Semele, in a death by fire, became a martyr2 to love. Thus Virginia suffers herself to be burnt for the good of the world. From the ashes of the old Ph?nix the young Ph?nix was born. From the smoke of the Havana spring new visions, and eloquent3 delights. As the altars of the gods received honour from men, and the censers from whence ascended4 the burning incense5 were sacred to the deities6, wherefore should not the pipe receive honour, as well as the man who uses it, or the odorous weed consumed within it. An enthusiast7 writes of it thus59—“Philosophers have drawn8 their best similes9 from their pipes. How could they have done so, had their pipes first been drawn from them? We see the smoke go upwards—we think of life; we see the smoke-wreath fade away—we remember the morning cloud. Our pipe breaks—we mourn the fragility of earthly pleasures. We smoke it to an end, and tapping out the ashes, remember that ‘Dust we are, and unto dust we shall return.’ If we are in love, we garnish10 a whole sonnet11 with images drawn from smoking, and first fill our pipe, and then tune12 it. That spark kindles13 like her eye, is ruddy as her lip; this slender clay, as white as her hand, and slim as her waist; till her raven14 hair grows grey as these ashes, I will love her. This perfume is not sweeter than her breath, though sweeter than all else. The odour ascends15 me into the brain, fills it full of all fiery16 delectable17 shapes, which delivered over to the tongue, which is the birth become delectable wit.”
The instruments by which the “universal weed” is consumed, are almost as variable in form and material as the nations indulging in their use. The pipe of Holland is of porcelain18, and that of our own island of unglazed clay. These latter are made in large quantities, both at home and abroad.10 One factory at St. Omer employs 450 work-people, and produces annually20 100,000 gross, or nearly fifteen millions of pipes; and another factory at the same place employs 850 work-people, and produces 200,000 gross, or nearly thirty millions of pipes, consuming nearly eight thousand tons of clay in their manufacture. The quantity of pipes used annually in London is estimated at 364,000 gross, or 52,416,000 pipes; it requires 300 men, each man making 20 gross four dozen per week, for one year, to make them; the cost of which is ￡40,950. The average length of these pipes is twelve and a half inches; and if laid down in a horizontal position, end to end together, they would reach to the extent of 10,340 miles, 1,600 yards; if they were piled one above another perpendicularly21, they would reach 135,138 times as high as St. Pauls; they would weigh 1,137 tons,60 10 cwts., and it would require 104 tons, 9 cwts., 32 lbs. of tobacco to fill them. In 1857 we imported clay pipes to the value of ￡7,614, which cannot be short of 121,000 gross, or seventeen and a half millions. But even with us, pipes were not always of clay. The earliest pipes used in Britain are stated to have been made from a walnut-shell and a straw. Dr. Royle describes a very primitive22 kind of clay pipe used by some of the natives of India—it is presumed only in cases of necessity. “The amateur makes two holes, one longer than the other, with a piece of stick in a clay soil, inclining the stick so that they may meet; into the shorter hole he places the tobacco, and applies his mouth to the other, and thus, as he lies upon the ground, luxuriates in the fumes23 of the narcotic24 herb.”
Turkish pipe-bowls, or Lules, are composed of the red clay of Nish, mixed with the white earth of the Roustchouck. They are very graceful25 in form, and are in some cases ornamented26 with gilding28. The “regular Turk” prefers a fresh bowl daily; therefore the plain ones are resorted to on the score of economy. In Turkey and some other parts of the Orient, it is not unusual to compute29 distances, or rather the duration of a journey, by the numbers of pipes which might be smoked in the time necessary to accomplish it.
The pipe of the German is, almost universally, the Meerschaum, that pipe of fame so coveted30 by the Northern smoker31. These articles are composed of a kind of magnesian earth, known to the Tartars of the Crimea as keff-til. Pallas erroneously supposed that this kind of earth was so denominated from Caffa, and therefore the name signified “Caffa earth.” From “Meninski’s Oriental Dictionary” it would appear to be a derivation of two Turkish words which signify “foam” or61 “froth” of the “earth.” The French name, écume de mer, or “scum of the sea,” and the Germans’ “sea foam,” have doubtless an intimate relationship with this same “keff til” of the Crimean Tartars.
Meerschaum earth is met with in various localities in Spain, Greece, Crimea, and Moravia. The greatest quantity is derived32 from Asia Minor33, it being dug principally in the peninsula of Natolia, near the town of Coniah. Before the capture of the Crimea, this earth is stated to have formed a considerable article of commerce with Constantinople, where it was used in the public baths to cleanse34 the hair of women. The first rude shape was formerly35 given to the pipe-bowls on the spot where the mineral was dug, by pressure in a mould; and these rude bowls were more elegantly carved and finished at Pesth and Vienna. At the present time, the greater part of the meerschaum is exported in the shape of irregular blocks; these undergo a careful manipulation, after having been soaked in a preparation of wax and oil. After being finished, and sold at the German fairs, some of them have acquired such an exquisite36 tint37 through smoking, in the estimation of connoisseurs38, that they have realized from ￡40 to ￡50.
Attempts have not been wanting to imitate this material, hitherto not very successfully. The large quantity of parings that are left in trimming up the bowls, has been rendered available for the manufacture of what are called “massa bowls,” but they do not enjoy the reputation of the genuine meerschaum bowls.
There is yet another mineral production, the use of which Turkish smokers39, at any rate, know how to appreciate. This is amber40. The Turk will expend41 an almost fabulous42 sum in an amber mouth-piece for his narghileh. Four valuable articles of this description were exhibited in the Turkish62 department of the Exhibition of 1851, which were worth together ￡1000, two of them being valued at ￡305 each. There is a current belief in Turkey that amber is incapable43 of transmitting infection; and as it is considered a great mark of politeness to offer the pipe to a stranger, this presumed property of amber accounts in some measure for the estimation in which it is held.
The knowledge of amber extends backwards44 to a remote antiquity45, as the Ph?nicians of old fetched it from Prussia. Since that period it has been obtained there uninterruptedly, without any diminution46 in the quantity annually collected. The greatest amount of amber is found on the coast of Prussia proper, between Konigsberg and Dantzic. From the amber-beds on the coast of Dirschkeim, extending under the sea, a storm threw up, on the 1st of January, 1848, no less than 800 pounds. The amber fishery of Prussia formerly produced to the king about 25,000 crowns per month. After a storm, the amber coasts are crowded with gatherers, large masses of amber being occasionally cast up by the waves. In digging for a well in the coal-mines near Prague, the workmen lately discovered, between the bed of gritstone which forms the roof of that mine and the first layer of coals, a bed of yellow amber, apparently47 of great extent. Pieces weighing from two to three pounds have been extracted. There are two kinds—the terrestrial, which is dug in mines, and the marine48, which is cast ashore49 during autumnal storms.
Opinions vary as to the origin of amber. Tacitus and others have considered it a fossil resin50 exhaled51 by certain coniferous trees, traces of which are frequently observed among the amber, whilst other theorists contend that it is a species of wax or fat, having undergone a slow process of putrefaction52; this latter view being based upon the fact that63 chemists are able to convert fatty or cerous substances into succinic acid by artificial oxidation. One thing is, however, certain, that amber, at some period of its history, must have existed in a state of fluidity, since numerous insects, especially of the spider kind, are found imbedded in it; and a specimen53 has been shown enclosing the leg of a toad54. Toads55 are in the habit of living for centuries, we are informed, cooped up in stone and rock; but we are not aware that hitherto any of these extraordinary reptiles56 have been found buried alive in a mass of amber. Masses of amber have been found weighing from 4 lbs. to 6 lbs.—more than large enough to contain a toad or two of ordinary dimensions.
For a knowledge of the pipes of modern Egypt, we must resort for information to Mr. Lane, from whom we gather the following notes. The pipe (which is called by many names, as “shibuk,” “ood,” &c.) is generally between four and five feet long. Some pipes are shorter, and some of greater length. The most common kind used in Egypt is made of a kind of wood called “garmashak.” The greater part of the stick is covered with silk, which is confined at each extremity57 by gold thread, often intertwined with coloured silks, or by a tube of gilt58 silver; and at the lower extremity of the covering is a tassel59 of silk. The covering was originally designed to be moistened with water, in order to cool the pipe, and consequently the smoke, by evaporation60; but this is only done when the pipe is old, or not handsome. Cherrystick pipes, which are never covered, are used by some persons, particularly in the winter. In summer, the smoke is not so cool from the cherrystick pipe as from the kind before mentioned. The bowl is of baked earth, coloured red or brown. The mouth-piece is composed of two or more pieces of opaque61, light-coloured amber, interjoined by ornaments62 of64 enamelled gold, agate63, jasper, carnelion, or some other precious substance. This is the most costly64 part of the pipe. Those in ordinary use by persons of the middle classes cost from ￡1 to ￡3 sterling65. A wooden tube passes through it; this is often changed, as it becomes foul66 from the oil of the tobacco. The pipe also requires to be cleaned very often, which is done with tow, by means of a long wire. Many poor men in Cairo gain a livelihood67 by cleaning pipes. Some of the Egyptians use the Persian pipe, in which the smoke passes through water. The pipe of this kind most commonly used by persons of the higher classes is called “nargeeleh,” because the vessel68 that contains the water is the shell of a cocoa-nut, of which “nargeeleh” is an Arabic name. Another kind which has a glass vase, is called “sheesheh,” from the Persian word signifying “glass.” Each has a very long, flexible tube.
A kind of pipe commonly called “gozeh,” which is similar to the nargeeleh, excepting that it has a short cane69 tube, instead of the snake, and no stand. This is used by men of the lowest class for smoking both the “tumbak” or Persian tobacco, and the narcotic hemp70.
The Zoolus of Southern Africa have a kind of pipe or smoking horn called “Egoodu,” which is constructed on a similar principle to the Persian pipe. The herb is placed at the end of a reed introduced into the side of an oxhorn, which is filled with water, and the mouth applied71 to the upper or wide part of the horn, the smoke passing down the reed and through the water.
The Delagoans of Eastern Africa smoke the “hubble-bubble,” a similar instrument, having the upper part of the horn closed, excepting a small orifice in the centre of the covering through which the smoke is inhaled72.
65
The Kaffirs form pipe bowls from a black, and also from a green stone; they are in shape similar to the Dutch pipes, and without ornament27. The negroes of Western Africa have pipes of a reddish earth, some of them of very uncouth73 and singular forms, others close imitations of European pipe bowls. One kind of pipe consists of two bowls placed side by side upon a single stem. Old Indian pipes have been found in America, also fashioned out of green stone.
The natives of the South-West coast of Africa, near Elizabeth’s Bay, use pipes in the shape of a cigar tube formed of a mottled green or white mineral of the magnesian family, externally carved or roughly ornamented.
Sailors, when on a voyage, are often in difficulties for the want of pipes. Under such circumstances, numerous contrivances have at different times been resorted to to remedy the defect; such as pipes cast out of old lead, or cut out of wood. The sailors belonging to H.M.S.Samarang having lost their pipes in the Sarawak river, set to, and in a very little while, manufactured excellent pipes from different sized internodes of the bamboos that grew around them. In India, simple pipes are used composed of two pieces of bamboo, one for the bowl cut close to a knot, and a smaller one for the tube.
The aborigines of British Guiana use a pipe, or rather a tube, called a “Winna.” It resembles a cheroot in outward appearance, but is hollow, so as to contain the tobacco. It is said to be made from the rind of the fruit of the manicot palm, growing on the river Berbice. Forasmuch as it pleaseth us to borrow fashions from nations barbarous as well as civilized74, a form of tube much resembling the “Winna,” has been made and sold in the tobacconist shops of the metropolis75 of old England.
66
Among the Bashee group, and particularly on the island of Ibayat, the natives form very elegant and commodious76 pipes from different species of shells, the columella and septa of the convolutions being broken down, and a short ebony stem inserted into a hole at the apex77 of the spire78. These are more generally formed of the shells known as the Bishop’s mitre (Mitra episcopalis) and the Pope’s mitre (Mitra papalis). Species of Terebra and Turbo are also converted into pipes.
In China, where M. Rondot calculates that there are not less than 100 millions, and Abbé Huc 300 millions of smokers, pipes are made in immense numbers. Of these there are three kinds, the water pipe, the straight pipe, and the opium79 pipe. Chinese pipes, and indeed those of all the Indo-Chinese races, including the Tartars, Chinese, Koreans, and Japanese, are provided with a small metallic80 bowl, and usually a long bamboo stem; for with persons who are in the habit of smoking, at short intervals81, all day long, a large bowl would be inadmissible. By inhaling82 but a pinch of tobacco on one occasion, they extend the influence of a larger pipe over a greater space of time. In such cases they suffer no inconvenience from the nature of the material of which the bowl is composed. Nations that smoke larger pipes adopt some other substance, as metal would become too hot; hence we have pipes of “Samian ware” in Turkey, “Meerschaum” in Germany, and “Clay” in England and other places. My “Uncle Toby” would have burnt his fingers with a Chinese pipe of nickel silver many a time and often; and it would have required a large amount of logic83 to have induced Doctor Riccabocca to have exchanged his companion (his pipe, not his umbrella) for a bowl of Japanese manufacture.
Isaac Browne thought, a century ago, that there67 was something in a pipe worth writing about, or he had never given us the following
“ODE TO A TOBACCO PIPE.
Charmer of an idle hour,
Object of my warm desire,
Lip of wax, and eye of fire;
With thy little stopper prest;
Breathing from thy balmy kisses.
Happy thrice, and thrice again,
Happiest he of happy men;
Who, when again the night returns,
When again the taper burns,
When again the cricket’s gay
(Little cricket full of play),
Can afford his tube to feed
Pleasure for a nose divine,
Incense of the god of wine.
Happy thrice, and thrice again,
Happiest he of happy men.”
In Virginia’s native country, the pipe sticks closer to a man than his boots. An American is no more furnished without his pipe or cigar, than a house is furnished without a looking glass. To the native Indian, it supplies an important place; it becomes his treaty of peace—his challenge of war. It is the instrument of a solemn ratification92, and the subject of more than one semi-sacred legend, which has woven about the heart of the Red-man.
“At the Red-pipe Stone Quarry93,” say they,68 “happened the mysterious birth of the red-pipe, which has blown its fumes of peace or war to the remotest corners of the Continent, which has visited every warrior94, and passed through its reddened stem, the irrevocable oath of war and desolation. And here, also, the peace breathing calumet was born, and fringed with the eagle’s quills95, which has shed its thrilling fumes over the land, and soothed96 the fury of the relentless97 savage98. The Great Spirit, at an ancient period, here called together the Indian warriors99, and standing100 on the precipice101 of the red-pipe stone rock, broke from its wall a piece, and made a huge pipe, by turning it in his hand, which he smoked over them, and to the north, the south, the east, and the west; and told them that this stone was red—that it was their flesh—that they must use it for their pipes of peace, that it belonged to them all, and that the war club, and the scalping knife must not be raised on its ground. At the last whiff of his pipe, his head went into a great cloud, and the whole surface of the rock, for several miles, was melted and glazed19. Two great ovens were opened beneath, and two women, guardian102 spirits of the place, entered them in a blaze of fire, and they are heard there yet, answering to the invocations of the priests or medicine men, who consult them when they are visitors to this sacred place.”11
“From the red stone of the quarry
With his hand he broke a fragment,
Moulded it into a pipe head,
Shaped and fashioned it with figures.
Took a long reed for a pipe stem,
With its dark green leaves upon it;
With the bark of the red willow;
Breathed upon the neighbouring forest,
Gitche Manito, the mighty,
Smoked the calumet, the Peace Pipe,
As a signal to the nations,” &c.
69
The tribes of the Missouri make their pipes of a kind of stone called Catlinite, from the red pipe stone quarries109 upon the head waters of that river, the colour of which is brick red. These stones, when first taken out of the quarry are soft, and easily worked with a knife, but on exposure to the air become hard and take a good polish. The pipes of the Rocky Mountain Indians are some of them wrought110 with much labour and ingenuity111 of an argillaceous stone of a very fine texture112, found at the north of Queen Charlotte’s Island. This stone is of a blue black colour, and in character similar to the red earth of the Missouri quarry.
The Calumet or “pipe of peace” of the Sioux Indians is thus described by Irving. “The bowl was of a species of red stone resembling porphyry, the stem was six feet in length, decorated with tufts of horse hair dyed red. The pipe bearer stepped within the circle, lighted the pipe, held it towards the sun, then towards the different points of the compass, after which he handed it to the principal chief. The latter smoked a few whiffs, then, holding the head of the pipe in his hand, offered the other end to their visitor, and to each one successively in the circle. When all had smoked, it was considered that an assurance of good faith and amity113 had been interchanged.” The use of the Uspogan or Calumet among the Eythinyuwak, appears not to have been an original practice of the Tinne, but was introduced with tobacco by Europeans; while among the Chippeways, the plant has been grown from the most ancient times.
Among the most uncultivated and uncivilized of nations, the pipe is an object upon which is exercised all their ingenuity, and in the decoration of which is concentrated all their taste. One might almost classify the races of the world by means of70 a good collection of their pipes, and not stray very far from the order resulting from more scientific processes.
In the East, there is existing an almost incessant114 habit of smoking; and the pipe is the prelude115 of all official acts, of all conversations, and of all social relations. The Oriental seizes his pipe in the morning, and scarcely relinquishes116 it till he goes to bed. Here there is generally a special functionary—the pipe-bearer—as an appendage117 to all officials. When the Sultan goes abroad, his pipe-bearer is with him. In families of respectability, the care of the pipes is the exclusive attribute of one or more servants, who occupy the highest grade of the domestic establishment; and thus dignity is given to the pipe, even in a country where less dignity is allowed to the fairer portion of the community than in more highly cultivated countries.
In the Museum of the Botanic Gardens at Kew, are pipes and stems carved out of boxwood, as used in Sweden; also pipe-bowls of pine and other woods made by the native Indians near Sitka in North-West America, and brought home from a late expedition. The latter are rude, but quite equal in elegance118 to many which adorn119 the windows of fancy tobacconists and cigar divans120 in this metropolis of the civilized world.
From a schism121 in tobacco-pipes, Knickerbocker dates the rise of parties in the Niew Nederlandts. “The rich and self-important burghers, who had made their fortunes, and could afford to be lazy, adhered to the ancient fashion, and formed a kind of aristocracy, known as the Long-pipes; while the lower order, adopting the reform of William Kieft, as more convenient in their handicraft employments, were branded with the plebeian122 name of Short-pipes.” Who may be considered as the71 founder123 of the English Short-pipe school, is more difficult to determine; it is nevertheless, of late years, a very popular one, and considerably124 outnumbers the aristocracy of Long-pipes. The variety of these instruments is almost infinite. There are all kinds of short clays, cutties, St. Omer, Gambier, meerschaum washed, coloured clay, and fancy clay of all shapes, grotesque125, uncouth, stupid, and in some instances graceful. Pipes also of wood, of black ebony, green ebony, brier-root—whatever that may be—cherry-root, tulip-wood, rosewood, &c. Glass pipes, with reservoirs and without, smokers’ friends, and, if we may judge from their size, tobacconists’ friends; meerschaum bowls, massa bowls, porcelain bowls, clay bowls, of uncouth and monstrous126 heads, with eyes of glass and enamelled teeth, together with short stems and mounts for broken clays. Add to these, one knows not how many kinds of tobacco-pots, from a smiling damsel in all the glories of crinoline, to the dissevered head of Poor Dog Tray. The windows of retail127 tobacconists now-a-days more resemble a toy-shop, or a fancy stall from an arcade128 or bazaar129, than the sober-looking windows of a retailer130 half a century ago. Mr. Frank Fowler informs us that the same tastes have migrated to Australia. “The cutty is of all shapes, sizes, and shades. Some are negro heads, set with rows of very white teeth; some are mermaids131, showing their more presentable halves up the front of the bowls, and stowing away their weedy extremities132 under the stems. Some are Turkish caps, some are Russian skulls133, some are houris, some are Empresses of the French, some are Margaret Catchpoles, some are as small as my lady’s thimble, others as large as an old Chelsea tea-cup. Everybody has one, from the little pinafore schoolboy, who has renounced134 his hardbake for his Hardham’s, to the old72 veteran who came out with the second batch135 of convicts, and remembers George Barrington’s prologue136. Clergymen get up their sermons over the pipe; members of parliament walk the verandah of the Sydney House of Legislature, with the black bowl gleaming between their teeth. One of the metropolitan137 representatives was seriously ill just before I left, from having smoked forty pipes of Latakia at one sitting. A cutty bowl, like a Creole’s eye, is most prized when blackest. Some smokers wrap the bowls reverently138 in leather during the process of colouring; others buy them ready stained, and get (I suppose) the reputation of accomplished139 whiffers at once. Every young swell87 glories in his cabinet of dirty clay pipes. A friend of mine used to call a box of the little black things his ‘Stowe collection.’ Tobacco, I should add here, is seldom sold in a cut form; each man carries a cake about with him, like a card-case; each boy has his stick of Cavendish, like so much candy. The cigars usually smoked are Manillas, which are as cheap and good as can be met with in any part of the world. Lola Montez, during her Australian tour, spoke140 well of them. What stronger puff141 could they have than hers?”
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1
solace
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| n.安慰；v.使快乐；vt.安慰(物)，缓和 | |
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martyr
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| n.烈士，殉难者；vt.杀害，折磨，牺牲 | |
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eloquent
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| adj.雄辩的，口才流利的；明白显示出的 | |
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ascended
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| v.上升，攀登( ascend的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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incense
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| v.激怒；n.香，焚香时的烟，香气 | |
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deities
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| n.神，女神( deity的名词复数 )；神祗；神灵；神明 | |
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7
enthusiast
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| n.热心人，热衷者 | |
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8
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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similes
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| （使用like或as等词语的）明喻( simile的名词复数 ) | |
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garnish
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| n.装饰，添饰，配菜 | |
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sonnet
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| n.十四行诗 | |
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tune
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| n.调子；和谐，协调；v.调音，调节，调整 | |
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13
kindles
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| （使某物）燃烧，着火( kindle的第三人称单数 )； 激起（感情等）； 发亮，放光 | |
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14
raven
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| n.渡鸟，乌鸦；adj.乌亮的 | |
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ascends
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| v.上升，攀登( ascend的第三人称单数 ) | |
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16
fiery
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| adj.燃烧着的，火红的；暴躁的；激烈的 | |
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delectable
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| adj.使人愉快的；美味的 | |
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porcelain
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| n.瓷；adj.瓷的，瓷制的 | |
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glazed
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| adj.光滑的，像玻璃的；上过釉的；呆滞无神的v.装玻璃( glaze的过去式)；上釉于，上光；（目光）变得呆滞无神 | |
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annually
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| adv.一年一次，每年 | |
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perpendicularly
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| adv. 垂直地, 笔直地, 纵向地 | |
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primitive
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| adj.原始的；简单的；n.原(始)人，原始事物 | |
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fumes
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| n.(强烈而刺激的)气味，气体 | |
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narcotic
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| n.麻醉药，镇静剂；adj.麻醉的，催眠的 | |
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graceful
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| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
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ornamented
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| adj.花式字体的v.装饰，点缀，美化( ornament的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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ornament
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| v.装饰，美化；n.装饰，装饰物 | |
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gilding
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| n.贴金箔，镀金 | |
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compute
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| v./n.计算，估计 | |
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coveted
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| adj.令人垂涎的；垂涎的，梦寐以求的v.贪求，觊觎(covet的过去分词)；垂涎；贪图 | |
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smoker
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| n.吸烟者，吸烟车厢，吸烟室 | |
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derived
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| vi.起源；由来；衍生；导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取 | |
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33
minor
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| adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修 | |
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34
cleanse
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| vt.使清洁，使纯洁，清洗 | |
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35
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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36
exquisite
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| adj.精美的；敏锐的；剧烈的，感觉强烈的 | |
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37
tint
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| n.淡色，浅色；染发剂；vt.着以淡淡的颜色 | |
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38
connoisseurs
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| n.鉴赏家，鉴定家，行家( connoisseur的名词复数 ) | |
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39
smokers
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| 吸烟者( smoker的名词复数 ) | |
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40
amber
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| n.琥珀；琥珀色；adj.琥珀制的 | |
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41
expend
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| vt.花费，消费，消耗 | |
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42
fabulous
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| adj.极好的；极为巨大的；寓言中的，传说中的 | |
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43
incapable
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| adj.无能力的，不能做某事的 | |
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44
backwards
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| adv.往回地，向原处，倒，相反，前后倒置地 | |
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45
antiquity
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| n.古老；高龄；古物，古迹 | |
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46
diminution
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| n.减少；变小 | |
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47
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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48
marine
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| adj.海的；海生的；航海的；海事的；n.水兵 | |
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49
ashore
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| adv.在(向)岸上，上岸 | |
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50
resin
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| n.树脂，松香，树脂制品；vt.涂树脂 | |
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51
exhaled
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| v.呼出，发散出( exhale的过去式和过去分词 )；吐出（肺中的空气、烟等），呼气 | |
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52
putrefaction
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| n.腐坏，腐败 | |
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53
specimen
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| n.样本，标本 | |
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54
toad
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| n.蟾蜍，癞蛤蟆 | |
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55
toads
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| n.蟾蜍，癞蛤蟆( toad的名词复数 ) | |
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56
reptiles
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| n.爬行动物，爬虫( reptile的名词复数 ) | |
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57
extremity
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| n.末端，尽头；尽力；终极；极度 | |
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58
gilt
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| adj.镀金的；n.金边证券 | |
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59
tassel
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| n.流苏，穗；v.抽穗， （玉米）长穗须 | |
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60
evaporation
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| n.蒸发，消失 | |
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61
opaque
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| adj.不透光的；不反光的，不传导的；晦涩的 | |
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62
ornaments
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| n.装饰( ornament的名词复数 )；点缀；装饰品；首饰v.装饰，点缀，美化( ornament的第三人称单数 ) | |
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63
agate
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| n.玛瑙 | |
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64
costly
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| adj.昂贵的，价值高的，豪华的 | |
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65
sterling
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| adj.英币的(纯粹的，货真价实的)；n.英国货币(英镑) | |
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66
foul
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| adj.污秽的；邪恶的；v.弄脏；妨害；犯规；n.犯规 | |
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67
livelihood
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| n.生计，谋生之道 | |
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68
vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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69
cane
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| n.手杖，细长的茎，藤条；v.以杖击，以藤编制的 | |
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70
hemp
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| n.大麻；纤维 | |
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71
applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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72
inhaled
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| v.吸入( inhale的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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73
uncouth
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| adj.无教养的，粗鲁的 | |
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74
civilized
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| a.有教养的，文雅的 | |
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75
metropolis
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| n.首府；大城市 | |
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76
commodious
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| adj.宽敞的；使用方便的 | |
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77
apex
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| n.顶点，最高点 | |
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78
spire
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| n.(教堂)尖顶，尖塔，高点 | |
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79
opium
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| n.鸦片；adj.鸦片的 | |
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80
metallic
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| adj.金属的；金属制的；含金属的；产金属的；像金属的 | |
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81
intervals
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| n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息 | |
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82
inhaling
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| v.吸入( inhale的现在分词 ) | |
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83
logic
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| n.逻辑(学)；逻辑性 | |
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84
mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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85
taper
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| n.小蜡烛，尖细，渐弱；adj.尖细的；v.逐渐变小 | |
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86
braced
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| adj.拉牢的v.支住( brace的过去式和过去分词 )；撑牢；使自己站稳；振作起来 | |
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87
swell
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| vi.膨胀，肿胀；增长，增强 | |
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88
swelling
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| n.肿胀 | |
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89
crest
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| n.顶点；饰章；羽冠；vt.达到顶点；vi.形成浪尖 | |
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90
bliss
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| n.狂喜，福佑，天赐的福 | |
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91
fragrant
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| adj.芬香的，馥郁的，愉快的 | |
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92
ratification
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| n.批准，认可 | |
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93
quarry
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| n.采石场；v.采石；费力地找 | |
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94
warrior
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| n.勇士，武士，斗士 | |
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95
quills
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| n.（刺猬或豪猪的）刺( quill的名词复数 )；羽毛管；翮；纡管 | |
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96
soothed
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| v.安慰( soothe的过去式和过去分词 )；抚慰；使舒服；减轻痛苦 | |
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97
relentless
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| adj.残酷的，不留情的，无怜悯心的 | |
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98
savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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99
warriors
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| 武士，勇士，战士( warrior的名词复数 ) | |
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100
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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101
precipice
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| n.悬崖，危急的处境 | |
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102
guardian
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| n.监护人；守卫者，保护者 | |
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103
margin
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| n.页边空白；差额；余地，余裕；边，边缘 | |
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104
willow
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| n.柳树 | |
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105
boughs
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| 大树枝( bough的名词复数 ) | |
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106
chafe
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| v.擦伤；冲洗；惹怒 | |
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107
kindled
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| （使某物）燃烧，着火( kindle的过去式和过去分词 )； 激起（感情等）； 发亮，放光 | |
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108
erect
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| n./v.树立，建立，使竖立；adj.直立的，垂直的 | |
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109
quarries
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| n.（采）石场( quarry的名词复数 )；猎物（指鸟，兽等）；方形石；（格窗等的）方形玻璃v.从采石场采得( quarry的第三人称单数 )；从（书本等中）努力发掘（资料等）；在采石场采石 | |
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110
wrought
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| v.引起；以…原料制作；运转；adj.制造的 | |
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111
ingenuity
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| n.别出心裁；善于发明创造 | |
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112
texture
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| n.(织物)质地；(材料)构造；结构；肌理 | |
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113
amity
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| n.友好关系 | |
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114
incessant
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| adj.不停的，连续的 | |
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115
prelude
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| n.序言，前兆，序曲 | |
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116
relinquishes
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| 交出，让给( relinquish的第三人称单数 )； 放弃 | |
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117
appendage
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| n.附加物 | |
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118
elegance
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| n.优雅；优美，雅致；精致，巧妙 | |
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119
adorn
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| vt.使美化，装饰 | |
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120
divans
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| n.（可作床用的）矮沙发( divan的名词复数 )；（波斯或其他东方诗人的）诗集 | |
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121
schism
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| n.分派，派系，分裂 | |
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122
plebeian
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| adj.粗俗的；平民的；n.平民；庶民 | |
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123
Founder
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| n.创始者，缔造者 | |
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124
considerably
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| adv.极大地；相当大地；在很大程度上 | |
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125
grotesque
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| adj.怪诞的，丑陋的；n.怪诞的图案，怪人（物） | |
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126
monstrous
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| adj.巨大的；恐怖的；可耻的，丢脸的 | |
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127
retail
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| v./n.零售；adv.以零售价格 | |
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128
arcade
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| n.拱廊；(一侧或两侧有商店的)通道 | |
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129
bazaar
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| n.集市，商店集中区 | |
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130
retailer
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| n.零售商(人) | |
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131
mermaids
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| n.（传说中的）美人鱼( mermaid的名词复数 ) | |
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132
extremities
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| n.端点( extremity的名词复数 )；尽头；手和足；极窘迫的境地 | |
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133
skulls
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| 颅骨( skull的名词复数 )； 脑袋； 脑子； 脑瓜 | |
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134
renounced
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| v.声明放弃( renounce的过去式和过去分词 )；宣布放弃；宣布与…决裂；宣布摒弃 | |
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135
batch
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| n.一批(组，群)；一批生产量 | |
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136
prologue
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| n.开场白，序言；开端，序幕 | |
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137
metropolitan
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| adj.大城市的，大都会的 | |
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138
reverently
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| adv.虔诚地 | |
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139
accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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140
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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141
puff
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| n.一口(气)；一阵(风)；v.喷气，喘气 | |
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