And as the breeze plays on them, they assume
The forms of mountains, castled cliffs, and hills,
And some, that seem far off, are voyaging
Their sunbright path in folds of silver.”
“Right,” said I to myself, as I lay down the volume of Hyperion, in which I had been glancing for repose3. “I, too, have a friend, not yet a sexagenary bachelor, but a bachelor notwithstanding. He has one of those well oiled dispositions5 which turn upon the hinges of the world without creaking, except during east winds, and when there is no butter in the house. The hey-day of life is over with him; but his old age (begging his pardon) is sunny and chirping6, and a merry heart still nestles in his tottering7 frame, like a swallow that builds in a tumble-down chimney. He is a professed8 Squire9 of Dames10. The rustle11 of a silk gown is music to his ears, and his imagination is continually lantern-led by some will-with-the-wisp in the shape of a lady’s stomacher. In his devotion to the fair sex—the muslin, as he calls it—he is the gentle flower of chivalry12. It is amusing to see how quickly he strikes into the scent13 of a lady’s handkerchief. When once fairly in pursuit, there is no such thing as throwing him out. His heart looks out at his eye; and his inward delight tingles14 down to the tail of his coat. He loves to bask15 in the sunshine of a smile;39 when he can breathe the sweet atmosphere of kid gloves and cambric handkerchiefs, his soul is in its element; and his supreme16 delight is to pass the morning, to use his own quaint17 language, ‘in making dodging18 calls, and wriggling19 round among the ladies.’” Yet there are a few little points in the picture which want retouching, and beyond all, one great omission20 to be remedied. It is the pipe. What would the worthy21 Abbot be without his pipe? Just as uncomfortable as we should presume a dog to be without his tail. As incomplete as a sketch22 of Napoleon without his boots and cocked-hat. See him in a cloud, and he seems the very Premier23 of Cloudland. It was said of Staines, Lord Mayor of London, that he could not forego his pipe long enough to be sworn into office, without a whiff; and a print was published representing his lordship smoking in his state carriage; the sword bearer smoking—the mace24 bearer smoking—the coachmen smoking—the footmen smoking—the postilions smoking—and, to crown the whole—all the six horses smoking also. The ninth of November on which this event occurred, must needs have been a cloudy day.
Another cloudy day arose upon London when the great plague broke out, and on this occasion, the smoke of tobacco mingled25 with the gloom. In Reliqui? Hearnian?, it is stated that “none who kept tobacconist’s shops had the plague. It is certain that smoking was looked upon as a most excellent preservative26, insomuch, that even children were obliged to smoke. And I remember”, continues the writer,40 “that I heard formerly27 Tom Rogers, who was yeoman beadle, say, that when he was that year when the plague raged, a schoolboy at Eton, all the boys of that school were obliged to smoke in the school every morning, and that he was never whipped so much in his life as he was one morning for not smoking.” We may imagine the experiences of some of these urchins28 at their first or second attempt, and in remembrance, it may be, of some similar experience of our own, see no cause for wonder at Tom Rogers not liking29 to elevate his yard of clay, and view the curls of smoke arise from the ashes of the smouldering weed. Another amateur who flourished after the great fire had burnt out all traces of the great plague, has left us the record of his “day of smoke,” and the cudgelling he received for doing that which Tom Rogers was whipped for not doing—
41
“I shall never forget the day when I first smoked. It was a day of exultation30 and humiliation31. It was a Sunday. My uncle was a great smoker32. He dined with us that day; and after the meal, he pulled out his cigar case, took a cheroot, and smoked it. I always liked the fumes34 of tobacco, so I went near him and observed how he put the cheroot into his mouth, the way he inhaled35 the smoke, how he puffed36 it out again, and the other coquetries of a regular smoker. I envied my uncle, and was determined38 that I would smoke myself. Uncle fell asleep. Now, thought I, here’s an opportunity not to be lost. I quietly abstracted three cigars from the case which was lying on the table, and sneaked39 off. Being a lad of a generous disposition4, I wished that my brothers and cousins should also partake of the benefits of a smoke, so I imparted the secret to them, at which they were highly pleased. When and where to smoke was the next consideration. It was arranged that when the old people had gone to church in the evening, we should smoke in the coach-house. We were six in number. I divided the three cigars into halves, and gave each a piece. Oh, how our hearts did palpitate with joy! Fire was stealthily brought from the cook-house, and we commenced to light our cigars. Such puffing40 I never did see. After each puff37 we would open our mouths quite wide, to let the smoke out. At the performance of the first puff we laughed heartily—the smoke coming out of our mouths was so funny. At the second puff we didn’t laugh so much, but began to spit; we thought the cigars were very bitter. After the third puff we looked steadfastly41 at each other—each thought the other looked pale. I could not give the word of command for another pull. I felt choked, and my teeth began to chatter42. There was a dead silence for a second. We were ashamed, or could not divulge43 the state of our feelings. Charlie was the first who gave symptoms of rebellion in his stomach. Then there was a general revolt. What occurred afterwards I did not know, till I got up from my bed next morning, to experience the delights of a sound flagellation. After that I abhorred44 the smell of tobacco—would never look at a cigar or think of it.” All this happened, as the narrator informed us, at the age of seven—an early age, some may imagine, who do not know that in Vizagapatam and other places on the same coasts, where the women smoke a great deal, it is a common thing for the mothers to appease45 their squalling brats46 by transferring the cigar from their own mouths to that of their infants. These youngsters being accustomed to the art of pulling, suck away gloriously for a second, and then fall asleep.
Howard Malcom states,42 “that in Burmah the consumption of tobacco for smoking is very great, not in pipes, but in cigars or cheroots, with wrappers made of the leaves of the Then-net tree. In making them, a little of the dried root, chopped fine, is added, and sometimes a small portion of sugar. These are sold at a rupee per thousand. Smoking is more prevalent than ‘chewing coon’ among both sexes, and is commenced by children almost as soon as they are weaned. I have seen,” he continues, “little creatures of two or three years, stark47 naked, tottering about with a lighted cigar in their mouth. It is not uncommon48 for them to become smokers49 even before they are weaned—the mother often taking the cheroot from her mouth and putting it into that of the infant.”
In China, the practice is so universal, that every female, from the age of eight or nine years, as an appendage50 to her dress, wears a small silken pocket to hold tobacco and a pipe.
The use of tobacco has become universal through the Chinese empire; men, women, children, everybody smokes almost without ceasing. They go about their daily business, cultivate the fields, ride on horseback, and write constantly with the pipe in their mouths. During their meals, if they stop for a moment, it is to smoke a pipe; and if they wake in the night, they are sure to amuse themselves in the same way. It may easily be supposed, therefore, that in a country containing, according to M. Huc, 300,000,000 of smokers, without counting the tribes of Tartary and Thibet, who lay in their stocks in the Chinese markets, the culture of tobacco has become very important. The cultivation51 is entirely52 free, every one being at liberty to plant it in his garden, or in the open fields, in whatever quantity he chooses, and afterwards to sell it, wholesale53 or retail54, just as he likes, without the Government interfering55 with him in the slightest degree. The most celebrated56 tobacco is that obtained in Leao-tong in Mantchuria, and in the province of Sse-tchouen. The leaves, before becoming articles of commerce, undergo various preparatory processes, according to the practice of the locality. In the South, they cut them into43 extremely fine filaments57; the people of the North content themselves with drying them and rubbing them up coarsely, and then stuff them at once into their pipes.
According to etiquette58 and the custom of the court, Persian princes must have seven hours for sleep. When they get up, they begin to smoke the narghilè or shishe, and they continue smoking all day long. When there is company, the narghilè is first presented to the chief of the assembly, who, after two or three whiffs, hands it to the next, and so on it goes descending59; but in general, the great smoke only with the great, or with strangers of distinction. The Schah smokes by himself, or only with one of his brothers, the tombak, the smoke of which is of a very superior kind, the odour being exquisite60. It is the finest tombak of Shiraz.
Mr. Neale says—“Talk about the Turks being great smokers; why, the Siamese beat them to nothing. I have often seen a child only just able to toddle61 about, and certainly not more than two years of age, quit its mother’s breast to go and get a whiff from papa’s cigaret62, or, as they are here termed, borees—cigarets made of the dried leaf of the plantain tree, inside of which the tobacco is rolled up.”
In Japan, after tea drinking, the apparatus63 for smoking is brought in, consisting of a board of wood or brass64, though not always of the same structure, upon which are placed a small fire-pan with coals, a pot to spit in, a small box filled with tobacco cut small, and some long pipes with small brass heads, as also another japanned board or dish, with socano—that is, something to eat, such as figs65, nuts, cakes, and sweetmeats. “There are no other spitting pots,” says K?mpfer,44 “brought into the room but those which come along with the tobacco. If there be occasion for more, they make use of small pieces of bamboo, a hand broad and high being sawed from between the joints66 and hollowed.”
In Nicaragua, the dress of the urchins, from twelve or fourteen downwards67, consists generally of a straw hat and a cigar—the latter sometimes unlighted and stuck behind the ear, but oftener lighted and stuck in the mouth—a costume sufficiently68 airy and picturesque69, and excessively cheap. The women have their hair braided in two long locks, which hang down behind, and give them a school-girly look, quite out of keeping with the cool deliberate manner in which they puff their cigars, occasionally forcing the smoke in jets from their nostrils70.7
On the Amazon, all persons—men and women—use tobacco in smoking; when pipes are wanting, they make cigarillos of the fine tobacco, wrapped in a paper-like bark, called Towarè; and one of these is passed round, each person, even to the little boys, taking two or three puffs71 in his turn.8
The Papuans pierce their ears and insert in the orifice, ornaments72 or cigars of tobacco, rolled in pandan leaf, of which they are great consumers.
A Spaniard knows no crime so black that it should be visited by the deprivation73 of tobacco. In the Havana, the convict who is deprived of the ordinary comforts, or even of the necessaries of life, may enjoy his cigar, if he can beg or borrow it; if he stole it, the offence would be considered venial74. At the doorway75 of most of the shops hang little sheet-iron boxes filled with lighted coals, at which the passer-by may light cigars; and on the balustrade of the staircase of every45 house stands a small chafing76 dish for the same purpose. Fire for his cigar, is the only thing for which a Spaniard does not think it necessary to ask and thank with ceremonious courtesy. If he has permitted his cigar to go out, he steps up to the first man he meets—nobleman or galley77 slave, as the case may be—and the latter silently hands his smoking weed; for it is impossible that two Spaniards should meet and not have one lighted cigar between them. The light obtained, the lightee returns the cigar to the lighter78 in silence. A short and suddenly checked motion of the hand, as the cigar is extended, is the only acknowledgment of the courtesy. This is never, however, omitted. Women smoke as well as men; and in a full railroad car, every person, man, woman, and child, may be seen smoking. To placard “no smoking allowed,” and enforce it, would ruin the road.
A regular smoker in Cuba will consume perhaps twenty or thirty cigars a day, but they are all fresh. What we call a fine old cigar, a Cuban would not smoke.
At Manilla, the women smoke as well as the men. One manufactory employs about 9,000 women in making the Manilla cheroots; another establishment employs 3,000 men in making paper cigars or cigarettes. The paper cigars are chiefly smoked by men; the women prefer the “puros,” the largest they can get.
The Binua of Johore, of both sexes, indulge freely in tobacco. It is their favourite luxury. The women are often seen seated together weaving mats, and each with a cigar in her mouth. When speaking, it is transferred to the perforation in the ear. When met paddling their canoes, the cigar is seldom wanting. The Mintira women are also much addicted79 to tobacco, but they do not smoke it.
46
In South America, many of the tribes are free indulgers in tobacco; and this extends also to the female and juvenile80 sections of the community. A story, which Signor Calistro narrated81 to Mr. Wallace whilst travelling in the interior of Brazil, shows that it was nothing but a common occurrence for little girls to smoke. This story is in itself interesting considered apart from all circumstances of veracity82. “There was a negro who had a pretty wife, to whom another negro was rather attentive83 when he had an opportunity. One day the husband went out to hunt, and the other party thought it a good opportunity to pay a visit to the lady. The husband, however, returned rather unexpectedly, and the visitor climbed up on the rafters to be out of sight, among the old boards and baskets that were stowed away there. The husband put his gun by in a corner, and called to his wife to get his supper, and then sat down in his hammock. Casting his eyes up to the rafters, he saw a leg protruding84 from among the baskets, and thinking it something supernatural, crossed himself, and said, ‘Lord deliver us from the legs appearing overhead!’ The other, hearing this, attempted to draw up his legs out of sight; but, losing his balance, came down suddenly on the floor in front of the astonished husband, who, half-frightened, asked, ‘Where do you come from?’ ‘I have just come from heaven,’ said the other, ‘and have brought you news of your little daughter Maria.’ ‘Oh, wife, wife! come and see a man who has brought us news of our little daughter Maria!’ then, turning to the visitor, continued, ’and what was my little daughter doing when you left?’ ‘Oh, she was sitting at the feet of the Virgin85 with a golden crown on her head, and smoking a golden pipe a yard long.’ ‘And did she send any message to us?’ ‘Oh, yes; she sent many remembrances, and begged you to send her two pounds47 of your tobacco from the little rhoosa; they have not got any half so good up there.’ ‘Oh, wife, wife, bring two pounds of our tobacco from the little rhoosa, for our daughter Maria is in heaven, and she says they have not any half so good up there.’ So the tobacco was brought, and the visitor was departing, when he was asked, ‘Are there many white men up there?’ ‘Very few,’ he replied; ‘they are all down below with the diabo.’ ‘I thought so,’ the other replied, apparently86 quite satisfied; ‘good night.’”
On the Orinoco, tobacco has been cultivated by the native tribes from time immemorial. The Tamanacs and the Maypures of Guiana wrap maize87 leaves around their cigars as did the Mexicans at the time of the arrival of Cortes; and, as in Chili88, is done at the present day. The Spaniards have substituted paper for the maize husks, in imitation of them. The little cigarettos of Chili are called hojitas. They are about two inches and a half long, filled with coarsely powdered tobacco. As their use is apt to stain the fingers of the smoker, the fashionable young gentlemen carry a pair of delicate gold tweezers89 for holding them. The cigar is so small that it requires not more than three or four minutes to smoke one. They serve to fill up the intervals90 in a conversation. At tertulias, the gentlemen sometimes retire to a balcony to smoke one or two cigars after a dance.
The poor Indians of the forests of the Orinoco know, as well as did the great nobles of the Court of Montezuma, that the smoke of tobacco is an excellent narcotic91; and they use it, not only to procure92 an afternoon nap, but, also to induce a state of quiescence93 which they call dreaming with the eyes open. At the Court of Montezuma the pipe was held in one hand, while the nostrils were stopped with the other, in order that the smoke might be48 more easily swallowed. Bernal Diaz also informs us, that after Montezuma had dined, they presented to him three little canes94, highly ornamented95, containing liquid amber96, mixed with a herb they call tobacco, and when he had sufficiently viewed and heard the singers, he took a little of the smoke of one of these canes, and then laid himself down to sleep. A tribe of Indians originally inhabiting Panama, improved upon this method, which occupied both hands, and involved considerable trouble; the method adopted by the chiefs and great men of this tribe, was to employ servants to blow tobacco smoke in their faces, which was convenient and encouraged their indolence; they indulged in the luxury of tobacco in no other way.
Amongst the Rocky Mountain Indians, it is a universal practice to indulge in smoking, and when they do so they saturate97 their bodies in smoke. They use but little tobacco, mixing with it a plant which renders the fume33 less offensive. It is a social luxury, for the enjoyment98 of which, they form a circle, and only one pipe is used. The principal chief begins by drawing three whiffs, the first of which he sends upward, and then passes the pipe to the person next in dignity, and in like manner the instrument passes round until it comes to the first chief again. He then draws four whiffs, the last of which he blows through his nose, in two columns, in circling ascent99, as through a double flued chimney; and their pipes are not of the race stigmatized100 by Knickerbocker as plebeian101. None of the smoke of those villanous short pipes, continually ascending102 in a cloud about the nose, penetrating103 into and befogging the cerebellum, drying up all the kindly104 moisture of the brain, and rendering105 the people who use them vapourish and testy106; or, what is worse, from being goodly, burly, sleek-conditioned men, to become like the Dutch49 yeomanry who smoked short pipes, a lantern-jawed, smoke-dried, leathern-hided race. The red people, whether of the Rocky mountains or of the Mississippi, belonged to the aristocracy of the long pipes. Let us hope that they have not degenerated107, and become followers108 of the customs of the barbarian109 ultra-marines.
Turn over the leaves of “Westward Ho!” until you reach the end of the seventh chapter, and then read of Salvation110 Yeo and his fiery111 reputation, and his eulogium—“for when all things were made, none was made better than this; to be a lone112 man’s companion, a bachelor’s friend, a hungry man’s food, a sad man’s cordial, a wakeful man’s sleep, and a chilly113 man’s fire, sir; while, for stanching114 of wounds, purging115 of rheum, and settling of the stomach, there’s no herb like unto it under the canopy116 of heaven.” The truth of which eulogium Amyas testeth in after years. But, “mark in the meanwhile,” says one of the veracious117 chroniclers from whom I draw these facts, writing seemingly in the palmy days of good Queen Anne and “not having (as he says) before his eyes the fear of that misocapnic Solomon James I. or of any other lying Stuart,” “that not to South Devon, but to North; not to Sir Walter Raleigh, but to Sir Amyas Leigh; not to the banks of the Dart118, but to the banks of Torridge, does Europe owe the dayspring of the latter age, that age of smoke which shall endure and thrive when the age of brass shall have vanished, like those of iron and of gold, for whereas Mr. Lane is said to have brought home that divine weed (as Spenser well names it), from Virginia, in the year 1584, it is hereby indisputable that full four years earlier, by the bridge of Pulford in the Torridge moors119 (which all true smokers shall hereafter visit as a hallowed spot and point of pilgrimage) first twinkled that fiery beacon120 and beneficent loadstar of Bidefordian commerce, to spread hereafter from port to port, and peak to peak, like the watch-fires which proclaimed the coming of the Armada and the fall of Troy, even to the50 shores of the Bosphorus, the peaks of the Caucasus, and the farthest isles121 of the Malayan sea; while Bideford, metropolis122 of tobacco, saw her Pool choked up with Virginian traders, and the pavement of her Bridgeland Street groaning123 beneath the savoury bales of roll Trinidado, leaf, and pudding; and the grave burghers, bolstered124 and blocked out of their own houses by the scarce less savoury stockfish casks which filled cellar, parlour, and attic125, were fain to sit outside the door, a silver pipe in every strong right hand, and each left hand chinking cheerfully the doubloons deep lodged126 in the auriferous caverns127 of their trunkhose; while in those fairy rings of fragrant128 mist, which circled round their contemplative brows, flitted most pleasant visions of Wiltshire farmers jogging into Sherborne fair, their heaviest shillings in their pockets to buy (unless old Aubrey lies) the lotus leaf of Torridge for its weight in silver, and draw from thence, after the example of the Caciques of Dariena, supplies of inspiration much needed then, as now, in those Gothamite regions. And yet did these improve, as Englishmen, upon the method of those heathen savages130; for the latter (so Salvation Yeo reported as a truth, and Dampier’s surgeon, Mr. Wafer, after him), when they will deliberate of war or policy, sit round in the hut of the chief; where being placed, enter to them a small boy with a cigarro of the bigness of a rolling pin, and puffs the smoke thereof into the face of each warrior131, from the eldest132 to the youngest; while they, putting their hand funnel-wise round their mouths, draw into the sinuosities of the brain, that more51 than Delphic vapour of prophecy; which boy presently falls down in a swoon, and being dragged out by the heels and laid by to sober, enter another to puff at the sacred cigarro, till he is dragged out likewise, and so on till the tobacco is finished, and the seed of wisdom has sprouted133 in every soul into the tree of meditation134, bearing the flowers of eloquence135, and, in due time, the fruit of valiant136 action.” And with this quaint fact, narrated in the bombastic137 style of chronicles, closeth the seventh chapter of the voyages and adventures of Sir Amyas Leigh, under the style and title already mentioned, and after which digression the course of our narrative138 proceedeth as before.
The inhabitants of Yemen smoke their well-loved dschihschi pipes, with long stems passed through water, that the smoke may come cold to the mouth; and which, when a few inveterate139 smokers meet together, keep up a boiling and bubbling noise, not unlike a distant corps140 of drummers in full performance.
In the Austrian dominions141, the lovers of the pipe may be found amongst all classes of the community. K?hl writes, that after taking two or three pipes of tobacco with the pasha at New Orsova, he went into the market-place, where he found several merchants who invited him to sit down, and again he was presented with a pipe. From this place he went to a mosque142, calling in at a school on his way:——“The little Turkish students were making a most heathenish noise, which contrasted amusingly with the quiet and sedate143 demeanour of their teacher, who lay stretched upon a bench, where he smoked his pipe, and said nothing.” He afterwards went to look at the fortifications, and here and there saw a sentinel, with his musket144 in one hand and pipe in the other.52 “Twenty-five soldiers were seen smoking under a shed, and on the ground lay a number of shells or hollow balls, which they assured us were filled with powder and other combustibles, yet the soldiers smoked among them unconcernedly, and allowed us to do the same.” A gentleman from Constantinople told him that he had seen worse instances of carelessness, in Asia Minor145. He had there been one day in the tents of a pasha, where some wet powder was drying and being made into cartridges146, and the men engaged in the work were smoking all the while.
In the “Stettin Gazette,” lately appeared a notification that the Prussian clergy147 had privately148 been requested by the higher authorities to abstain149 from smoking in public. We are not accustomed to it, and should certainly think it odd to see clergymen perambulating the streets with short pipes in their mouths.
In all parts of the Sultan’s dominions, the pipe or narghilè has a stem generally flexible, about six feet in length; and at this the owner will suck for hours. You may see a man travelling, mounted aloft on a tall camel, with his body oscillating to and fro like a sailor’s when he rows, but still that man has his two yards of pipe before him. You may see two men caulking150 a ship’s side as she lies careened near the shore. Up to their waists in water, they act up to the principle of division of labour; for one will smoke as the other plies129 the hammer, and then the worker takes his turn at the narghilè. Arabs sitting at work, fix their pipes in the sand. In the potteries151 both hands must be employed—how, then, can the potter smoke? Necessity is the mother of invention. One end of the pipe is suspended by a cord from the ceiling, the other is in the potter’s mouth.
53
In smoking, Lane informs us, the people of Egypt and other countries of the East draw in their breath freely, so that much of the smoke descends152 into the lungs; and the terms which they use to express “smoking tobacco,” signify “drinking smoke,” or “drinking tobacco;” for the same word signifies both smoke and tobacco. Few of them spit while smoking; he had seldom seen them do so.
It was something like drinking of smoke that Napoleon accomplished153 in his unsuccessful smoking campaign. He once took a fancy to try to smoke. Everything was prepared for him, and his Majesty154 took the amber mouth-piece of the narghilè between his lips; he contented155 himself with opening and shutting his mouth alternately, without in the least drawing his breath. “The devil,” he replied—“why, there’s no result!” It was shewn that he made the attempt badly, and the proper method practically exhibited to him. At last he drew in a mouthful, when the smoke—which he had discovered the means of drawing in, but knew not how to expel—found its way into his throat, and thence by his nose, almost blinding him. As soon as he recovered breath, he cried out—“Away with it! What an abomination! Oh! the hog—my stomach turns!” In fact, the annoyance156 continued for an hour, and he renounced157 for ever a habit which, he said, was fit only to amuse sluggards.
Although Napoleon managed to fail, thousands less mighty158 have managed to succeed. There is a curious kind of legend mentioned in Brand’s Antiquities159, by way of accounting160 for the frequent use and continuance of taking tobacco, for the veracity of which he declares that he will not vouch161.54 “When the Christians162 first discovered America, the devil was afraid of losing his hold of the people there by the appearance of Christianity. He is reported to have told some Indians of his acquaintance, that he had found a way to be revenged on the Christians for beating up his quarters, for he would teach them to take tobacco, to which, when they had once tasted it, they should become perpetual slaves.”
Without venturing to authenticate163 this strange story, in the moral of which Napoleon would have concurred—with a mental reservation in favour of snuff—after the above defeat, let us console tobacco lovers, that whilst the success of the first temptation closed the gates of Paradise, the success of the second opens them again.
The following from an old collection of epigrams is, in every respect, worthy of the theme.
“All dainty meats I do defie,
Which feed men fat as swine;
That on a leaf can dine.
He needs no napkin for his hands
His fingers’ ends to wipe,
That keeps his kitchen in a box,
And roast meat in a pipe.”
In Hamburg, 40,000 cigars are smoked daily in a population scarcely amounting to 45,000 adult males. And in London, the consumption must be considerable to furnish, from the profits of retailing165, a living to 1566 tobacconists. In England, we may presume that the largest smoker of tobacco must be the Queen, since an immense kiln166 at the docks, called the Queen’s pipe, is occasionally lighted and primed with hundredweights of tobacco, sea damaged or otherwise spoiled, at the same time blowing a cloud
“Which Turks might envy, Africans adore.”
The total number of cigars consumed in France in 1857 is stated to have been 523,636,000; and55 the total revenue of the French Government from the tobacco monopoly is estimated at ￡7,320,000 annually167. In Russia the revenue is ￡7,200,000 annually; and in Austria near ￡3,000,000. These are large sums to pay for the privilege of puffing.
The Buffalo168 Democracy estimates the annual consumption of tobacco at 4,000,000,000 of pounds. This is all smoked, chewed, or snuffed. Suppose it all made into cigars 100 to the pound, it would produce 400,000,000,000 of cigars. These cigars, at the usual length, four inches, if joined together, would form one continuous cigar 25,253,520 miles long, which would encircle the earth more than 1000 times. Cut up into equal pieces, 250,000 miles in length, there would be over 1000 cigars which would extend from the centre of the earth to the centre of the moon. Put these cigars into boxes 10 inches long, 4 inches wide, and 3 inches high, 100 to the box, and it would require 4,000,000,000 boxes to contain them. Pile up these boxes in a solid mass, and they would occupy a space of 294,444,444 cubic feet; if piled up 20 feet high, they would cover a farm of 338 acres; and if laid side by side, the boxes would cover nearly 20,000 acres. Allowing this tobacco, in its unmanufactured state, to cost sixpence a pound, and we have 100,000,000 pounds sterling169 expended170 yearly upon this weed; at least one-and-a-half times as much more is required to manufacture it into a marketable form, and dispose of it to the consumer. At the very lowest estimate, then, the human family expend171 every year ￡250,000,000 in the gratification of an acquired habit, or a crown for every man, woman, and child upon the earth. This sum, the writer calculates, would build 2 railroads round the earth at a cost of ￡5,000 per mile, or 16 railroads the Atlantic to the Pacific. It would build 100,000 churches, costing ￡2,500 each, or 1,000,00056 dwellings172 costing ￡25 each (rather small!) It would employ 1,000,000 of preachers and 1,000,000 of teachers, giving each a salary of ￡125. It would support 3? millions of young men at college, allowing to each ￡75 a year for expenses.
What a cloud the “human family” would blow if they had each his share of the 4,000,000,000 pounds dealt out to him in cigars on the morning of the 25th of December, in the year of our Lord, 1860. One feels dubious173 as to the number who would refuse to take their quota174, if there were nothing to pay.
Dr. Dwight Baldwin states, that in 1851, the city of New York spent 3,650,000 dollars for cigars alone, while it only spent 3,102,500 dollars for bread. The Grand Erie Canal, 364 miles long, the longest in the world, with its eighteen aqueducts, and eighty-four locks, was made in six years, at a cost of 7,000,000 dollars. The cigar bill in the city of New York would have paid the whole in two years.
The number of cigar manufactories in America is 1,400, and the number of hands employed in them 7,000 and upwards175. The total estimated weekly produce of these manufactories is 17? millions, and the yearly 840 millions. At 7 dollars per 1,000, these would be worth 5 million dollars, and adding 50 per cent. for jobber176 and retailer177, the total cost to consumers would be 7? million dollars—add to this the sum paid for imported cigars, 6 million dollars, and we have 13? million dollars, the value of cigars consumed yearly in the United States, without adding profit to the imported cigars; so that, including the amount expended in tobacco for smoking and chewing, and in snuff, the annual cost of the tobacco consumed yearly, is not less than 30 million dollars or ￡6,000,000. This is but little more than is57 realized annually in Great Britain by the excise178 duty alone on the tobacco consumed at home; but it must be remembered, that in America tobacco is free of the duty of three shillings and twopence per pound, and free of charges for an Atlantic passage, so that the tobacco represented by 6 millions there, would be represented here by at least six times that amount.
Cloudland costs something to keep up its dignity after all, but beauty is seductive, and so is tobacco.
Yes! St. John (Percy, we mean—not “the Divine”), there must be “magic in the cigar.” Then, to the sailor, on the wide and tossing ocean, what consolation179 is there, save in his old pipe? While smoking his inch and a half of clay, black and polished, his Susan or his Mary becomes manifest before him, he sees her, holds converse180 with her spirit—in the red glare from the ebony bowl, as he walks the deck at night, or squats181 on the windlass, are reflected the bright sparkling eyes of his sweetheart. The Irish fruit-woman, the Jarvie without a fare, the policeman on a quiet beat, the soldier at his ease, all bow to the mystic power of tobacco9—all acknowledge the infatuations of Cloudland.
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1
groves
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| 树丛，小树林( grove的名词复数 ) | |
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beetling
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| adj.突出的，悬垂的v.快速移动( beetle的现在分词 ) | |
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3
repose
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| v.(使)休息；n.安息 | |
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4
disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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dispositions
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| 安排( disposition的名词复数 )； 倾向； （财产、金钱的）处置； 气质 | |
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chirping
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| 鸟叫，虫鸣( chirp的现在分词 ) | |
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7
tottering
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| adj.蹒跚的，动摇的v.走得或动得不稳( totter的现在分词 )；踉跄；蹒跚；摇摇欲坠 | |
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professed
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| 公开声称的，伪称的，已立誓信教的 | |
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9
squire
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| n.护卫, 侍从, 乡绅 | |
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10
dames
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| n.（在英国）夫人（一种封号），夫人（爵士妻子的称号）( dame的名词复数 )；女人 | |
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rustle
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| v.沙沙作响；偷盗(牛、马等)；n.沙沙声声 | |
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12
chivalry
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| n.骑士气概，侠义；（男人）对女人彬彬有礼，献殷勤 | |
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13
scent
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| n.气味，香味，香水，线索，嗅觉；v.嗅，发觉 | |
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14
tingles
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| n.刺痛感( tingle的名词复数 )v.有刺痛感( tingle的第三人称单数 ) | |
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15
bask
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| vt.取暖，晒太阳，沐浴于 | |
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16
supreme
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| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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17
quaint
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| adj.古雅的，离奇有趣的，奇怪的 | |
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18
dodging
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| n.避开，闪过，音调改变v.闪躲( dodge的现在分词 )；回避 | |
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19
wriggling
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| v.扭动，蠕动，蜿蜒行进( wriggle的现在分词 )；（使身体某一部位）扭动；耍滑不做，逃避（应做的事等）；蠕蠕 | |
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20
omission
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| n.省略，删节；遗漏或省略的事物，冗长 | |
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21
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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22
sketch
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| n.草图；梗概；素描；v.素描；概述 | |
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23
premier
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| adj.首要的；n.总理，首相 | |
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24
mace
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| n.狼牙棒，豆蔻干皮 | |
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25
mingled
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| 混合，混入( mingle的过去式和过去分词 )； 混进，与…交往[联系] | |
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26
preservative
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| n.防腐剂；防腐料；保护料；预防药 | |
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27
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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28
urchins
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| n.顽童( urchin的名词复数 )；淘气鬼；猬；海胆 | |
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29
liking
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| n.爱好；嗜好；喜欢 | |
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30
exultation
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| n.狂喜，得意 | |
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31
humiliation
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| n.羞辱 | |
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32
smoker
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| n.吸烟者，吸烟车厢，吸烟室 | |
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33
fume
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| n.(usu pl.)(浓烈或难闻的)烟，气，汽 | |
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34
fumes
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| n.(强烈而刺激的)气味，气体 | |
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35
inhaled
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| v.吸入( inhale的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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36
puffed
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| adj.疏松的v.使喷出( puff的过去式和过去分词 )；喷着汽（或烟）移动；吹嘘；吹捧 | |
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37
puff
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| n.一口(气)；一阵(风)；v.喷气，喘气 | |
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38
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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39
sneaked
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| v.潜行( sneak的过去式和过去分词 )；偷偷溜走；（儿童向成人）打小报告；告状 | |
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40
puffing
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| v.使喷出( puff的现在分词 )；喷着汽（或烟）移动；吹嘘；吹捧 | |
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41
steadfastly
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| adv.踏实地，不变地；岿然；坚定不渝 | |
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42
chatter
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| vi.／n.喋喋不休；短促尖叫；(牙齿)打战 | |
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43
divulge
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| v.泄漏(秘密等)；宣布，公布 | |
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44
abhorred
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| v.憎恶( abhor的过去式和过去分词 )；（厌恶地）回避；拒绝；淘汰 | |
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45
appease
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| v.安抚，缓和，平息，满足 | |
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46
brats
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| n.调皮捣蛋的孩子( brat的名词复数 ) | |
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47
stark
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| adj.荒凉的；严酷的；完全的；adv.完全地 | |
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48
uncommon
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| adj.罕见的，非凡的，不平常的 | |
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49
smokers
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| 吸烟者( smoker的名词复数 ) | |
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50
appendage
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| n.附加物 | |
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51
cultivation
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| n.耕作，培养，栽培（法），养成 | |
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52
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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53
wholesale
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| n.批发；adv.以批发方式；vt.批发，成批出售 | |
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54
retail
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| v./n.零售；adv.以零售价格 | |
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55
interfering
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| adj. 妨碍的 动词interfere的现在分词 | |
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56
celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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57
filaments
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| n.（电灯泡的）灯丝( filament的名词复数 )；丝极；细丝；丝状物 | |
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58
etiquette
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| n.礼仪，礼节；规矩 | |
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59
descending
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| n. 下行 adj. 下降的 | |
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60
exquisite
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| adj.精美的；敏锐的；剧烈的，感觉强烈的 | |
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61
toddle
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| v.（如小孩）蹒跚学步 | |
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62
cigaret
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| n.（cigarette）香烟，纸烟，卷烟 | |
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63
apparatus
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| n.装置，器械；器具，设备 | |
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64
brass
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| n.黄铜；黄铜器，铜管乐器 | |
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65
figs
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| figures 数字，图形，外形 | |
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66
joints
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| 接头( joint的名词复数 )； 关节； 公共场所（尤指价格低廉的饮食和娱乐场所） （非正式）； 一块烤肉 （英式英语） | |
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67
downwards
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| adj./adv.向下的（地），下行的（地） | |
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68
sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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69
picturesque
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| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
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70
nostrils
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| 鼻孔( nostril的名词复数 ) | |
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71
puffs
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| n.吸( puff的名词复数 )；（烟斗或香烟的）一吸；一缕（烟、蒸汽等）；（呼吸或风的）呼v.使喷出( puff的第三人称单数 )；喷着汽（或烟）移动；吹嘘；吹捧 | |
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72
ornaments
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| n.装饰( ornament的名词复数 )；点缀；装饰品；首饰v.装饰，点缀，美化( ornament的第三人称单数 ) | |
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73
deprivation
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| n.匮乏；丧失；夺去，贫困 | |
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74
venial
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| adj.可宽恕的；轻微的 | |
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75
doorway
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| n.门口，(喻)入门；门路，途径 | |
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76
chafing
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| n.皮肤发炎v.擦热（尤指皮肤）( chafe的现在分词 )；擦痛；发怒；惹怒 | |
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77
galley
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| n.（飞机或船上的）厨房单层甲板大帆船；军舰舰长用的大划艇； | |
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78
lighter
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| n.打火机，点火器；驳船；v.用驳船运送；light的比较级 | |
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79
addicted
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| adj.沉溺于....的，对...上瘾的 | |
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80
juvenile
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| n.青少年，少年读物；adj.青少年的，幼稚的 | |
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81
narrated
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| v.故事( narrate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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82
veracity
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| n.诚实 | |
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83
attentive
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| adj.注意的，专心的；关心(别人)的，殷勤的 | |
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84
protruding
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| v.（使某物）伸出，（使某物）突出( protrude的现在分词 )；凸 | |
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85
virgin
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| n.处女，未婚女子；adj.未经使用的；未经开发的 | |
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86
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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87
maize
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| n.玉米 | |
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88
chili
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| n.辣椒 | |
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89
tweezers
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| n.镊子 | |
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90
intervals
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| n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息 | |
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91
narcotic
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| n.麻醉药，镇静剂；adj.麻醉的，催眠的 | |
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92
procure
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| vt.获得，取得，促成；vi.拉皮条 | |
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93
quiescence
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| n.静止 | |
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94
canes
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| n.（某些植物，如竹或甘蔗的）茎( cane的名词复数 )；（用于制作家具等的）竹竿；竹杖 | |
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95
ornamented
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| adj.花式字体的v.装饰，点缀，美化( ornament的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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96
amber
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| n.琥珀；琥珀色；adj.琥珀制的 | |
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97
saturate
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| vt.使湿透，浸透；使充满，使饱和 | |
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98
enjoyment
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| n.乐趣；享有；享用 | |
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99
ascent
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| n.(声望或地位)提高；上升，升高；登高 | |
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100
stigmatized
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| v.使受耻辱，指责，污辱( stigmatize的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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101
plebeian
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| adj.粗俗的；平民的；n.平民；庶民 | |
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102
ascending
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| adj.上升的，向上的 | |
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103
penetrating
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| adj.（声音）响亮的，尖锐的adj.（气味）刺激的adj.（思想）敏锐的，有洞察力的 | |
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104
kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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105
rendering
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| n.表现，描写 | |
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106
testy
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| adj.易怒的；暴躁的 | |
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107
degenerated
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| 衰退，堕落，退化( degenerate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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108
followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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109
barbarian
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| n.野蛮人；adj.野蛮(人)的；未开化的 | |
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110
salvation
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| n.（尤指基督）救世，超度，拯救，解困 | |
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111
fiery
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| adj.燃烧着的，火红的；暴躁的；激烈的 | |
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112
lone
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| adj.孤寂的，单独的；唯一的 | |
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113
chilly
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| adj.凉快的，寒冷的 | |
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114
stanching
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| v.使（伤口）止血( stanch的现在分词 )；止（血）；使不漏；使不流失 | |
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115
purging
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| 清洗； 清除； 净化； 洗炉 | |
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116
canopy
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| n.天篷，遮篷 | |
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117
veracious
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| adj.诚实可靠的 | |
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118
dart
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| v.猛冲，投掷；n.飞镖，猛冲 | |
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119
moors
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| v.停泊，系泊（船只）( moor的第三人称单数 ) | |
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120
beacon
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| n.烽火，（警告用的）闪火灯，灯塔 | |
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121
isles
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| 岛( isle的名词复数 ) | |
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122
metropolis
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| n.首府；大城市 | |
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123
groaning
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| adj. 呜咽的, 呻吟的 动词groan的现在分词形式 | |
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124
bolstered
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| v.支持( bolster的过去式和过去分词 )；支撑；给予必要的支持；援助 | |
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125
attic
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| n.顶楼，屋顶室 | |
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126
lodged
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| v.存放( lodge的过去式和过去分词 )；暂住；埋入；（权利、权威等）归属 | |
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127
caverns
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| 大山洞，大洞穴( cavern的名词复数 ) | |
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128
fragrant
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| adj.芬香的，馥郁的，愉快的 | |
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129
plies
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| v.使用（工具）( ply的第三人称单数 )；经常供应（食物、饮料）；固定往来；经营生意 | |
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130
savages
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| 未开化的人，野蛮人( savage的名词复数 ) | |
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131
warrior
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| n.勇士，武士，斗士 | |
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132
eldest
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| adj.最年长的，最年老的 | |
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133
sprouted
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| v.发芽( sprout的过去式和过去分词 )；抽芽；出现；（使）涌现出 | |
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134
meditation
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| n.熟虑，（尤指宗教的）默想，沉思，（pl.）冥想录 | |
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135
eloquence
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| n.雄辩；口才，修辞 | |
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136
valiant
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| adj.勇敢的，英勇的；n.勇士，勇敢的人 | |
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bombastic
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| adj.夸夸其谈的，言过其实的 | |
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138
narrative
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| n.叙述，故事；adj.叙事的，故事体的 | |
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139
inveterate
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| adj.积习已深的，根深蒂固的 | |
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140
corps
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| n.(通信等兵种的)部队；(同类作的)一组 | |
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141
dominions
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| 统治权( dominion的名词复数 )； 领土； 疆土； 版图 | |
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142
mosque
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| n.清真寺 | |
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143
sedate
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| adj.沉着的，镇静的，安静的 | |
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144
musket
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| n.滑膛枪 | |
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minor
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| adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修 | |
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146
cartridges
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| 子弹( cartridge的名词复数 )； （打印机的）墨盒； 录音带盒； （唱机的）唱头 | |
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147
clergy
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| n.[总称]牧师，神职人员 | |
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privately
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| adv.以私人的身份，悄悄地，私下地 | |
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abstain
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| v.自制，戒绝，弃权，避免 | |
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150
caulking
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| n.堵缝；敛缝；捻缝；压紧v.堵（船的）缝( caulk的现在分词 )；泥…的缝；填塞；使不漏水 | |
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151
potteries
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| n.陶器( pottery的名词复数 )；陶器厂；陶土；陶器制造（术） | |
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152
descends
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| v.下来( descend的第三人称单数 )；下去；下降；下斜 | |
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153
accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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154
majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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contented
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| adj.满意的，安心的，知足的 | |
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annoyance
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| n.恼怒，生气，烦恼 | |
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157
renounced
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| v.声明放弃( renounce的过去式和过去分词 )；宣布放弃；宣布与…决裂；宣布摒弃 | |
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158
mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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159
antiquities
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| n.古老( antiquity的名词复数 )；古迹；古人们；古代的风俗习惯 | |
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accounting
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| n.会计，会计学，借贷对照表 | |
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161
vouch
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| v.担保；断定；n.被担保者 | |
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162
Christians
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| n.基督教徒( Christian的名词复数 ) | |
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163
authenticate
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| vt.证明…为真，鉴定 | |
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164
frugal
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| adj.节俭的，节约的，少量的，微量的 | |
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165
retailing
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| n.零售业v.零售(retail的现在分词) | |
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166
kiln
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| n.（砖、石灰等）窑，炉；v.烧窑 | |
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167
annually
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| adv.一年一次，每年 | |
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168
buffalo
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| n.(北美)野牛；(亚洲)水牛 | |
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169
sterling
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| adj.英币的(纯粹的，货真价实的)；n.英国货币(英镑) | |
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170
expended
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| v.花费( expend的过去式和过去分词 )；使用（钱等）做某事；用光；耗尽 | |
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171
expend
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| vt.花费，消费，消耗 | |
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172
dwellings
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| n.住处，处所( dwelling的名词复数 ) | |
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173
dubious
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| adj.怀疑的，无把握的；有问题的，靠不住的 | |
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174
quota
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| n.（生产、进出口等的）配额，（移民的）限额 | |
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175
upwards
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| adv.向上，在更高处...以上 | |
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176
jobber
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| n.批发商；(股票买卖)经纪人；做零工的人 | |
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177
retailer
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| n.零售商(人) | |
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178
excise
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| n.(国产)货物税；vt.切除，删去 | |
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179
consolation
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| n.安慰，慰问 | |
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180
converse
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| vi.谈话，谈天，闲聊；adv.相反的，相反 | |
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181
squats
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| n.蹲坐，蹲姿( squat的名词复数 )；被擅自占用的建筑物v.像动物一样蹲下( squat的第三人称单数 )；非法擅自占用（土地或房屋）；为获得其所有权；而占用某片公共用地。 | |
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