Overhearing this provocative3 remark, I walked closer to a sidewalk group of professors engaged in scientific discussion. If my motive4 in joining them was racial pride, I regret it. I cannot deny my keen interest in evidence that India can play a leading part in physics, and not metaphysics alone.
"What do you mean, sir?"
The professor obligingly explained. "Bose was the first one to invent a wireless coherer and an instrument for indicating the refraction of electric waves. But the Indian scientist did not exploit his inventions commercially. He soon turned his attention from the inorganic5 to the organic world. His revolutionary discoveries as a plant physiologist7 are outpacing even his radical8 achievements as a physicist9."
I politely thanked my mentor10. He added, "The great scientist is one of my brother professors at Presidency11 College."
I paid a visit the next day to the sage12 at his home, which was close to mine on Gurpar Road. I had long admired him from a respectful distance. The grave and retiring botanist13 greeted me graciously. He was a handsome, robust14 man in his fifties, with thick hair, broad forehead, and the abstracted eyes of a dreamer. The precision in his tones revealed the lifelong scientific habit.
"I have recently returned from an expedition to scientific societies of the West. Their members exhibited intense interest in delicate instruments of my invention which demonstrate the indivisible unity15 of all life. 8-1 The Bose crescograph has the enormity of ten million magnifications. The microscope enlarges only a few thousand times; yet it brought vital impetus16 to biological science. The crescograph opens incalculable vistas17."
"You have done much, sir, to hasten the embrace of East and West in the impersonal18 arms of science."
"I was educated at Cambridge. How admirable is the Western method of submitting all theory to scrupulous19 experimental verification! That empirical procedure has gone hand in hand with the gift for introspection which is my Eastern heritage. Together they have enabled me to sunder20 the silences of natural realms long uncommunicative. The telltale charts of my crescograph 8-2 are evidence for the most skeptical21 that plants have a sensitive nervous system and a varied22 emotional life. Love, hate, joy, fear, pleasure, pain, excitability, stupor23, and countless24 appropriate responses to stimuli25 are as universal in plants as in animals."
"The unique throb26 of life in all creation could seem only poetic27 imagery before your advent28, Professor! A saint I once knew would never pluck flowers. 'Shall I rob the rosebush of its pride in beauty? Shall I cruelly affront29 its dignity by my rude divestment?' His sympathetic words are verified literally30 through your discoveries!"
"The poet is intimate with truth, while the scientist approaches awkwardly. Come someday to my laboratory and see the unequivocable testimony31 of the crescograph."
Gratefully I accepted the invitation, and took my departure. I heard later that the botanist had left Presidency College, and was planning a research center in Calcutta.
When the Bose Institute was opened, I attended the dedicatory services. Enthusiastic hundreds strolled over the premises33. I was charmed with the artistry and spiritual symbolism of the new home of science. Its front gate, I noted34, was a centuried relic35 from a distant shrine36. Behind the lotus 8-3 fountain, a sculptured female figure with a torch conveyed the Indian respect for woman as the immortal37 light-bearer. The garden held a small temple consecrated38 to the Noumenon beyond phenomena39. Thought of the divine incorporeity40 was suggested by absence of any altar-image.
atsix
Myself at Age six
bose
JAGADIS CHANDRA BOSE
India's great physicist, botanist, and inventor of the Crescograph
Bose's speech on this great occasion might have issued from the lips of one of the inspired ancient rishis.
"I dedicate today this Institute as not merely a laboratory but a temple." His reverent42 solemnity stole like an unseen cloak over the crowded auditorium43. "In the pursuit of my investigations44 I was unconsciously led into the border region of physics and physiology46. To my amazement47, I found boundary lines vanishing, and points of contact emerging, between the realms of the living and the non-living. Inorganic matter was perceived as anything but inert48; it was athrill under the action of multitudinous forces.
"A universal reaction seemed to bring metal, plant and animal under a common law. They all exhibited essentially49 the same phenomena of fatigue50 and depression, with possibilities of recovery and of exaltation, as well as the permanent irresponsiveness associated with death. Filled with awe51 at this stupendous generalization52, it was with great hope that I announced my results before the Royal Society- results demonstrated by experiments. But the physiologists53 present advised me to confine myself to physical investigations, in which my success had been assured, rather than encroach on their preserves. I had unwittingly strayed into the domain54 of an unfamiliar55 caste system and so offended its etiquette56.
"An unconscious theological bias57 was also present, which confounds ignorance with faith. It is often forgotten that He who surrounded us with this ever-evolving mystery of creation has also implanted in us the desire to question and understand. Through many years of miscomprehension, I came to know that the life of a devotee of science is inevitably58 filled with unending struggle. It is for him to cast his life as an ardent59 offering-regarding gain and loss, success and failure, as one.
"In time the leading scientific societies of the world accepted my theories and results, and recognized the importance of the Indian contribution to science. 8-4 Can anything small or circumscribed60 ever satisfy the mind of India? By a continuous living tradition, and a vital power of rejuvenescence, this land has readjusted itself through unnumbered transformations61. Indians have always arisen who, discarding the immediate62 and absorbing prize of the hour, have sought for the realization63 of the highest ideals in life-not through passive renunciation, but through active struggle. The weakling who has refused the conflict, acquiring nothing, has had nothing to renounce64. He alone who has striven and won can enrich the world by bestowing65 the fruits of his victorious66 experience.
"The work already carried out in the Bose laboratory on the response of matter, and the unexpected revelations in plant life, have opened out very extended regions of inquiry67 in physics, in physiology, in medicine, in agriculture, and even in psychology68. Problems hitherto regarded as insoluble have now been brought within the sphere of experimental investigation45.
"But high success is not to be obtained without rigid69 exactitude. Hence the long battery of super-sensitive instruments and apparatus70 of my design, which stand before you today in their cases in the entrance hall. They tell you of the protracted71 efforts to get behind the deceptive72 seeming into the reality that remains73 unseen, of the continuous toil74 and persistence75 and resourcefulness called forth76 to overcome human limitations. All creative scientists know that the true laboratory is the mind, where behind illusions they uncover the laws of truth.
"The lectures given here will not be mere41 repetitions of second-hand77 knowledge. They will announce new discoveries, demonstrated for the first time in these halls. Through regular publication of the work of the Institute, these Indian contributions will reach the whole world. They will become public property. No patents will ever be taken. The spirit of our national culture demands that we should forever be free from the desecration78 of utilizing79 knowledge only for personal gain.
"It is my further wish that the facilities of this Institute be available, so far as possible, to workers from all countries. In this I am attempting to carry on the traditions of my country. So far back as twenty-five centuries, India welcomed to its ancient universities, at Nalanda and Taxila, scholars from all parts of the world.
"Although science is neither of the East nor of the West but rather international in its universality, yet India is specially80 fitted to make great contributions. 8-5 The burning Indian imagination, which can extort81 new order out of a mass of apparently82 contradictory83 facts, is held in check by the habit of concentration. This restraint confers the power to hold the mind to the pursuit of truth with an infinite patience."
Tears stood in my eyes at the scientist's concluding words. Is "patience" not indeed a synonym84 of India, confounding Time and the historians alike?
I visited the research center again, soon after the day of opening. The great botanist, mindful of his promise, took me to his quiet laboratory.
"I will attach the crescograph to this fern; the magnification is tremendous. If a snail's crawl were enlarged in the same proportion, the creature would appear to be traveling like an express train!"
My gaze was fixed85 eagerly on the screen which reflected the magnified fern-shadow. Minute life-movements were now clearly perceptible; the plant was growing very slowly before my fascinated eyes. The scientist touched the tip of the fern with a small metal bar. The developing pantomime came to an abrupt86 halt, resuming the eloquent87 rhythms as soon as the rod was withdrawn88.
"You saw how any slight outside interference is detrimental89 to the sensitive tissues," Bose remarked. "Watch; I will now administer chloroform, and then give an antidote90."
The effect of the chloroform discontinued all growth; the antidote was revivifying. The evolutionary6 gestures on the screen held me more raptly than a "movie" plot. My companion (here in the role of villain) thrust a sharp instrument through a part of the fern; pain was indicated by spasmodic flutters. When he passed a razor partially91 through the stem, the shadow was violently agitated92, then stilled itself with the final punctuation93 of death.
"By first chloroforming a huge tree, I achieved a successful transplantation. Usually, such monarchs94 of the forest die very quickly after being moved." Jagadis smiled happily as he recounted the life- saving maneuver95. "Graphs of my delicate apparatus have proved that trees possess a circulatory system; their sap movements correspond to the blood pressure of animal bodies. The ascent96 of sap is not explicable on the mechanical grounds ordinarily advanced, such as capillary97 attraction. The phenomenon has been solved through the crescograph as the activity of living cells. Peristaltic waves issue from a cylindrical98 tube which extends down a tree and serves as an actual heart! The more deeply we perceive, the more striking becomes the evidence that a uniform plan links every form in manifold nature."
"I will show you experiments on a piece of tin. The life-force in metals responds adversely100 or beneficially to stimuli. Ink markings will register the various reactions."
Deeply engrossed101, I watched the graph which recorded the characteristic waves of atomic structure. When the professor applied102 chloroform to the tin, the vibratory writings stopped. They recommenced as the metal slowly regained104 its normal state. My companion dispensed105 a poisonous chemical. Simultaneous with the quivering end of the tin, the needle dramatically wrote on the chart a death-notice.
"Bose instruments have demonstrated that metals, such as the steel used in scissors and machinery106, are subject to fatigue, and regain103 efficiency by periodic rest. The life-pulse in metals is seriously harmed or even extinguished through the application of electric currents or heavy pressure."
"Sir, it is lamentable108 that mass agricultural development is not speeded by fuller use of your marvelous mechanisms109. Would it not be easily possible to employ some of them in quick laboratory experiments to indicate the influence of various types of fertilizers on plant growth?"
"You are right. Countless uses of Bose instruments will be made by future generations. The scientist seldom knows contemporaneous reward; it is enough to possess the joy of creative service."
With expressions of unreserved gratitude110 to the indefatigable111 sage, I took my leave. "Can the astonishing fertility of his genius ever be exhausted112?" I thought.
No diminution113 came with the years. Inventing an intricate instrument, the "Resonant114 Cardiograph," Bose then pursued extensive researches on innumerable Indian plants. An enormous unsuspected pharmacopoeia of useful drugs was revealed. The cardiograph is constructed with an unerring accuracy by which a one-hundredth part of a second is indicated on a graph. Resonant records measure infinitesimal pulsations in plant, animal and human structure. The great botanist predicted that use of his cardiograph will lead to vivisection on plants instead of animals.
"Side by side recordings115 of the effects of a medicine given simultaneously116 to a plant and an animal have shown astounding117 unanimity118 in result," he pointed out. "Everything in man has been foreshadowed in the plant. Experimentation119 on vegetation will contribute to lessening120 of human suffering."
Years later Bose's pioneer plant findings were substantiated121 by other scientists. Work done in 1938 at Columbia University was reported by The New York Times as follows:
It has been determined122 within the past few years that when the nerves transmit messages between the brain and other parts of the body, tiny electrical impulses are being generated. These impulses have been measured by delicate galvanometers and magnified millions of times by modern amplifying123 apparatus. Until now no satisfactory method had been found to study the passages of the impulses along the nerve fibers124 in living animals or man because of the great speed with which these impulses travel.
Drs. K. S. Cole and H. J. Curtis reported having discovered that the long single cells of the fresh-water plant nitella, used frequently in goldfish bowls, are virtually identical with those of single nerve fibers. Furthermore, they found that nitella fibers, on being excited, propagate electrical waves that are similar in every way, except velocity125, to those of the nerve fibers in animals and man. The electrical nerve impulses in the plant were found to be much slower than those in animals. This discovery was therefore seized upon by the Columbia workers as a means for taking slow motion pictures of the passage of the electrical impulses in nerves.
The nitella plant thus may become a sort of Rosetta stone for deciphering the closely guarded secrets close to the very borderland of mind and matter.
The poet Rabindranath Tagore was a stalwart friend of India's idealistic scientist. To him, the sweet Bengali singer addressed the following lines: 8-6
Out on the face of nature, this broad earth,
Send forth this call unto thy scholar band;
Together round thy sacrifice of fire
Let them all gather. So may our India,
Our ancient land unto herself return
To duty and devotion, to her trance
Of earnest meditation133; let her sit
Once more unruffled, greedless, strifeless, pure,
O once again upon her lofty seat
And platform, teacher of all lands.
8-1: "All science is transcendental or else passes away. Botany is now acquiring the right theory-the avatars of Brahma will presently be the textbooks of natural history."-Emerson.
8-2: From the Latin root, crescere, to increase. For his crescograph and other inventions, Bose was knighted in 1917.
8-3: The lotus flower is an ancient divine symbol in India; its unfolding petals134 suggest the expansion of the soul; the growth of its pure beauty from the mud of its origin holds a benign135 spiritual promise.
8-4: "At present, only the sheerest accident brings India into the purview136 of the American college student. Eight universities (Harvard, Yale, Columbia, Princeton, Johns Hopkins, Pennsylvania, Chicago, and California) have chairs of Indology or Sanskrit, but India is virtually unrepresented in departments of history, philosophy, fine arts, political science, sociology, or any of the other departments of intellectual experience in which, as we have seen, India has made great contributions. . . . We believe, consequently, that no department of study, particularly in the humanities, in any major university can be fully32 equipped without a properly trained specialist in the Indic phases of its discipline. We believe, too, that every college which aims to prepare its graduates for intelligent work in the world which is to be theirs to live in, must have on its staff a scholar competent in the civilization of India."-Extracts from an article by Professor W. Norman Brown of the University of Pennsylvania which appeared in the May, 1939, issue of the Bulletin of the American Council of Learned Societies, 907 15th St., Washington, D. C., 25 cents copy. This issue (#28) contains over 100 pages of a "Basic Bibliography137 for Indic Studies."
8-5: The atomic structure of matter was well-known to the ancient Hindus. One of the six systems of Indian philosophy is Vaisesika, from the Sanskrit root visesas, "atomic individuality." One of the foremost Vaisesika expounders was Aulukya, also called Kanada, "the atom- eater," born about 2800 years ago.
In an article in East-West, April, 1934, a summary of Vaisesika scientific knowledge was given as follows: "Though the modern 'atomic theory' is generally considered a new advance of science, it was brilliantly expounded138 long ago by Kanada, 'the atom-eater.' The Sanskrit anus can be properly translated as 'atom' in the latter's literal Greek sense of 'uncut' or indivisible. Other scientific expositions of Vaisesika treatises139 of the B.C. era include (1) the movement of needles toward magnets, (2) the circulation of water in plants, (3) akash or ether, inert and structureless, as a basis for transmitting subtle forces, (4) the solar fire as the cause of all other forms of heat, (5) heat as the cause of molecular140 change, (6) the law of gravitation as caused by the quality that inheres in earth- atoms to give them their attractive power or downward pull, (7) the kinetic141 nature of all energy; causation as always rooted in an expenditure142 of energy or a redistribution of motion, (8) universal dissolution through the disintegration143 of atoms, (9) the radiation of heat and light rays, infinitely144 small particles, darting145 forth in all directions with inconceivable speed (the modern 'cosmic rays' theory), (10) the relativity of time and space.
"Vaisesika assigned the origin of the world to atoms, eternal in their nature, i.e., their ultimate peculiarities146. These atoms were regarded as possessing an incessant147 vibratory motion. . . . The recent discovery that an atom is a miniature solar system would be no news to the old Vaisesika philosophers, who also reduced time to its furthest mathematical concept by describing the smallest unit of time (kala) as the period taken by an atom to traverse its own unit of space."
8-6: Translated from the Bengali of Rabindranath Tagore, by Manmohan Ghosh, in Viswa-Bharati.
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wireless
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| adj.无线的；n.无线电 | |
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antedated
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| v.（在历史上）比…为早( antedate的过去式和过去分词 )；先于；早于；（在信、支票等上）填写比实际日期早的日期 | |
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provocative
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| adj.挑衅的，煽动的，刺激的，挑逗的 | |
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motive
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| n.动机，目的；adv.发动的，运动的 | |
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inorganic
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| adj.无生物的；无机的 | |
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evolutionary
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| adj.进化的；演化的，演变的；[生]进化论的 | |
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physiologist
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| n.生理学家 | |
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radical
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| n.激进份子，原子团，根号；adj.根本的，激进的，彻底的 | |
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physicist
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| n.物理学家，研究物理学的人 | |
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mentor
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| n.指导者，良师益友；v.指导 | |
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presidency
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| n.总统(校长，总经理)的职位(任期) | |
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sage
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| n.圣人，哲人；adj.贤明的，明智的 | |
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botanist
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| n.植物学家 | |
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robust
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| adj.强壮的，强健的，粗野的，需要体力的，浓的 | |
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unity
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impetus
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| n.推动，促进，刺激；推动力 | |
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vistas
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| 长条形景色( vista的名词复数 )； 回顾； 展望； （未来可能发生的）一系列情景 | |
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impersonal
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| adj.无个人感情的，与个人无关的，非人称的 | |
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scrupulous
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sunder
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skeptical
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varied
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stupor
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countless
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stimuli
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throb
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poetic
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advent
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affront
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literally
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testimony
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fully
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premises
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noted
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relic
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shrine
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immortal
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consecrated
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| adj.神圣的，被视为神圣的v.把…奉为神圣，给…祝圣( consecrate的过去式和过去分词 )；奉献 | |
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phenomena
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mere
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reverent
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| adj.恭敬的，虔诚的 | |
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auditorium
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investigations
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| （正式的）调查( investigation的名词复数 )； 侦查； 科学研究； 学术研究 | |
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investigation
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| n.调查，调查研究 | |
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physiology
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| n.生理学，生理机能 | |
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amazement
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| n.惊奇，惊讶 | |
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inert
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essentially
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| adv.本质上，实质上，基本上 | |
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fatigue
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| n.疲劳，劳累 | |
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awe
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| n.敬畏，惊惧；vt.使敬畏，使惊惧 | |
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generalization
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| n.普遍性，一般性，概括 | |
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physiologists
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| n.生理学者( physiologist的名词复数 )；生理学( physiology的名词复数 )；生理机能 | |
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domain
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| n.(活动等)领域，范围；领地，势力范围 | |
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unfamiliar
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| adj.陌生的，不熟悉的 | |
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etiquette
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| n.礼仪，礼节；规矩 | |
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bias
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| n.偏见，偏心，偏袒；vt.使有偏见 | |
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inevitably
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ardent
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，强烈的，烈性的 | |
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circumscribed
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| adj.[医]局限的：受限制或限于有限空间的v.在…周围划线( circumscribe的过去式和过去分词 )；划定…范围；限制；限定 | |
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transformations
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| n.变化( transformation的名词复数 )；转换；转换；变换 | |
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immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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realization
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| n.实现；认识到，深刻了解 | |
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renounce
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| v.放弃；拒绝承认，宣布与…断绝关系 | |
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65
bestowing
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| 砖窑中砖堆上层已烧透的砖 | |
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66
victorious
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| adj.胜利的，得胜的 | |
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67
inquiry
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| n.打听，询问，调查，查问 | |
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68
psychology
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| n.心理，心理学，心理状态 | |
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69
rigid
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| adj.严格的，死板的；刚硬的，僵硬的 | |
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70
apparatus
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| n.装置，器械；器具，设备 | |
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71
protracted
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| adj.拖延的；延长的v.拖延“protract”的过去式和过去分词 | |
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72
deceptive
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| adj.骗人的，造成假象的，靠不住的 | |
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73
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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74
toil
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| vi.辛劳工作，艰难地行动；n.苦工，难事 | |
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75
persistence
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| n.坚持，持续，存留 | |
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76
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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77
second-hand
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| adj.用过的，旧的，二手的 | |
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78
desecration
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| n. 亵渎神圣, 污辱 | |
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79
utilizing
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| v.利用，使用( utilize的现在分词 ) | |
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80
specially
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| adv.特定地；特殊地；明确地 | |
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81
extort
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| v.勒索，敲诈，强要 | |
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82
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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83
contradictory
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| adj.反驳的，反对的，抗辩的；n.正反对，矛盾对立 | |
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84
synonym
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| n.同义词，换喻词 | |
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85
fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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86
abrupt
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| adj.突然的，意外的；唐突的，鲁莽的 | |
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87
eloquent
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| adj.雄辩的，口才流利的；明白显示出的 | |
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88
withdrawn
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| vt.收回；使退出；vi.撤退，退出 | |
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89
detrimental
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| adj.损害的，造成伤害的 | |
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90
antidote
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| n.解毒药，解毒剂 | |
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91
partially
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| adv.部分地，从某些方面讲 | |
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92
agitated
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| adj.被鼓动的，不安的 | |
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93
punctuation
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| n.标点符号，标点法 | |
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94
monarchs
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| 君主，帝王( monarch的名词复数 ) | |
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95
maneuver
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| n.策略[pl.]演习；v.(巧妙)控制；用策略 | |
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96
ascent
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| n.(声望或地位)提高；上升，升高；登高 | |
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97
capillary
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| n.毛细血管；adj.毛细管道；毛状的 | |
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98
cylindrical
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| adj.圆筒形的 | |
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pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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100
adversely
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| ad.有害地 | |
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101
engrossed
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| adj.全神贯注的 | |
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102
applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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103
regain
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| vt.重新获得，收复，恢复 | |
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104
regained
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| 复得( regain的过去式和过去分词 )； 赢回； 重回； 复至某地 | |
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dispensed
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| v.分配( dispense的过去式和过去分词 )；施与；配（药） | |
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106
machinery
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| n.(总称)机械，机器；机构 | |
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107
ingenuity
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| n.别出心裁；善于发明创造 | |
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108
lamentable
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| adj.令人惋惜的，悔恨的 | |
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109
mechanisms
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| n.机械( mechanism的名词复数 )；机械装置；[生物学] 机制；机械作用 | |
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110
gratitude
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| adj.感激，感谢 | |
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111
indefatigable
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| adj.不知疲倦的，不屈不挠的 | |
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112
exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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113
diminution
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| n.减少；变小 | |
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114
resonant
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| adj.(声音)洪亮的，共鸣的 | |
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115
recordings
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| n.记录( recording的名词复数 )；录音；录像；唱片 | |
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116
simultaneously
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| adv.同时发生地，同时进行地 | |
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117
astounding
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| adj.使人震惊的vt.使震惊，使大吃一惊astound的现在分词) | |
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118
unanimity
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| n.全体一致，一致同意 | |
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119
experimentation
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| n.实验，试验，实验法 | |
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120
lessening
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| 减轻，减少，变小 | |
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121
substantiated
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| v.用事实支持（某主张、说法等），证明，证实( substantiate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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122
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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123
amplifying
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| 放大，扩大( amplify的现在分词 )； 增强； 详述 | |
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124
fibers
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| 光纤( fiber的名词复数 )； （织物的）质地； 纤维，纤维物质 | |
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125
velocity
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| n.速度，速率 | |
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126
hermit
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| n.隐士，修道者；隐居 | |
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127
authentic
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| a.真的，真正的；可靠的，可信的，有根据的 | |
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128
hymn
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| n.赞美诗，圣歌，颂歌 | |
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129
lore
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| n.传说；学问，经验，知识 | |
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130
pedantic
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| adj.卖弄学问的；迂腐的 | |
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131
braggart
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| n.吹牛者；adj.吹牛的，自夸的 | |
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132
steadfast
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| adj.固定的，不变的，不动摇的；忠实的；坚贞不移的 | |
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133
meditation
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| n.熟虑，（尤指宗教的）默想，沉思，（pl.）冥想录 | |
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134
petals
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| n.花瓣( petal的名词复数 ) | |
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135
benign
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| adj.善良的，慈祥的；良性的，无危险的 | |
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136
purview
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| n.范围；眼界 | |
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137
bibliography
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| n.参考书目；(有关某一专题的)书目 | |
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138
expounded
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| 论述，详细讲解( expound的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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139
treatises
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| n.专题著作，专题论文，专著( treatise的名词复数 ) | |
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140
molecular
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| adj.分子的；克分子的 | |
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141
kinetic
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| adj.运动的；动力学的 | |
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142
expenditure
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| n.(时间、劳力、金钱等)支出；使用，消耗 | |
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143
disintegration
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| n.分散，解体 | |
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144
infinitely
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| adv.无限地，无穷地 | |
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145
darting
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| v.投掷，投射( dart的现在分词 )；向前冲，飞奔 | |
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146
peculiarities
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| n. 特质, 特性, 怪癖, 古怪 | |
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147
incessant
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| adj.不停的，连续的 | |
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