the hour to which the House shall have adjourned13 on the preceding day; shall immediately call the members to order; and, on the appearance of a quorum15, shall cause the journal of the preceding day to be read.
2. He shall preserve order and decorum; may speak to points of order in preference to other members, rising from his seat for that purpose; and shall decide questions of order, subject to an appeal to the House by any two members—on which appeal no member shall speak more than once, unless by leave of the House.
3. He shall rise to put a question, but may state it sitting.
4. Questions shall be distinctly put in this form, to wit: “As many as are of opinion that (as the question may be) say Aye;” and after the affirmative voice is expressed, “As many as are of the contrary opinion say No.” If the Speaker doubt, or a division be called for, the House shall divide; those in the affirmative of the question shall first rise from their seats, and afterwards those in the negative. If the Speaker still doubt, or a count be required by at least one-fifth of the quorum of the members, the Speaker shall name two members, one from each side, to tell the members in the affirmative and negative—which being reported, he shall rise and state the decision to the House.
5. The Speaker shall examine and correct the journal before it is read.[700] He shall have a general direction of the hall, and the unappropriated rooms in that part of the capitol assigned to the House shall be subject to his order and disposal until the further order of the House. He shall have a right to name any member to perform the duties of the chair, but such substitution shall not extend beyond an adjournment16.
6. No person shall be permitted to perform divine service in the chamber17 occupied by the House of Representatives, unless with the consent of the Speaker.
7. In all cases of ballot18 by the House, the Speaker shall vote; in other cases he shall not be required to vote, unless the House be equally divided, or unless his vote, if given to the minority, will make the division equal; and in case of such equal division, the question shall be lost.
8. All acts, addresses, and joint resolutions, shall be signed by the Speaker; and all writs19, warrants, and subp?nas, issued by order of the House, shall be under his hand and seal, attested by the clerk.
9. In case of any disturbance20 or disorderly conduct in the galleries or lobby, the Speaker (or Chairman of the Committee of the Whole House,) shall have power to order the same to be cleared.
OF THE CLERK AND OTHER OFFICERS.
10. There shall be elected at the commencement of each Congress, to continue in office until their successors are appointed, a clerk, sergeant-at-arms, doorkeeper, and postmaster, each of whom shall take an oath for the true and faithful discharge of the duties of his office, to the best of his knowledge and abilities, and to keep the secrets of the House; and the appointees of the doorkeeper and postmaster shall be subject to the approval of the Speaker; and, in all cases of election by the House of its officers, the vote shall be taken viva voce.
11. In all cases where other than members of the House may be eligible21 to an office by the election of the House, there shall be a previous nomination22.
12. In all other cases of ballot than for committees, a majority of the votes given shall be necessary to an election; and where there shall not be such a majority on the first ballot, the ballots23 shall be repeated until a majority be obtained. And in all ballotings blanks shall be rejected, and not taken into the count in enumeration24 of the votes, or reported by the tellers25.
13. It shall be the duty of the clerk to make and cause to be printed and delivered to each member at the commencement of every session of Congress, a list of the reports which it is the duty of any officer or department of the government to make to Congress; referring to the act or resolution and page of the volume of the laws or journal in which it may be contained, and placing under the name of each officer the list of reports required to be made, and the time when the report may be expected.
14. It shall be the duty of the clerk of the House at the end of each[701] session, to send a printed copy of the journals thereof to the Executive, and to each branch of the Legislature of every State.
15. All questions of order shall be noted26 by the clerk, with the decision, and put together at the end of the journal of every session.
16. The clerk shall, within thirty days after the close of each session of Congress, cause to be completed the printing and primary distribution to members and delegates, of the Journal of the House, together with an accurate index of the same.
17. There shall be retained in the library of the clerk’s office, for the use of the members there, and not to be withdrawn27 therefrom, two copies of all the books and printed documents deposited in the library.
18. The clerk shall have preserved for each member of the House an extra copy, in good binding28, of all the documents printed by order of either House at each future session of Congress.
19. The clerk shall make a weekly statement of the resolutions and bills (Senate bills inclusive) upon the Speaker’s table accompanied with a brief reference to the orders and proceedings29 of the House upon each, and the date of such order and proceedings; which statement shall be printed for the use of the members.
20. The clerk shall cause an index to be prepared to the acts passed at every session of Congress, and to be printed and bound with the acts.
21. All contracts, bargains, or agreements, relative to the furnishing any matter or thing or for the performance of any labor30 for the House of Representatives, shall be made with the clerk, or approved by him, before any allowances shall be made therefor by the Committee of Accounts.
22. It shall be the duty of the sergeant-at-arms to attend the House during its sittings; to aid in the enforcement of order under the direction of the Speaker; to execute the commands of the House from time to time; together with all such process, issued by authority thereof, as shall be directed to him by the Speaker.
23. The symbol of his office (the mace) shall be borne by the sergeant-at-arms when in the execution of his office.
24. The fees of the sergeant-at-arms shall be for every arrest, the sum of two dollars; for each day’s custody31 and releasement, one dollar; and for traveling expenses for himself or a special messenger, going and returning, one-tenth of a dollar for each mile necessarily and actually traveled by such officer or other person in the execution of such precept32 or summons.
25. It shall be the duty of the sergeant-at-arms to keep the accounts for the pay and mileage33 of members, to prepare checks, and, if required to do so, to draw the money on such checks for the members, (the same being previously34 signed by the Speaker, and endorsed35 by the member,) and pay over the same to the member entitled thereto.
26. The sergeant-at-arms shall give bond, with surety, to the United States, in a sum not less than five nor more than ten thousand dollars, at the discretion36 of the Speaker, and with such surety as the Speaker may[702] approve, faithfully to account for the money coming into his hands for the pay of members.
27. The doorkeeper shall execute strictly37 the 134th and 135th rules, relative to the privilege of the hall. And he shall be required, at the commencement and close of each session of Congress, to take an inventory38 of all the furniture, books, and other public property in the several committee and other rooms under his charge, and shall report the same to the House; which report shall be referred to the Committee on Accounts, who shall determine the amount for which he shall be held liable for missing articles.
28. The postmaster shall superintend the post-office kept in the capitol for the accommodation of the members.
OF THE MEMBERS.
29. No member shall vote on any question in the event of which he is immediately and particularly interested, or in any case where he was not within the bar of the House when the question was put. And when any member shall ask leave to vote, the Speaker shall propound39 to him the question, “Were you within the bar before the last name on the roll was called?” and if he shall answer in the negative the Speaker shall not further entertain the request of such member to vote: Provided, however, that any member who was absent by leave of the House, may vote at any time before the result is announced.
30. Upon a division and count of the house on any question, no member without the bar shall be counted.
31. Every member who shall be in the house when the question is put, shall give his vote unless the House shall excuse him. All motions to excuse a member from voting, shall be made before the house divides, or before the call of the yeas and nays40 is commenced; and the question shall then be taken without debate.
32. The name of a member who presents a petition or memorial, or who offers a resolution for the consideration of the House, shall be inserted on the journals.
33. No member shall absent himself from the service of the House unless he have leave, or be sick and unable to attend.
OF CALLS OF THE HOUSE.
34. Any fifteen members (including the Speaker, if there be one), shall be authorized41 to compel the attendance of absent members.
35. Upon calls of the House, or in taking the yeas and nays on any question, the names of the members shall be called alphabetically42.
36. Upon the call of the House, the names of the members shall be called over by the clerk, and the absentees noted; after which the names of the absentees shall again be called over; the doors shall then be shut, and those for whom no excuse or insufficient43 excuses are made may, by order of those present, if fifteen in number, be taken into custody as they[703] appear, or may be sent for and taken into custody, wherever to be found, by special messengers to be appointed for that purpose.
37. When a member shall be discharged from custody, and admitted to his seat, the House shall determine whether such discharge shall be with or without paying fees; and in like manner whether a delinquent44 member, taken into custody by a special messenger, shall or shall not be liable to defray the expenses of such special messenger.
ON MOTIONS, THEIR PRECEDENCE, ETC.
38. When a motion is made and seconded, it shall be stated by the Speaker; or, being in writing, it shall be handed to the chair and read aloud by the clerk, before debated.
39. Every motion shall be reduced to writing if the Speaker or any member desire it. Every written motion made to the House shall be inserted on the journals, with the name of the member making it, unless it be withdrawn on the same day on which it was submitted.
40. After a motion is stated by the Speaker, or read by the clerk, it shall be deemed to be in the possession of the House, but may be withdrawn at any time before a decision or amendment46.
41. When any motion or proposition is made, the question, “Will the House now consider it?” shall not be put unless it is demanded by some member, or is deemed necessary by the Speaker.
42. When a question is under debate, no motion shall be received but to adjourn14, to lie on the table, for the previous question, to postpone47 to a certain day, to commit or amend45, to postpone indefinitely; which several motions shall have precedence in the order in which they are arranged; and no motion to postpone to a certain day, to commit, or postpone indefinitely, being decided48, shall be again allowed on the same day, and at the same stage of the bill or proposition.
43. When a resolution shall be offered, or a motion made, to refer any subject, and different committees shall be proposed, the question shall be taken in the following order:
The Committee of the Whole House on the state of the union; the Committee of the Whole House; a Standing Committee; a select Committee.
44. A motion to adjourn, and a motion to fix the day to which the House shall adjourn, shall be always in order; these motions and the motion to lie on the table, shall be decided without debate.
45. The hour at which every motion to adjourn is made shall be entered on the journal.
46. Any member may call for the division of a question before or after the main question is ordered, which shall be divided if it comprehend propositions in substance so distinct that, one being taken away, a substantive49 proposition shall remain for the decision of the House. A motion to strike out and insert shall be deemed indivisible; but a motion to strike out being lost, shall preclude50 neither amendment nor a motion to strike out and insert.
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47. Motions and reports may be committed at the pleasure of the House.
48. No motion or proposition on a subject different from that under consideration shall be admitted under color of amendment. No bill or resolution shall, at any time, be amended51 by annexing52 thereto, or incorporating therewith, any other bill or resolution pending53 before the House.
49. When a motion has been once made, and carried in the affirmative or negative, it shall be in order for any member of the majority to move for the reconsideration thereof, on the same or succeeding day; and such motion shall take precedence of all other questions, except a motion to adjourn, and shall not be withdrawn after the said succeeding day without the consent of the House; and thereafter any member may call it up for consideration.
50. In filling up blanks, the largest sum and longest time shall be first put.
ORDER OF BUSINESS OF THE DAY.
51. As soon as the journal is read, and the unfinished business in which the House was engaged at the last preceding adjournment has been disposed of, reports from committees shall be called for and disposed of; in doing which the Speaker shall call upon each standing committee in regular order, and then upon select committees; and if the Speaker shall not get through the call upon the committees before the House passes to other business, he shall resume the next call where he left off, giving preference to the report last under consideration: Provided, That whenever any committee shall have occupied the morning hour on two days, it shall not be in order for such committee to report further until the other committees shall have been called in their turn. On the call for reports from committees on each alternate Monday, which shall commence as soon as the journal is read, all bills reported during the first hour after the journal is read shall be committed, without debate, to the Committee of the Whole, and together with their accompanying reports, printed; and if during the hour all the committees are not called, then, on the next alternate Monday, the Speaker shall commence where such call was suspended: Provided, That no bill reported under the call on alternate Mondays, and committed, shall be again brought before the House by a motion to reconsider.
52. Reports from committees having been presented and disposed of, the Speaker shall call for resolutions from the members of each State and delegate from each Territory, beginning with Maine and the Territory last organized, alternately; and they shall not be debated on the very day of their being presented, nor on any day assigned by the House for the receipt of resolutions, unless where the House shall direct otherwise, but shall lie on the table, to be taken up in the order in which they are presented; and if on any day the whole of the States and Territories shall not be called, the Speaker shall begin on the next day where he left off the previous day: Provided, That no member shall offer more than one resolution, or one[705] series of resolutions, all relating to the same subject, until all the States and Territories shall have been called.
53. A proposition requesting information from the President of the United States, or directing it to be furnished by the head of either of the Executive departments, or by the Postmaster General—shall lie on the table one day for consideration, unless otherwise ordered by the unanimous consent of the House, and all such propositions shall be taken up for consideration in the order they were presented, immediately after reports are called for from select committees, and when adopted the clerk shall cause the same to be delivered.
54. After one hour shall have been devoted54 to reports from committees and resolutions, it shall be in order, pending the consideration or discussion thereof, to entertain a motion that the House do now proceed to dispose of the business on the Speaker’s table, and to the orders of the day—which being decided in the affirmative, the Speaker shall dispose of the business on his table in the following order, viz.:
1st. Messages and other Executive communications.
2d. Messages from the Senate, and amendments55 proposed by the Senate to bills of the House.
3d. Bills and resolutions from the Senate on their first and second reading, that they be referred to committees and put under way; but if, on being read a second time, no motion being made to commit, they are to be ordered to their third reading unless objection be made; in which case, if not otherwise ordered by a majority of the House, they are to be laid on the table in general file of bills on the Speaker’s table, to be taken up in their turn.
5th. Bills of the House and from the Senate on the Speaker’s table, on their engrossment, or on being ordered to a third reading, to be taken up and considered in the order of time in which they passed to a second reading.
The messages, communications and bills on his table having been disposed of, the Speaker shall then proceed to call the orders of the day.
55. The business specified58 in the 54th and 130th rules shall be done at no other part of the day, except by permission of the House.
56. The consideration of the unfinished business in which the House may be engaged at an adjournment shall be resumed as soon as the journal of the next day is read, and at the same time each day thereafter until disposed of; and if, from any cause, other business shall intervene, it shall be resumed as soon as such other business is disposed of. And the consideration of all other unfinished business shall be resumed whenever the class of business to which it belongs shall be in order under the rules.
OF DECORUM AND DEBATE.
57. When any member is about to speak in debate, or deliver any matter[706] to the House, he shall rise from his seat and respectfully address himself to “Mr. Speaker”—and shall confine himself to the question under debate, and avoid personality.
58. Members may address the House or committee from the clerk’s desk, or from a place near the Speaker’s chair.
59. When two or more members happen to rise at once, the Speaker shall name the member who is first to speak.
60. No member shall occupy more than one hour in debate on any question in the House, or in committee; but a member reporting the measure under consideration from a committee may open and close the debate, provided that when debate is closed by order of the House, any member shall be allowed, in committee, five minutes to explain any amendment he may offer, after which any member who shall first obtain the floor shall be allowed to speak five minutes in opposition59 to it, and there shall be no further debate on the amendment; but the same privilege of debate shall be allowed in favor of and against any amendment that may be offered to the amendment; and neither the amendment nor an amendment to the amendment shall be withdrawn by the mover thereof, unless by the unanimous consent of the committee. Provided further, that the House may, by the vote of a majority of the members present, at any time after the five minutes’ debate has taken place upon proposed amendments to any section or paragraph of a bill, close all debate upon such section or paragraph, or at their election upon the pending amendments only.
61. If any member in speaking or otherwise, transgress8 the rules of the House, the Speaker shall, or any member may call him to order; in which case the member so called to order shall immediately sit down, unless permitted to explain; and the House shall, if appealed to, decide on the case, but without debate; if there be no appeal the decision of the chair shall be submitted to. If the decision be in favor of the member called to order, he shall be at liberty to proceed; if otherwise, he shall not be permitted to proceed, in case any member object, without leave of the House; and if the case require it, he shall be liable to the censure60 of the House.
62. If any member be called to order for words spoken in debate, the person calling him to order shall repeat the words excepted to, and they shall be taken down in writing at the clerk’s table; and no member shall be held to answer, or be subject to the censure of the House, for words spoken in debate, if any other member has spoken, or other business has intervened, after the words spoken, and before exception to them shall have been taken.
63. No member shall speak more than once to the same question without leave of the House, unless he be the mover, proposer or introducer of the matter pending; in which case he shall be permitted to speak in reply, but not until every member choosing to speak shall have spoken.
64. If a question depending be lost by adjournment of the House, and[707] revived on the succeeding day, no member who shall have spoken on the preceding day shall be permitted again to speak without leave.
65. While the Speaker is putting any question, or addressing the House, none shall walk out of or across the House; nor in such case, or when a member is speaking, shall entertain private discourse61; nor while a member is speaking, shall pass between him and the chair. Every member shall remain uncovered during the session of the House. No member or other person shall visit or remain by the clerk’s table while the ayes and noes are calling, or ballots are counting.
66. All questions relating to the priority of business to be acted on shall be decided without debate.
OF COMMITTEES.
67. All committees shall be appointed by the Speaker, unless otherwise specially62 directed by the House, in which case they shall be appointed by ballot; and if upon such ballot the number required shall not be elected by a majority of the votes given, the House shall proceed to a second ballot, in which a plurality of votes shall prevail; and in case a greater number than is required to compose or complete a committee shall have an equal number of votes, the House shall proceed to a further ballot or ballots.
68. The first named member of any committee shall be the chairman; and in his absence, or being excused by the House, the next named member, and so on, as often as the case shall happen, unless the committee, by a majority of their number, elect a chairman.
69. Any member may excuse himself from serving on any committee at the time of his appointment, if he is then a member of two other committees.
70. It shall be the duty of a committee to meet on the call of any two of its members, if the chairman be absent, or decline to appoint such meeting.
71. The several standing committees of the House shall have leave to report by bill or otherwise.
72. No committee shall sit during the sitting of the House without special leave.
73. No committee shall be permitted to employ a clerk at the public expense, without first obtaining leave of the House for that purpose.
74. Thirty-one standing committees shall be appointed at the commencement of each Congress, viz.:
TO CONSIST OF NINE MEMBERS EACH.
A Committee of Elections.—Nov. 13, 1789.
A Committee of Ways and Means.—Jan. 1802.
A Committee on Appropriations64.—March 2, 1865.
[708]A Committee on the Pacific Railroad.—March 2, 1865.
A Committee on Claims.—Nov. 13, 1794.
A Committee on Commerce.—Dec. 14, 1795.
A Committee on Public Lands.—Dec. 17, 1805.
A Committee on the Post Office and Post Roads.—Nov. 9, 1806.
A Committee for the District of Columbia.—Jan. 27, 1808.
A Committee on the Judiciary.—June 3, 1813.
A Committee on Revolutionary Claims.—Dec. 22, 1813.
A Committee on Public Expenditures67.—Feb. 26, 1814.
A Committee on Private Land Claims.—April 29, 1816.
A Committee on Manufactures.—Dec. 8, 1819.
A Committee on Agriculture.—May 3, 1820.
A Committee on Indian Affairs.—Dec. 18, 1821.
A Committee on Military Affairs.—March 13, 1822.
A Committee on Foreign Affairs.—March 13, 1822.
A Committee on the Territories.—Dec. 13, 1825.
A Committee on Revolutionary Pensions.—Dec. 9, 1825.
A Committee on Railways and Canals.—Dec. 15, 1831; April 9, 1869.
A Committee on Mines and Mining.—Dec. 19, 1865.
A Committee on Freedmen’s Affairs.—Dec. 4, 1866.
A Committee on Education and Labor.—March 21, 1867.
TO CONSIST OF FIVE MEMBERS EACH.
A Committee on Patents.—Sept. 15, 1837.
A Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds.—Sept. 15, 1837.
A Committee of Revisal and Unfinished Business.—Dec. 14, 1795.
A Committee on Accounts.—Nov. 7, 1804.
A Committee on Mileage.—Sept. 15, 1837.
TO CONSIST OF SEVEN MEMBERS.
A Committee on Coinage, Weights and Measures.—Jan. 21, 1864: March 2, 1867.
75. It shall be the duty of the Committee of Elections to examine and report upon the certificates of election, or other credentials71, of the members returned to serve in this House, and to take into their consideration all such petitions and other matters touching72 elections and returns as shall or may be presented or come into question, and be referred to them by the House.
76. It shall be the duty of the Committee on Appropriations to take into consideration all Executive communications and such other propositions in regard to carrying on the several departments of the government as may be presented and referred to them by the House.
In preparing bills of appropriations for other objects, the Committee on Appropriations shall not include appropriations for carrying into effect treaties made by the United States; and where an appropriation63 bill shall be referred to them for their consideration, which contains appropriations for carrying a treaty into effect, and for other objects, they shall propose such amendments as shall prevent appropriations for carrying a treaty into effect being included in the same bill with appropriations for other objects.
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77. It shall also be the duty of the Committee on Appropriations, within thirty days after their appointment, at every session of Congress, commencing on the first Monday of December, to report the general appropriation bills for legislative, executive, and judicial73 expenses; for sundry74 civil expenses; for consular75 and diplomatic expenses; for the army; for the navy; for the expenses of the Indian Department; for the payment of invalid and other pensions; for the support of the Military Academy; for fortifications; for the service of the Postoffice Department, and for mail transportation by ocean steamers; or, in failure thereof, the reasons of such failure. And said committee shall have leave to report said bills (for reference only) at any time.
78. It shall be the duty of the Committee of Claims to take into consideration all such petitions and matters or things touching claims and demands on the United States as shall be presented, or shall or may come in question, and be referred to them by the House; and to report their opinion thereupon, together with such propositions for relief therein as to them shall seem expedient76.
79. It shall be the duty of the Committee on Commerce to take into consideration all such petitions and matters or things touching the commerce of the United States as shall be presented, or shall or may come into question, and be referred to them by the House; and to report, from time to time, their opinion thereon.
80. It shall be the duty of the Committee on the Public Lands to take into consideration all such petitions and matters or things respecting the lands of the United States as shall be presented, or shall or may come in question, and be referred to them by the House; and to report their opinion thereon, together with such propositions for relief therein as to them shall seem expedient.
81. It shall be the duty of the Committee on the Post-Office and Post-Roads to take into consideration all such petitions and matters or things touching the post-office and post-roads as shall be presented, or shall come in question, and be referred to them by the House; and to report their opinion thereon, together with such propositions relative thereto as to them shall seem expedient.
82. It shall be the duty of the Committee for the District of Columbia to take into consideration all such petitions and matters or things touching the said District as shall be presented or shall come in question, and be referred to them by the House; and to report their opinion thereon, together with such propositions relative thereto as to them shall seem expedient.
83. It shall be the duty of the Committee on the Judiciary to take into consideration such petitions and matters or things touching judicial proceedings as shall be presented or may come in question, and be referred to them by the House, and to report their opinion thereon, together with such propositions relative thereto as to them shall seem expedient.
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84. It shall be the duty of the Committee on Revolutionary Claims to take into consideration all such petitions and matters or things touching claims and demands originating in the Revolutionary war, or arising therefrom, as shall be presented, or shall or may come in question, and be referred to them by the House, and to report their opinion thereupon, together with such propositions for relief therein as to them shall seem expedient.
85. It shall be the duty of the Committee on Public Expenditures to examine into the state of the several public departments, and particularly into laws making appropriations of money, and to report whether the moneys have been disbursed77 conformably with such laws; and also to report from time to time such provisions and arrangements as may be necessary to add to the economy of the departments, and the accountability of their officers.
86. It shall be the duty of the Committee on Private Land Claims to take into consideration all claims to land which may be referred to them, or shall or may come in question; and to report their opinion thereupon, together with such propositions for relief therein as to them shall seem expedient.
87. It shall be the duty of the Committee on Military Affairs to take into consideration all subjects relating to the military establishment and public defense78 which may be referred to them by the House, and to report their opinion thereupon; and also to report, from time to time, such measures as may contribute to economy and accountability in the said establishment.
88. It shall be the duty of the Committee on the Militia to take into consideration and report on all subjects connected with the organizing, arming and disciplining the militia of the United States.
89. It shall be the duty of the Committee on Naval Affairs to take into consideration all matters which concern the naval establishment, and which shall be referred to them by the House, and to report their opinion thereupon; and also to report, from time to time, such measures as may contribute to economy and accountability in the said establishment.
90. It shall be the duty of the Committee on Foreign Affairs to take into consideration all matters which concern the relations of the United States with foreign nations, and which shall be referred to them by the House, and to report their opinion on the same.
91. It shall be the duty of the Committee on the Territories to examine into the legislative, civil and criminal proceedings of the Territories, and to devise and report to the House such means as in their opinion may be necessary to secure the rights and privileges of residents and non-residents.
92. It shall be the duty of the Committee on Revolutionary Pensions to take into consideration all such matters respecting pensions for services in the Revolutionary war, other than invalid pensions, as shall be referred to them by the House.
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93. It shall be the duty of the Committee on Invalid Pensions to take into consideration all such matters respecting invalid pensions as shall be referred to them by the House.
94. It shall be the duty of the Committee on Roads and Canals to take into consideration all such petitions and matters or things relating to roads and canals, and the improvement of the navigation of Rivers, as shall be presented or may come in question, and be referred to them by the House, and to report thereupon, together with such propositions relative thereto as to them shall seem expedient.
95. It shall be the duty of the Committee on Patents to consider all subjects relating to patents which may be referred them; and report their opinions thereon, together with such propositions relative thereto as may seem to them expedient.
96. It shall be the duty of the Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds to consider all subjects relating to the public edifices79 and grounds within the city of Washington which may be referred to them; and report their opinion thereon, together with such propositions relating thereto as may seem to them expedient.
97. It shall be the duty of the Committee of Revisal and Unfinished Business to examine and report what laws have expired, or are near expiring, and require to be revived or further continued; also to examine and report, from the journal of last session, all such matters as were then depending and undetermined.
98. It shall be the duty of the Committee of Accounts to superintend and control the expenditures of the contingent81 fund of the House of Representatives; also to audit82 and settle all accounts which may be charged thereon.
99. It shall be the duty of the Committee on Mileage to ascertain83 and report the distance to the sergeant-at-arms for which each member shall receive pay.
100. There shall be referred by the clerk to the members of the Committee on Printing on the part of the House, all drawings, maps, charts, or other papers which may at any time come before the House for engraving84, lithographing, or publishing in any way; which committee shall report to the House whether the same ought, in their opinion, to be published; and if the House order the publication of the same, that said committee shall direct the size and manner of execution of all such maps, charts, drawings, or other papers, and contract by agreement, in writing, for all such engraving, lithographing, printing, drawing, and coloring, as may be ordered by the House; which agreement, in writing, shall be furnished by said committee to the Committee of Accounts, to govern said committee in all allowances for such works, and it shall be in order for said committee to report at all times.
101. It shall be in order for the Committee on Enrolled85 Bills and the Committee on Printing to report at any time.
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102. Seven additional standing committees shall be appointed at the commencement of the first session in each Congress, whose duties shall continue until the first session of the ensuing Congress.
COMMITTEES, TO CONSIST OF FIVE MEMBERS EACH.
1. A committee on so much of the public accounts and expenditures as relates to the Department of State;
2. A committee on so much of the public accounts and expenditures as relates to the Treasury86 Department;
3. A committee on so much of the public accounts and expenditures as relates to the Department of War;
4. A committee on so much of the public accounts and expenditures as relates to the Department of the Navy;
5. A committee on so much of the public accounts and expenditures as relates to the Post Office;
6. A committee on so much of the public accounts and expenditures as relates to the Public Buildings; and
7. A committee on so much of the public accounts and expenditures as relates to the Interior Department.
103. It shall be the duty of the said committees to examine into the state of the accounts and expenditures respectively submitted to them, and to inquire and to report particularly—
Whether the claims from time to time satisfied and discharged by the respective departments are supported by sufficient vouchers88, establishing their justness both as to their character and amount.
Whether such claims have been discharged out of funds appropriated therefor, and whether all moneys have been disbursed in conformity89 with appropriation laws; and
Whether any, and what, provisions are necessary to be adopted, to provide more perfectly90 for the proper application of the public moneys, and to secure the government from demands unjust in their character or extravagant91 in their amount.
And it shall be, moreover, the duty of the said committees to report, from time to time, whether any, and what, retrenchment92 can be made in the expenditures of the several departments, without detriment93 to the public service; whether any, and what, abuses at any time exist in the failure to enforce the payment of moneys which may be due to the United States from public defaulters or others; and to report, from time to time, such provisions and arrangements as may be necessary to add to the economy of the several departments and the accountability of their officers.
It shall be the duty of the several committees on public expenditures to inquire whether any officers belonging to the branches or departments, respectively, concerning whose expenditures it is their duty to inquire, have become useless or unnecessary; and to report from time to time, on[713] the expediency94 of modifying or abolishing the same; also to examine into the pay and emoluments95 of all officers under the laws of the United States; and to report from time to time such a reduction or increase thereof as a just economy and the public service may require.
OF COMMITTEES OF THE WHOLE.
104. The House may at any time, by a vote of a majority of the members present, suspend the rules and orders for the purpose of going into the Committee of the Whole House on the State of the union; and also for providing for the discharge of the Committee of the Whole House, and the Committee of the Whole House on the State of the union, from the further consideration of any bill referred to it, after acting96 without debate on all amendments pending and that may be offered.
105. In forming a Committee of the Whole House, the Speaker shall leave his chair, and a chairman to preside in committee shall be appointed by the Speaker.
106. Whenever the Committee of the Whole on the State of the union, or the Committee of the Whole House, finds itself without a quorum, the chairman shall cause the roll of the House to be called, and thereupon the committee shall rise, and the chairman shall report the names of the absentees to the House, which shall be entered on the journal.
107. Upon bills committed to a Committee of the Whole House, the bill shall be first read throughout by the clerk, and then again read and debated by clauses, leaving the preamble97 to be last considered; the body of the bill shall not be defaced or interlined; but all amendments, noting the page and line, shall be duly entered by the clerk on a separate paper, as the same shall be agreed to by the committee, and so reported to the House. After report, the bill shall again be subject to be debated and amended by clauses, before a question to engross56 it be taken.
108. All amendments made to an original motion in committee shall be incorporated with the motion, and so reported.
109. All amendments made to a report committed to a Committee of the Whole House shall be noted and reported, as in the case of bills.
110. No motion or proposition for a tax or charge upon the people shall be discussed the day on which it is made or offered, and every such proposition shall receive its first discussion in a Committee of the Whole House.
111. No sum or quantum of tax or duty, voted by a Committee of the Whole House, shall be increased in the House until the motion or proposition for such increase shall be first discussed and voted in a Committee of the Whole House; and so in respect to the time of its continuance.
112. All proceedings touching appropriations of money shall be first discussed in a Committee of the Whole House.
113. The rules of proceedings in the House shall be observed in a Committee of the Whole House, so far as they may be applicable, except the rule limiting the times of speaking; but no member shall speak twice to any question until every member choosing to speak shall have spoken.
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114. In Committee of the Whole on the State of the union, the bills shall be taken up and disposed of in their order on the calendar; but when objection is made to the consideration of a bill, a majority of the committee shall decide, without debate, whether it shall be taken up and disposed of, or laid aside; provided, that general appropriation bills, and, in time of war, bills for raising men or money, and bills concerning a treaty of peace, shall be preferred to all other bills at the discretion of the committee; and when demanded by any member, the question shall first be put in regard to them; and all debate on special orders shall be confined strictly to the measure under consideration.
OF BILLS.
115. Every bill shall be introduced on the report of a committee, or by motion for leave. In the latter case, at least one day’s notice shall be given of the motion in the House, or by filing a memorandum98 thereof with the clerk, and having it entered on the journal; and the motion shall be made, and the bill introduced, if leave is given, when resolutions are called for; such motion, or the bill when introduced, may be committed.
116. Every bill shall receive three several readings in the House previous to its passage; and the bills shall be dispatched in order as they were introduced, unless where the House shall direct otherwise; but no bill shall be twice read on the same day, without special order of the House.
117. The first reading of a bill shall be for information, and if opposition be made to it, the question shall be, “Shall this bill be rejected?” If no opposition be made, or if the question to reject be negatived, the bill shall go to its second reading without a question.
118. Upon the second reading of a bill, the Speaker shall state it as ready for commitment or engrossment; and if committed, then a question shall be, whether to a select or standing committee, or to a Committee of the Whole House; if to a Committee of the Whole House, the House shall determine on what day; if no motion be made to commit, the question shall be stated on its engrossment; and if it be not ordered to be engrossed on the day of its being reported, it shall be placed on the general file on the Speaker’s table, to be taken up in order. But if the bill be ordered to be engrossed, the House shall appoint the day when it shall be read the third time.
119. General appropriation bills shall be in order in preference to any other bill of a public nature unless otherwise ordered by a majority of the House.
And the House may, at any time, by a vote of the majority of the members present, make any of the general appropriation bills a special order.
120. No appropriation shall be reported in such general appropriation bills, or be in order as an amendment thereto, for any expenditure66 not previously authorized by law, unless in continuation of appropriations for[715] such public works and objects as are already in progress, and for the contingencies99 for carrying on the several departments of the government.
121. Upon the engrossment of any bill making appropriations of money for works of internal improvement of any kind or description, it shall be in the power of any member to call for a division of the question, so as to take a separate vote of the House upon each item of improvement or appropriation contained in said bill, or upon such items separately, and others collectively, as the members making the call may specify100; and, if one-fifth of the members present second said call, it shall be the duty of the Speaker to make such divisions of the question, and put them to vote accordingly.
122. The bills from the Court of Claims shall, on being laid before the House, be read a first and second time, committed to a Committee of the Whole House, and, together with the accompanying reports, printed.
123. A motion to strike out the enacting101 words of a bill shall have precedence of a motion to amend; and, if carried, shall be considered equivalent to its rejection102. Whenever a bill is reported from a Committee of the Whole, with a recommendation to strike out the enacting words, and such recommendation is disagreed to by the House, the bill shall stand recommitted to the said committees without further action by the House.
124. After commitment and report thereof to the House, or at any time before its passage, a bill may be recommitted; and should such recommitment take place after its engrossment, and an amendment be reported and agreed to by the House, the question shall be again put on the engrossment of the bill.
125. All bills ordered to be engrossed shall be executed in a fair round hand.
126. No amendment by way of rider shall be received to any bill on its third reading.
127. When a bill shall pass, it shall be certified103 by the clerk, noting the day of its passage at the foot thereof.
LOCAL OR PRIVATE BUSINESS.
128. Friday and Saturday of every week shall be set apart for the consideration of private bills and private business, in preference to any other, unless otherwise determined80 by a majority of the House.
129. On the first and fourth Friday and Saturday of each month the calendar of private bills shall be called over (the chairman of the Committee of the Whole House commencing the call where he left off the previous day,) and the bills to the passage of which no objection shall then be made shall be first considered and disposed of. But when a bill is again reached, after having been once objected to, the committee shall consider and dispose of the same, unless it shall again be objected to by at least five members.
OF BILLS ON LEAVE AND RESOLUTIONS.
130. All the States and Territories shall be called for bills on leave and[716] resolutions on each alternate Monday during each session of Congress; and, if necessary to secure the object on said days, all resolutions which shall give rise to debate shall lie over for discussion, under the rules of the House already established; and the whole of said days shall be appropriated to bills on leave and resolutions, until all the States and Territories are called through. And the Speaker shall first call the States and Territories for bills on leave; and all bills so introduced during the first hour after the journal is read shall be referred, without debate, to their appropriate committees; provided, however, that a bill so introduced and referred shall not be brought back into the House upon a motion to reconsider.
OF PETITIONS AND MEMORIALS.
131. Members having petitions and memorials to present, may hand them to the clerk, indorsing the same with their names, and the reference or disposition104 to be made thereof; and such petitions and memorials shall be entered on the journal, subject to the control and direction of the Speaker; and if any petition or memorial be so handed in, which, in the judgment105 of the Speaker, is excluded by the rules, the same shall be returned to the member from whom it was received.
OF THE PREVIOUS QUESTION.
132. The previous question shall be in this form: “Shall the main question be now put?” It shall only be admitted when demanded by a majority of the members present; and its effect shall be to put an end to all debate, and to bring the House to a direct vote upon a motion to commit if such motion shall have been made; and if this motion does not prevail, then upon amendments reported by a committee, if any; then upon pending amendments, and then upon the main question. But its only effect, if a motion to postpone is pending, shall be to bring the House to a vote upon such motion. Whenever the House shall refuse to order the main question, the consideration of the subject shall be resumed as though no motion for the previous question had been made. The House may also, at any time, on motion seconded by a majority of the members present, close all debate upon a pending amendment, or an amendment thereto, and cause the question to be put thereon; and this shall not preclude any further amendment or debate upon the bill. A call of the House shall not be in order after the previous question is seconded, unless it shall appear, upon an actual count by the Speaker, that no quorum is present.
133. On a previous question there shall be no debate. All incidental questions of order arising after a motion is made for the previous question and pending such motion, shall be decided, whether on appeal or otherwise, without debate.
OF ADMISSION ON THE FLOOR.
134. No person except members of the Senate, their secretary, heads of departments, the President’s private secretary, foreign ministers, the Governor[717] for the time being of any State, Senators and Representatives elect, and Judges of the Supreme106 Court of the United States and of the Court of Claims, shall be admitted within the hall of the House of Representatives, or any of the rooms upon the same floor or leading into the same.
OF REPORTERS.
135. Stenographers and reporters, other than the official reporters of the House, wishing to take down the debates, may be admitted by the Speaker to the reporters’ gallery over the Speaker’s chair, but not on the floor of the House; but no person shall be allowed the privilege of said gallery under the character of stenographer107 or reporter without a written permission of the Speaker, specifying108 the part of said gallery assigned to him; nor shall said stenographer or reporter be admitted to said gallery unless he shall state in writing for what paper or papers he is employed to report; nor shall he be so admitted, or, if admitted, be suffered to retain his seat, if he shall become an agent to prosecute109 any claim pending before Congress; and the Speaker shall give his written permission with this condition.
UNFINISHED BUSINESS OF THE SESSION.
136. After six days from the commencement of a second or subsequent session of any Congress, all bills, resolutions, and reports which originated in the House, and at the close of the next preceding session remained undetermined, shall be resumed and acted on in the same manner as if an adjournment had not taken place. And all business before committees of the House at the end of one session shall be resumed at the commencement of the next session of the same Congress as if no adjournment had taken place.
MISCELLANEOUS.
137. Whenever confidential110 communications are received from the President of the United States, the House shall be cleared of all persons, except the members, clerk, sergeant-at-arms, and doorkeeper, and so continue during the reading of such communications, and (unless otherwise directed by the House) during all debates and proceedings to be had thereon. And when the Speaker, or any other member, shall inform the House that he has communications to make which he conceives ought to be kept secret, the House shall, in like manner, be cleared till the communication be made; the House shall then determine whether the matter communicated requires secrecy111 or not, and take order accordingly.
138. The rule for paying witnesses summoned to appear before this House, or either of its committees, shall be as follows: for each day a witness shall attend, the sum of two dollars; for each mile he shall travel in coming to or going from the place of examination, the sum of ten cents each way; but nothing shall be paid for traveling home when the witness has been summoned at the place of trial.
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139. Maps accompanying documents shall not be printed, under the general order to print, without the special direction of the House.
140. No extra compensation shall be allowed to any officer or messenger, page, laborer112, or other person in the service of the House, or engaged in or about the public grounds or buildings; and no person shall be an officer of the House, or continue in its employment, who shall be an agent for the prosecution113 of any claim against the government, or be interested in such claim otherwise than an original claimant; and it shall be the duty of the Committee of Accounts to inquire into and report to the House any violation114 of this rule.
141. When the reading of a paper is called for, and the same is objected to by any member, it shall be determined by a vote of the House.
142. When a question is postponed115 indefinitely, the same shall not be acted upon again during the session.
143. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence116 of the Senate shall be necessary, shall be read to the House, and laid on the table, on a day preceding that in which the same shall be moved, unless the House shall otherwise expressly allow.
144. The rules of parliamentary practice, comprised in Jefferson’s Manual, shall govern the House in all cases to which they are applicable, and in which they are not inconsistent with the standing rules and orders of the House, and joint rules of the Senate and House of Representatives.
145. No standing rule or order of the House shall be rescinded117 or changed without one day’s notice being given of the motion therefor; nor shall any rule be suspended, except by a vote of at least two-thirds of the members present; nor shall the order of business, as established by the rules, be postponed or changed, except by a vote of at least two-thirds of the members present; nor shall the Speaker entertain a motion to suspend the rules, except during the last ten days of the session, and on Monday of every week at the expiration118 of an hour after the journal is read, unless the call of the States and Territories for bills on leave and resolutions has been earlier concluded, when the Speaker may entertain a motion to suspend the rules.
146. All election of officers of the House, including the Speaker, shall be conducted in accordance with these rules, so far as the same are applicable; and pending the election of a Speaker, the clerk shall preserve order and decorum, and shall decide all questions of order that may arise, subject to appeal to the House.
147. These rules shall be the rules of the House of Representatives of the present and succeeding Congresses unless otherwise ordered.
148. An additional standing committee shall be appointed at the commencement of each Congress, whose duties shall continue until the first session of the ensuing Congress, to consist of five members, to be entitled a “Committee on a Uniform System of Coinage, Weights, and Measures;”[719] and to this committee shall be referred all bills, resolutions, and communications to the House upon that subject.
149. The names of members not voting on any call of the ayes and noes shall be recorded in the journal immediately after those voting in the affirmative and negative, and the same record shall be made in the Congressional Globe.
150. It shall be the duty of the Committee on the Pacific Railroad to take into consideration all such petitions and matters or things relative to railroads or telegraph lines between the Mississippi valley and the Pacific coast, as shall be presented or shall come in question, and be referred to them by the House, and to report their opinion thereon, together with such propositions relative thereto as to them shall seem expedient.
151. It shall be the duty of the Committee of Ways and Means to take into consideration all reports of the Treasury Department, and such other propositions relative to raising revenue and providing ways and means for the support of the government as shall be presented or shall come in question, and be referred to them by the House, and to report their opinion thereon by bill or otherwise, as to them shall seem expedient; and said committee shall have leave to report for commitment at any time.
152. It shall be the duty of the Committee on Banking and Bank Currency to take into consideration all propositions relative to banking and the currency as shall be presented or shall come in question, and be referred to them by the House, and to report thereon by bill or otherwise.
153. It shall be the duty of the Committee on Mines and Mining to consider all subjects relating to mines and mining that may be referred to them, and to report their opinion thereon, together with such propositions relative thereto as may seem to them expedient.
154. The allowance of stationery119 to each member and delegate shall be of the value of seventy-five dollars for a long session, and forty-five dollars for a short session of Congress.
155. The hall of the House shall not be used for any other purpose than the legitimate120 business of the House, nor shall the Speaker entertain any proposition to use it for any other purpose, or for the suspension of this rule: Provided, That this shall not interfere121 with the performance of divine service therein, under the direction of the Speaker, or with the use of the same for caucus122 meetings of the members, or upon occasions where the House may, by resolution, agree to take part in any ceremonies to be observed therein.
156. There shall be appointed at the commencement of each Congress a standing Committee on Freedmen’s Affairs, to consist of nine members, whose duty it shall be to take charge of all matters concerning freedmen, which shall be referred to them by the House.
157. When an act has been approved by the President, the usual number of copies shall be printed for the use of the House.
158. Messages from the Senate and the President of the United States,[720] giving notice of bills passed or approved, shall be reported forthwith from the clerk’s desk.
159. Estimates of appropriations, and all other communications from the executive departments, intended for the consideration of any of the committees of the House, shall be addressed to the Speaker and by him submitted to the House for reference.
160. There shall be appointed to each Congress a Committee on Education and Labor, to consist of nine members, to whom shall be referred all petitions, bills, reports, and resolutions on those subjects, and who shall from time to time report thereon.
161. Pending a motion to suspend the rules the Speaker may entertain one motion that the House do now adjourn; but after the result thereon is announced, he shall not entertain any other dilatory123 motion till the vote is taken on suspension.
162. Whenever a question is pending before the House, the Speaker shall not entertain any motion of a dilatory character except one motion to adjourn and one motion to fix the day to which the House shall adjourn; but the previous question on the engrossment and third reading of any bill or joint resolution shall not be ordered during the first day of its consideration, unless two thirds of the members present shall second the demand: provided, that this rule shall not apply to House resolutions offered in the morning hour of Monday: and provided further, that it shall not apply to any proposition to appropriate the money, the credit, or other property of the United States, except the regular annual appropriation bills.
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standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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legislative
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| n.立法机构，立法权；adj.立法的，有立法权的 | |
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thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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attested
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| adj.经检验证明无病的，经检验证明无菌的v.证明( attest的过去式和过去分词 )；证实；声称…属实；使宣誓 | |
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prevailing
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| adj.盛行的；占优势的；主要的 | |
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obedience
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| n.服从，顺从 | |
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transgress
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| vt.违反，逾越 | |
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transgression
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| n.违背；犯规；罪过 | |
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10
joint
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| adj.联合的，共同的；n.关节，接合处；v.连接，贴合 | |
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intercourse
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| n.性交；交流，交往，交际 | |
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precisely
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| adv.恰好，正好，精确地，细致地 | |
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adjourned
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| （使）休会， （使）休庭( adjourn的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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adjourn
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| v.（使）休会，（使）休庭 | |
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quorum
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| n.法定人数 | |
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adjournment
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| 休会； 延期； 休会期； 休庭期 | |
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chamber
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| n.房间，寝室；会议厅；议院；会所 | |
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ballot
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| n.（不记名）投票，投票总数，投票权；vi.投票 | |
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writs
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| n.书面命令，令状( writ的名词复数 ) | |
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disturbance
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| n.动乱，骚动；打扰，干扰；(身心)失调 | |
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eligible
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| adj.有条件被选中的；(尤指婚姻等)合适(意)的 | |
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nomination
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| n.提名，任命，提名权 | |
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ballots
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| n.投票表决( ballot的名词复数 )；选举；选票；投票总数v.（使）投票表决( ballot的第三人称单数 ) | |
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enumeration
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| n.计数，列举；细目；详表；点查 | |
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tellers
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| n.（银行）出纳员( teller的名词复数 )；（投票时的）计票员；讲故事等的人；讲述者 | |
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noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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withdrawn
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| vt.收回；使退出；vi.撤退，退出 | |
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binding
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| 有约束力的，有效的，应遵守的 | |
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proceedings
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| n.进程，过程，议程；诉讼(程序)；公报 | |
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labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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custody
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| n.监护，照看，羁押，拘留 | |
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precept
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| n.戒律；格言 | |
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mileage
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| n.里程，英里数；好处，利润 | |
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previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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endorsed
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| vt.& vi.endorse的过去式或过去分词形式v.赞同( endorse的过去式和过去分词 )；在（尤指支票的）背面签字；在（文件的）背面写评论；在广告上说本人使用并赞同某产品 | |
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discretion
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| n.谨慎；随意处理 | |
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strictly
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| adv.严厉地，严格地；严密地 | |
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inventory
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| n.详细目录，存货清单 | |
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propound
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| v.提出 | |
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nays
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| n.反对票，投反对票者( nay的名词复数 ) | |
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41
authorized
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| a.委任的，许可的 | |
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42
alphabetically
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| adv.照字母顺序排列地 | |
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43
insufficient
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| adj.(for，of)不足的，不够的 | |
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44
delinquent
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| adj.犯法的，有过失的；n.违法者 | |
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45
amend
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| vt.修改，修订，改进；n.[pl.]赔罪，赔偿 | |
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46
amendment
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| n.改正，修正，改善，修正案 | |
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47
postpone
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| v.延期，推迟 | |
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48
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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49
substantive
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| adj.表示实在的；本质的、实质性的；独立的；n.实词，实名词；独立存在的实体 | |
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50
preclude
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| vt.阻止，排除，防止；妨碍 | |
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51
Amended
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| adj. 修正的 动词amend的过去式和过去分词 | |
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52
annexing
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| 并吞( annex的现在分词 )； 兼并； 强占； 并吞（国家、地区等） | |
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53
pending
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| prep.直到，等待…期间；adj.待定的；迫近的 | |
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54
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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55
amendments
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| （法律、文件的）改动( amendment的名词复数 )； 修正案； 修改； （美国宪法的）修正案 | |
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56
engross
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| v.使全神贯注 | |
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57
engrossed
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| adj.全神贯注的 | |
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58
specified
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| adj.特定的 | |
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59
opposition
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| n.反对，敌对 | |
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60
censure
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| v./n.责备；非难；责难 | |
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61
discourse
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| n.论文，演说；谈话；话语；vi.讲述，著述 | |
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62
specially
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| adv.特定地；特殊地；明确地 | |
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63
appropriation
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| n.拨款，批准支出 | |
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64
appropriations
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| n.挪用（appropriation的复数形式） | |
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65
banking
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| n.银行业，银行学，金融业 | |
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66
expenditure
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| n.(时间、劳力、金钱等)支出；使用，消耗 | |
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expenditures
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| n.花费( expenditure的名词复数 )；使用；（尤指金钱的）支出额；（精力、时间、材料等的）耗费 | |
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68
militia
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| n.民兵，民兵组织 | |
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naval
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| adj.海军的，军舰的，船的 | |
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invalid
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| n.病人，伤残人；adj.有病的，伤残的；无效的 | |
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credentials
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| n.证明，资格，证明书，证件 | |
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72
touching
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| adj.动人的，使人感伤的 | |
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73
judicial
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| adj.司法的，法庭的，审判的，明断的，公正的 | |
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sundry
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| adj.各式各样的，种种的 | |
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consular
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| a.领事的 | |
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expedient
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| adj.有用的，有利的；n.紧急的办法，权宜之计 | |
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disbursed
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| v.支出，付出( disburse的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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defense
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| n.防御，保卫；[pl.]防务工事；辩护，答辩 | |
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edifices
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| n.大建筑物( edifice的名词复数 ) | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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contingent
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| adj.视条件而定的；n.一组，代表团，分遣队 | |
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audit
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| v.审计；查帐；核对；旁听 | |
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ascertain
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| vt.发现，确定，查明，弄清 | |
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84
engraving
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| n.版画；雕刻（作品）；雕刻艺术；镌版术v.在（硬物）上雕刻（字，画等）( engrave的现在分词 )；将某事物深深印在（记忆或头脑中） | |
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85
enrolled
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| adj.入学登记了的v.[亦作enrol]( enroll的过去式和过去分词 )；登记，招收，使入伍（或入会、入学等），参加，成为成员；记入名册；卷起，包起 | |
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86
treasury
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| n.宝库；国库，金库；文库 | |
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87
justified
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| a.正当的，有理的 | |
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88
vouchers
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| n.凭证( voucher的名词复数 )；证人；证件；收据 | |
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conformity
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| n.一致，遵从，顺从 | |
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90
perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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extravagant
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| adj.奢侈的；过分的；(言行等)放肆的 | |
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92
retrenchment
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| n.节省，删除 | |
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93
detriment
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| n.损害；损害物，造成损害的根源 | |
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94
expediency
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| n.适宜；方便；合算；利己 | |
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95
emoluments
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| n.报酬，薪水( emolument的名词复数 ) | |
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96
acting
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| n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的 | |
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97
preamble
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| n.前言；序文 | |
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98
memorandum
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| n.备忘录，便笺 | |
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99
contingencies
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| n.偶然发生的事故，意外事故( contingency的名词复数 )；以备万一 | |
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100
specify
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| vt.指定，详细说明 | |
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101
enacting
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| 制定（法律），通过（法案）( enact的现在分词 ) | |
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102
rejection
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| n.拒绝，被拒，抛弃，被弃 | |
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103
certified
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| a.经证明合格的；具有证明文件的 | |
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104
disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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105
judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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106
supreme
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| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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107
stenographer
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| n.速记员 | |
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108
specifying
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| v.指定( specify的现在分词 )；详述；提出…的条件；使具有特性 | |
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109
prosecute
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| vt.告发；进行；vi.告发，起诉，作检察官 | |
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110
confidential
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| adj.秘（机）密的，表示信任的，担任机密工作的 | |
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111
secrecy
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| n.秘密，保密，隐蔽 | |
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112
laborer
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| n.劳动者，劳工 | |
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113
prosecution
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| n.起诉，告发，检举，执行，经营 | |
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114
violation
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| n.违反(行为)，违背(行为)，侵犯 | |
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115
postponed
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| vt.& vi.延期，缓办，（使）延迟vt.把…放在次要地位；[语]把…放在后面（或句尾）vi.（疟疾等）延缓发作（或复发） | |
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116
concurrence
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| n.同意；并发 | |
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117
rescinded
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| v.废除，取消( rescind的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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118
expiration
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| n.终结，期满，呼气，呼出物 | |
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119
stationery
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| n.文具；(配套的)信笺信封 | |
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120
legitimate
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| adj.合法的，合理的，合乎逻辑的；v.使合法 | |
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121
interfere
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| v.(in)干涉，干预；(with)妨碍，打扰 | |
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122
caucus
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| n.秘密会议；干部会议；v.（参加）干部开会议 | |
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123
dilatory
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| adj.迟缓的，不慌不忙的 | |
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