—Pudd’nhead Wilson’s New Calendar.
The Thug said:
“How many of you English are passionately1 devoted3 to sporting! Your days and months are passed in its excitement. A tiger, a panther, a buffalo4 or a hog5 rouses your utmost energies for its destruction—you even risk your lives in its pursuit. How much higher game is a Thug’s!”
That must really be the secret of the rise and development of Thuggee. The joy of killing6! the joy of seeing killing done—these are traits of the human race at large. We white people are merely modified Thugs; Thugs fretting8 under the restraints of a not very thick skin of civilization; Thugs who long ago enjoyed the slaughter11 of the Roman arena12, and later the burning of doubtful Christians13 by authentic14 Christians in the public squares, and who now, with the Thugs of Spain and Nimes, flock to enjoy the blood and misery15 of the bullring. We have no tourists of either sex or any religion who are able to resist the delights of the bull-ring when opportunity offers; and we are gentle Thugs in the hunting-season, and love to chase a tame rabbit and kill it. Still, we have made some progress-microscopic, and in truth scarcely worth mentioning, and certainly nothing to be proud of—still, it is progress: we no longer take pleasure in slaughtering16 or burning helpless men. We have reached a little altitude where we may look down upon the Indian Thugs with a complacent17 shudder18; and we may even hope for a day, many centuries hence, when our posterity19 will look down upon us in the same way.
There are many indications that the Thug often hunted men for the mere7 sport of it; that the fright and pain of the quarry20 were no more to him than are the fright and pain of the rabbit or the stag to us; and that he was no more ashamed of beguiling21 his game with deceits and abusing its trust than are we when we have imitated a wild animal’s call and shot it when it honored us with its confidence and came to see what we wanted:
“Madara, son of Nihal, and I, Ramzam, set out from Kotdee in the cold weather and followed the high road for about twenty days in search of travelers, until we came to Selempore, where we met a very old man going to the east. We won his confidence in this manner: he carried a load which was too heavy for his old age; I said to him, ‘You are an old man, I will aid you in carrying your load, as you are from my part of the country.’ He said, ‘Very well, take me with you.’ So we took him with us to Selempore, where we slept that night. We woke him next morning before dawn and set out, and at the distance of three miles we seated him to rest while it was still very dark. Madara was ready behind him, and strangled him. He never spoke22 a word. He was about 60 or 70 years of age.”
Another gang fell in with a couple of barbers and persuaded them to come along in their company by promising23 them the job of shaving the whole crew—30 Thugs. At the place appointed for the murder 15 got shaved, and actually paid the barbers for their work. Then killed them and took back the money.
A gang of forty-two Thugs came across two Brahmins and a shopkeeper on the road, beguiled24 them into a grove25 and got up a concert for their entertainment. While these poor fellows were listening to the music the stranglers were standing26 behind them; and at the proper moment for dramatic effect they applied27 the noose28.
The most devoted fisherman must have a bite at least as often as once a week or his passion will cool and he will put up his tackle. The tiger-sportsman must find a tiger at least once a fortnight or he will get tired and quit. The elephant-hunter’s enthusiasm will waste away little by little, and his zeal29 will perish at last if he plod30 around a month without finding a member of that noble family to assassinate31.
But when the lust32 in the hunter’s heart is for the noblest of all quarries33, man, how different is the case! and how watery34 and poor is the zeal and how childish the endurance of those other hunters by comparison. Then, neither hunger, nor thirst, nor fatigue35, nor deferred36 hope, nor monotonous37 disappointment, nor leaden-footed lapse38 of time can conquer the hunter’s patience or weaken the joy of his quest or cool the splendid rage of his desire. Of all the hunting-passions that burn in the breast of man, there is none that can lift him superior to discouragements like these but the one—the royal sport, the supreme39 sport, whose quarry is his brother. By comparison, tiger-hunting is a colorless poor thing, for all it has been so bragged40 about.
Why, the Thug was content to tramp patiently along, afoot, in the wasting heat of India, week after week, at an average of nine or ten miles a day, if he might but hope to find game some time or other and refresh his longing41 soul with blood. Here is an instance:
“I (Ramzam) and Hyder set out, for the purpose of strangling travelers, from Guddapore, and proceeded via the Fort of Julalabad, Newulgunge, Bangermow, on the banks of the Ganges (upwards of 100 miles), from whence we returned by another route. Still no travelers! till we reached Bowaneegunge, where we fell in with a traveler, a boatman; we inveigled43 him and about two miles east of there Hyder strangled him as he stood—for he was troubled and afraid, and would not sit. We then made a long journey (about 130 miles) and reached Hussunpore Bundwa, where at the tank we fell in with a traveler—he slept there that night; next morning we followed him and tried to win his confidence; at the distance of two miles we endeavored to induce him to sit down—but he would not, having become aware of us. I attempted to strangle him as he walked along, but did not succeed; both of us then fell upon him, he made a great outcry, ‘They are murdering me!’ at length we strangled him and flung his body into a well. After this we returned to our homes, having been out a month and traveled about 260 miles. A total of two men murdered on the expedition.”
And here is another case-related by the terrible Futty Khan, a man with a tremendous record, to be re-mentioned by and by:
“I, with three others, traveled for about 45 days a distance of about 200 miles in search of victims along the highway to Bundwa and returned by Davodpore (another 200 miles) during which journey we had only one murder, which happened in this manner. Four miles to the east of Noubustaghat we fell in with a traveler, an old man. I, with Koshal and Hyder, inveigled him and accompanied him that day within 3 miles of Rampoor, where, after dark, in a lonely place, we got him to sit down and rest; and while I kept him in talk, seated before him, Hyder behind strangled him: he made no resistance. Koshal stabbed him under the arms and in the throat, and we flung the body into a running stream. We got about 4 or 5 rupees each ($2 or $2.50). We then proceeded homewards. A total of one man murdered on this expedition.”
There. They tramped 400 miles, were gone about three months, and harvested two dollars and a half apiece. But the mere pleasure of the hunt was sufficient. That was pay enough. They did no grumbling44.
Every now and then in this big book one comes across that pathetic remark: “we tried to get him to sit down but he would not.” It tells the whole story. Some accident had awakened45 the suspicion in him that these smooth friends who had been petting and coddling him and making him feel so safe and so fortunate after his forlorn and lonely wanderings were the dreaded46 Thugs; and now their ghastly invitation to “sit and rest” had confirmed its truth. He knew there was no help for him, and that he was looking his last upon earthly things, but “he would not sit.” No, not that—it was too awful to think of!
There are a number of instances which indicate that when a man had once tasted the regal joys of man-hunting he could not be content with the dull monotony of a crimeless life after ward42. Example, from a Thug’s testimony47:
“We passed through to Kurnaul, where we found a former Thug named Junooa, an old comrade of ours, who had turned religious mendicant48 and become a disciple49 and holy. He came to us in the serai and weeping with joy returned to his old trade.”
Neither wealth nor honors nor dignities could satisfy a reformed Thug for long. He would throw them all away, someday, and go back to the lurid50 pleasures of hunting men, and being hunted himself by the British.
Ramzam was taken into a great native grandee’s service and given authority over five villages. “My authority extended over these people to summons them to my presence, to make them stand or sit. I dressed well, rode my pony51, and had two sepoys, a scribe and a village guard to attend me. During three years I used to pay each village a monthly visit, and no one suspected that I was a Thug! The chief man used to wait on me to transact52 business, and as I passed along, old and young made their salaam53 to me.”
And yet during that very three years he got leave of absence “to attend a wedding,” and instead went off on a Thugging lark54 with six other Thugs and hunted the highway for fifteen days!—with satisfactory results.
Afterwards he held a great office under a Rajah. There he had ten miles of country under his command and a military guard of fifteen men, with authority to call out 2,000 more upon occasion. But the British got on his track, and they crowded him so that he had to give himself up. See what a figure he was when he was gotten up for style and had all his things on: “I was fully55 armed—a sword, shield, pistols, a matchlock musket56 and a flint gun, for I was fond of being thus arrayed, and when so armed feared not though forty men stood before me.”
He gave himself up and proudly proclaimed himself a Thug. Then by request he agreed to betray his friend and pal57, Buhram, a Thug with the most tremendous record in India. “I went to the house where Buhram slept (often has he led our gangs!) I woke him, he knew me well, and came outside to me. It was a cold night, so under pretence58 of warming myself, but in reality to have light for his seizure59 by the guards, I lighted some straw and made a blaze. We were warming our hands. The guards drew around us. I said to them, ‘This is Buhram,’ and he was seized just as a cat seizes a mouse. Then Buhram said, ‘I am a Thug! my father was a Thug, my grandfather was a Thug, and I have thugged with many!’”
So spoke the mighty60 hunter, the mightiest61 of the mighty, the Gordon Cumming of his day. Not much regret noticeable in it.—[“Having planted a bullet in the shoulder-bone of an elephant, and caused the agonized62 creature to lean for support against a tree, I proceeded to brew63 some coffee. Having refreshed myself, taking observations of the elephant’s spasms64 and writhings between the sips65, I resolved to make experiments on vulnerable points, and, approaching very near, I fired several bullets at different parts of his enormous skull66. He only acknowledged the shots by a salaam-like movement of his trunk, with the point of which he gently touched the wounds with a striking and peculiar67 action. Surprised and shocked to find that I was only prolonging the suffering of the noble beast, which bore its trials with such dignified68 composure, I resolved to finish the proceeding69 with all possible despatch70, and accordingly opened fire upon him from the left side. Aiming at the shoulder, I fired six shots with the two-grooved rifle, which must have eventually proved mortal, after which I fired six shots at the same part with the Dutch six-founder. Large tears now trickled71 down from his eyes, which he slowly shut and opened, his colossal72 frame shivered convulsively, and falling on his side he expired.”—Gordon Cumming.]
So many many times this Official Report leaves one’s curiosity unsatisfied. For instance, here is a little paragraph out of the record of a certain band of 193 Thugs, which has that defect:
“Fell in with Lall Sing Subahdar and his family, consisting of nine persons. Traveled with them two days, and the third put them all to death except the two children, little boys of one and a half years old.”
There it stops. What did they do with those poor little fellows? What was their subsequent history? Did they purpose training them up as Thugs? How could they take care of such little creatures on a march which stretched over several months? No one seems to have cared to ask any questions about the babies. But I do wish I knew.
One would be apt to imagine that the Thugs were utterly73 callous74, utterly destitute75 of human feelings, heartless toward their own families as well as toward other people’s; but this was not so. Like all other Indians, they had a passionate2 love for their kin10. A shrewd British officer who knew the Indian character, took that characteristic into account in laying his plans for the capture of Eugene Sue’s famous Feringhea. He found out Feringhea’s hiding-place, and sent a guard by night to seize him, but the squad76 was awkward and he got away. However, they got the rest of the family—the mother, wife, child, and brother—and brought them to the officer, at Jubbulpore; the officer did not fret9, but bided77 his time: “I knew Feringhea would not go far while links so dear to him were in my hands.” He was right. Feringhea knew all the danger he was running by staying in the neighborhood, still he could not tear himself away. The officer found that he divided his time between five villages where be had relatives and friends who could get news for him from his family in Jubbulpore jail; and that he never slept two consecutive78 nights in the same village. The officer traced out his several haunts, then pounced79 upon all the five villages on the one night and at the same hour, and got his man.
Another example of family affection. A little while previously80 to the capture of Feringhea’s family, the British officer had captured Feringhea’s foster-brother, leader of a gang of ten, and had tried the eleven and condemned81 them to be hanged. Feringhea’s captured family arrived at the jail the day before the execution was to take place. The foster-brother, Jhurhoo, entreated82 to be allowed to see the aged83 mother and the others. The prayer was granted, and this is what took place—it is the British officer who speaks:
“In the morning, just before going to the scaffold, the interview took place before me. He fell at the old woman’s feet and begged that she would relieve him from the obligations of the milk with which she had nourished him from infancy84, as he was about to die before he could fulfill85 any of them. She placed her hands on his head, and he knelt, and she said she forgave him all, and bid him die like a man.”
If a capable artist should make a picture of it, it would be full of dignity and solemnity and pathos86; and it could touch you. You would imagine it to be anything but what it was. There is reverence87 there, and tenderness, and gratefulness, and compassion88, and resignation, and fortitude89, and self-respect—and no sense of disgrace, no thought of dishonor. Everything is there that goes to make a noble parting, and give it a moving grace and beauty and dignity. And yet one of these people is a Thug and the other a mother of Thugs! The incongruities90 of our human nature seem to reach their limit here.
I wish to make note of one curious thing while I think of it. One of the very commonest remarks to be found in this bewildering array of Thug confessions91 is this:
“Strangled him and threw him in a well!” In one case they threw sixteen into a well—and they had thrown others in the same well before. It makes a body thirsty to read about it.
And there is another very curious thing. The bands of Thugs had private graveyards92. They did not like to kill and bury at random93, here and there and everywhere. They preferred to wait, and toll94 the victims along, and get to one of their regular burying-places (‘bheels’) if they could. In the little kingdom of Oude, which was about half as big as Ireland and about as big as the State of Maine, they had two hundred and seventy-four ‘bheels’. They were scattered95 along fourteen hundred miles of road, at an average of only five miles apart, and the British government traced out and located each and every one of them and set them down on the map.
The Oude bands seldom went out of their own country, but they did a thriving business within its borders. So did outside bands who came in and helped. Some of the Thug leaders of Oude were noted96 for their successful careers. Each of four of them confessed to above 300 murders; another to nearly 400; our friend Ramzam to 604—he is the one who got leave of absence to attend a wedding and went thugging instead; and he is also the one who betrayed Buhram to the British.
But the biggest records of all were the murder-lists of Futty Khan and Buhram. Futty Khan’s number is smaller than Ramzam’s, but he is placed at the head because his average is the best in Oude-Thug history per year of service. His slaughter was 508 men in twenty years, and he was still a young man when the British stopped his industry. Buhram’s list was 931 murders, but it took him forty years. His average was one man and nearly all of another man per month for forty years, but Futty Khan’s average was two men and a little of another man per month during his twenty years of usefulness.
There is one very striking thing which I wish to call attention to. You have surmised97 from the listed callings followed by the victims of the Thugs that nobody could travel the Indian roads unprotected and live to get through; that the Thugs respected no quality, no vocation98, no religion, nobody; that they killed every unarmed man that came in their way. That is wholly true—with one reservation. In all the long file of Thug confessions an English traveler is mentioned but once—and this is what the Thug says of the circumstance:
“He was on his way from Mhow to Bombay. We studiously avoided him. He proceeded next morning with a number of travelers who had sought his protection, and they took the road to Baroda.”
We do not know who he was; he flits across the page of this rusty99 old book and disappears in the obscurity beyond; but he is an impressive figure, moving through that valley of death serene100 and unafraid, clothed in the might of the English name.
We have now followed the big official book through, and we understand what Thuggee was, what a bloody101 terror it was, what a desolating102 scourge103 it was. In 1830 the English found this cancerous organization imbedded in the vitals of the empire, doing its devastating104 work in secrecy105, and assisted, protected, sheltered, and hidden by innumerable confederates—big and little native chiefs, customs officers, village officials, and native police, all ready to lie for it, and the mass of the people, through fear, persistently106 pretending to know nothing about its doings; and this condition of things had existed for generations, and was formidable with the sanctions of age and old custom. If ever there was an unpromising task, if ever there was a hopeless task in the world, surely it was offered here—the task of conquering Thuggee. But that little handful of English officials in India set their sturdy and confident grip upon it, and ripped it out, root and branch! How modest do Captain Vallancey’s words sound now, when we read them again, knowing what we know:
“The day that sees this far-spread evil completely eradicated107 from India, and known only in name, will greatly tend to immortalize British rule in the East.”
It would be hard to word a claim more modestly than that for this most noble work.
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1
passionately
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| ad.热烈地，激烈地 | |
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passionate
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，激昂的，易动情的，易怒的，性情暴躁的 | |
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devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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buffalo
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| n.(北美)野牛；(亚洲)水牛 | |
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hog
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| n.猪；馋嘴贪吃的人；vt.把…占为己有，独占 | |
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killing
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| n.巨额利润；突然赚大钱，发大财 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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fretting
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| n. 微振磨损 adj. 烦躁的, 焦虑的 | |
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fret
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| v.(使)烦恼；(使)焦急；(使)腐蚀，(使)磨损 | |
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kin
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| n.家族，亲属，血缘关系；adj.亲属关系的，同类的 | |
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slaughter
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| n.屠杀，屠宰；vt.屠杀，宰杀 | |
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arena
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| n.竞技场，运动场所；竞争场所，舞台 | |
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Christians
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| n.基督教徒( Christian的名词复数 ) | |
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authentic
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| a.真的，真正的；可靠的，可信的，有根据的 | |
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misery
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| n.痛苦，苦恼，苦难；悲惨的境遇，贫苦 | |
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slaughtering
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| v.屠杀，杀戮，屠宰( slaughter的现在分词 ) | |
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complacent
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| adj.自满的；自鸣得意的 | |
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shudder
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| v.战粟，震动，剧烈地摇晃；n.战粟，抖动 | |
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posterity
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| n.后裔，子孙，后代 | |
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quarry
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| n.采石场；v.采石；费力地找 | |
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beguiling
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| adj.欺骗的，诱人的v.欺骗( beguile的现在分词 )；使陶醉；使高兴；消磨（时间等） | |
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spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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promising
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| adj.有希望的，有前途的 | |
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beguiled
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| v.欺骗( beguile的过去式和过去分词 )；使陶醉；使高兴；消磨（时间等） | |
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grove
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| n.林子，小树林，园林 | |
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standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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noose
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| n.绳套，绞索（刑）；v.用套索捉；使落入圈套；处以绞刑 | |
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zeal
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| n.热心，热情，热忱 | |
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plod
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| v.沉重缓慢地走，孜孜地工作 | |
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assassinate
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| vt.暗杀，行刺，中伤 | |
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lust
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| n.性(淫)欲；渴(欲)望；vi.对…有强烈的欲望 | |
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quarries
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| n.（采）石场( quarry的名词复数 )；猎物（指鸟，兽等）；方形石；（格窗等的）方形玻璃v.从采石场采得( quarry的第三人称单数 )；从（书本等中）努力发掘（资料等）；在采石场采石 | |
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watery
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| adj.有水的，水汪汪的；湿的，湿润的 | |
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fatigue
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| n.疲劳，劳累 | |
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deferred
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| adj.延期的，缓召的v.拖延，延缓，推迟( defer的过去式和过去分词 )；服从某人的意愿，遵从 | |
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monotonous
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| adj.单调的，一成不变的，使人厌倦的 | |
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lapse
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| n.过失，流逝，失效，抛弃信仰，间隔；vi.堕落，停止，失效，流逝；vt.使失效 | |
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supreme
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| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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bragged
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| v.自夸，吹嘘( brag的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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longing
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| n.（for）渴望 | |
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ward
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| n.守卫，监护，病房，行政区，由监护人或法院保护的人（尤指儿童）；vt.守护，躲开 | |
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inveigled
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| v.诱骗，引诱( inveigle的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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grumbling
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| adj. 喃喃鸣不平的, 出怨言的 | |
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awakened
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| v.（使）醒( awaken的过去式和过去分词 )；（使）觉醒；弄醒；（使）意识到 | |
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dreaded
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| adj.令人畏惧的；害怕的v.害怕，恐惧，担心( dread的过去式和过去分词) | |
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47
testimony
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| n.证词；见证，证明 | |
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48
mendicant
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| n.乞丐；adj.行乞的 | |
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disciple
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| n.信徒，门徒，追随者 | |
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lurid
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| adj.可怕的；血红的；苍白的 | |
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51
pony
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| adj.小型的；n.小马 | |
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transact
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| v.处理；做交易；谈判 | |
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53
salaam
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| n.额手之礼，问安，敬礼；v.行额手礼 | |
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lark
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| n.云雀，百灵鸟；n.嬉戏，玩笑；vi.嬉戏 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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musket
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| n.滑膛枪 | |
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pal
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| n.朋友，伙伴，同志；vi.结为友 | |
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pretence
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| n.假装，作假；借口，口实；虚伪；虚饰 | |
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seizure
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| n.没收；占有；抵押 | |
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mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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mightiest
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| adj.趾高气扬( mighty的最高级 )；巨大的；强有力的；浩瀚的 | |
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agonized
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| v.使（极度）痛苦，折磨( agonize的过去式和过去分词 )；苦斗；苦苦思索；感到极度痛苦 | |
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brew
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| v.酿造，调制 | |
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spasms
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| n.痉挛( spasm的名词复数 )；抽搐；（能量、行为等的）突发；发作 | |
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sips
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| n.小口喝，一小口的量( sip的名词复数 )v.小口喝，呷，抿( sip的第三人称单数 ) | |
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skull
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| n.头骨；颅骨 | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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dignified
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| a.可敬的，高贵的 | |
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proceeding
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| n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报 | |
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despatch
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| n./v.(dispatch)派遣；发送；n.急件；新闻报道 | |
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trickled
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| v.滴( trickle的过去式和过去分词 )；淌；使)慢慢走；缓慢移动 | |
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colossal
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| adj.异常的，庞大的 | |
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utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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callous
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| adj.无情的，冷淡的，硬结的，起老茧的 | |
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destitute
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| adj.缺乏的；穷困的 | |
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76
squad
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| n.班，小队，小团体；vt.把…编成班或小组 | |
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bided
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| v.等待，停留( bide的过去式 )；居住；等待；面临 | |
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consecutive
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| adj.连续的，联贯的，始终一贯的 | |
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pounced
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| v.突然袭击( pounce的过去式和过去分词 )；猛扑；一眼看出；抓住机会（进行抨击） | |
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previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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condemned
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| adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词 | |
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entreated
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| 恳求，乞求( entreat的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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aged
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| adj.年老的，陈年的 | |
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84
infancy
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| n.婴儿期；幼年期；初期 | |
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85
fulfill
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| vt.履行，实现，完成；满足，使满意 | |
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pathos
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| n.哀婉，悲怆 | |
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reverence
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| n.敬畏，尊敬，尊严；Reverence:对某些基督教神职人员的尊称；v.尊敬，敬畏，崇敬 | |
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compassion
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| n.同情，怜悯 | |
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fortitude
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| n.坚忍不拔；刚毅 | |
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incongruities
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| n.不协调( incongruity的名词复数 )；不一致；不适合；不协调的东西 | |
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confessions
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| n.承认( confession的名词复数 )；自首；声明；（向神父的）忏悔 | |
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graveyards
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| 墓地( graveyard的名词复数 )； 垃圾场； 废物堆积处； 收容所 | |
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random
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| adj.随机的；任意的；n.偶然的(或随便的)行动 | |
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toll
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| n.过路(桥)费；损失，伤亡人数；v.敲(钟) | |
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scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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surmised
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| v.臆测，推断( surmise的过去式和过去分词 )；揣测；猜想 | |
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vocation
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| n.职业，行业 | |
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99
rusty
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| adj.生锈的；锈色的；荒废了的 | |
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100
serene
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| adj. 安详的，宁静的，平静的 | |
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101
bloody
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| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
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102
desolating
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| 毁坏( desolate的现在分词 )； 极大地破坏； 使沮丧； 使痛苦 | |
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103
scourge
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| n.灾难，祸害；v.蹂躏 | |
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104
devastating
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| adj.毁灭性的，令人震惊的，强有力的 | |
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105
secrecy
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| n.秘密，保密，隐蔽 | |
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106
persistently
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| ad.坚持地；固执地 | |
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107
eradicated
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| 画着根的 | |
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