Poins. No abuse!
Fal. No abuse, Ned, in the world; honest Ned, none. I dispraised him before the wicked, that the wicked might not fall in love with him; in which doing, I have done the part of a careful friend, and a true subject. No abuse, Hal; none, Ned, none;—no, boys, none.——King Henry IV., part II.
Scarce a flower that graces the earth, or a tree waving in the forests, has had its character assailed1 so mercilessly as the poppy. Not one of the simples or compounds of the chemist’s store, even including arsenic2 and strychnine, has been so strictly3 interrogated4 as to the honourable5 and dishonourable of its intentions. It is matter of surprise that the East India Company has not been obliged, by authority of Act of Parliament, to imprint6 the decalogue, at least in the Chinese language, upon every cake or ball of opium7 leaving their stores. Take upon credit all that some men would tell you, and there would not be room for doubt, were the next informant to state that on the arrival of a cargo8 of opium, at such a port, on such a day,182 the entire population cut each other’s throats, on account of the pestilential miasma9 diffused10 by the said cargo. What are really the moral effects of opium-smoking, can best be collected from a statement of facts, the reader drawing his own inferences: they are, at any rate, bad enough without the aid of exaggeration.
At Singapore stands a house of correction, in which, during the month of July, 1847, might be found forty-four Chinese criminals; and of these, thirty-five were opium-smokers12—not moderate smokers, but indulgers to excess—not confining themselves to what they could obtain with such money as they could spare from their wages, but in some instances, swallowing or smoking them all up, and in certain instances, even more than their wages.20 The aggregate13 amount of the monthly wages of seventeen of these men was ￡16 0s. 10d., or individually 18s. 10?d. The monthly consumption of opium of these men amounted in value to ￡20 16s. 3d., or individually to ￡1 4s. 5?d., so that each of these men, in addition to spending all his wages, begged, borrowed, or stole 5s. 7d. monthly, to make up his quantity of opium alone, without reference to any other necessaries. One of these men, who spent ￡1 5s. monthly, and whose wages only reached half of that amount, was asked to explain how it was to be accounted for. Was there not some error in the calculation, or was he deceiving the person to whom the circumstances were being detailed14? How was it possible that, with an income of only 12s. 6d., he could spend ￡1 5s.? The answer was a graphic15 one and much to the point:——“What am I in here for?” Of course, the tenants16 of a jail can account for such discrepancies17 in arithmetic. The offences183 for which these persons were confined were such as would stand in a calendar under the rank of vagrants18, suspicious characters, persons attempting to steal, and such like—the crimes committed being against property and not persons. This distinction deserves notice, as it will serve as the basis of some future suggestions.
In looking down the column of the table in which the above instances occur, it will be seen that one planter, whose income was twelve shillings and sixpence, expended19 in opium six times that amount; and another, whose income is not stated, but which would not far exceed the former, expended twelve times that amount in the drug. Occasional instances occur in which, where the income reached twelve shillings and sixpence, the expenditure20 amounted only to a trifle beyond; and where the income was sixteen shillings and eightpence, the expenditure was only eight shillings and fourpence or ten shillings.
The inspector21 of the above institution states:184 “During the course of these investigations22, I found some opium-smokers, who declared that their wages only equalled the value of the opium consumed, and in the majority of cases but little exceeded their consumption; yea, I found instances, and these not few, where the value of the opium consumed monthly, was more than the whole wages received. The idea then suggested itself to me, that there must be an affinity23 betwixt opium-smoking and crime; for when once the habit is formed, it cannot be broken off, while the desire increases with the consumption. It must happen that the wages of the individual will at last be inadequate24 to supply his desire, even supposing that, after a lengthened25 career of indulgence, he was able to earn the same amount of money as when, strong, vigorous, and unimpaired, he commenced his dissipation. I, therefore, was not at all surprised when I went to the house of correction, to find that three-fourths of the prisoners were opium-smokers.”
An examination of the prisoners in jail in July of the same year, under different sentences, showed that out of fifty-one Chinese prisoners, fifteen only were not opium-smokers. Seventy per cent. were addicted26 to the vice27, each consuming quantities ranging from twelve to one hundred and eighty grains per day. The same jail was again visited, and the prisoners examined a month afterwards, several fresh criminals had entered, others had been enlarged. At this time, there were sixty-nine criminals, and of these only thirty-one were opium-smokers, being only forty-five per cent. against the seventy per cent. of the former visit.
A quantity of criminals from Pinang under sentence of transportation showed, on examination, the following results:—Out of twenty-one criminals, Chinese and Malays, eight did not smoke. The crimes of these men were murder, stabbing with intent to murder, burglary, and larceny28. Ten of these men were Chinese, all of whom smoked but one. Of these nine, eight were condemned30 for offences against property, one only against the person. Of the nine persons out of the twenty-one who were convicted for offences against the person, four did not smoke, three smoked but little. Hence the conclusion is inevitable31, that the criminals of the worst degree, or those committing offences against the person, are either not smokers at all, or are so only to a moderate extent. Other statistics show that, for crimes of this character, highway robbery, and burglary, forty to fifty per cent. only indulge in opium; whilst for vagrancy32, misdemeanour, and petty larceny, seventy to eighty185 per cent. indulged in the use of the drug, and often to a very extraordinary extent.
Why do we find that those charged with the gravest offences are the least addicted to opium? May it not be that this class of criminal requires a certain ingenuity33, an amount of method and calculation, and mental vigour34 and excitement of the passions, greater than the debased opium-smoker11 is possessed35 of, the want of which, therefore, unfits him for carrying out any such enterprise requiring such adjuncts, leaving him only capable of being a criminal on a small scale. It is well known that the Chinese are inveterate36 gamblers; but it is not in connexion with the pipe, but with the arrack-cup, that this vice is indulged in. The influences of opium are sedative37 and soothing38, those of arrack stimulating39 and exciting; the latter, therefore, as may be supposed, is the companion of the gambler, rather than the former. There are other phases in which the two vices40 of opium-smoking and intoxication41 may be compared. The abuse of ardent42 spirits leads to crimes against the person; the abuse of opium leads to crimes against property. The victim of ardent spirits commits his crimes while under their influence; the devotee to opium, while under its influence, is at peace with all mankind, and dreams only of his own happiness. The drunkard, when not under the influence of liquor, may be a moral member of society, and often a contrite43 one; the opium-smoker at that time is often scheming the violation44 of moral and social laws, which, when effected, makes him a criminal, but enables him to gratify his appetite.21
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De Quincey compares the two habits, not so much for the purpose of showing the tendency of either of them to crime, but for the proving that opium does not produce intoxication any more than would a rump steak. “The pleasure given by wine is always rapidly mounting, and tending to a crisis, after which as rapidly it declines; that from opium, when once generated, is stationary45 for eight or ten hours. The first—to borrow a technical distinction from medicine—is a case of acute, the second of chronic46 pleasure; the one is a flickering47 flame, the other a steady and equable glow. But the main distinction lies in this, that whereas wine disorders48 the mental faculties49, opium, on the contrary (if taken in a proper manner) introduces amongst them the most exquisite50 order, legislation, and harmony. Wine robs a man of self-possession; opium sustains and reinforces it. Wine unsettles the judgment51, and gives a preternatural brightness and a vivid exaltation to the contempts and the admirations, to the loves and the hatreds52 of the drinker; opium, on the contrary, communicates serenity53 and equipoise to all the faculties, active or passive, and with respect to the temper and moral feelings in general, it gives simply that sort of vital warmth which is approved by the judgment, and which would probably always accompany a bodily constitution of primeval or antediluvian54 health. Wine constantly leads a man to the brink55 of187 absurdity56 and extravagance, and beyond a certain point, it is sure to volatize and disperse57 the intellectual energies; whereas opium always seems to compose what had been agitated58, and to concentrate what had been distracted. In short, to sum up all in one word, a man who is inebriated59, or tending to inebriation60 is, and feels that he is in a condition which calls up into supremacy61 the merely human, too often the brutal63 part of his nature; but the opium-eater, simply as such, assuming that he is in a normal state of health, feels that the divine part of his nature is paramount64, that is, the moral affections are in a state of cloudless serenity, and high over all, the great light of the majestic65 intellect.”
It is not to be wondered at that the abuse of opium should be a fertile source of poverty, when so much of the wages of many of its votaries66 are devoted67 to it. This diseased habit is progressive, and the quantity taken must be daily increased to produce the necessary effects; but the capability68 of furnishing the means does not keep pace with the desire of consumption. The cooly, who, when strong and vigorous, could earn twenty-five shillings per month, has only to commence opium-smoking, and in two years he will not receive more than two-thirds of that amount, whilst he still smokes his quantity of opium; and as years roll on, he finds that, mainly on account of the vice he has adopted, he can no longer endure the toil69 that formerly70 was to him only as child’s play, the amount of excitement having still to be kept up under a decreased income, he has to lessen71 his expenditure for clothes, and then for food, and lastly, the quantity of opium itself; until worn out, exhausted72, and diseased, he finds himself the inmate73 of a jail or a poorhouse. A sad reflection, truly, but a history repeated over and over again, with but little188 variation, in the lives of thousands of Chinamen and Malays.
Were poverty to be succoured in places where this description of persons most do congregate74, as it is at home, thousands would become public burdens; but there the hand of charity has been closed, and the springs of compassion75 for the poor dried up. In Singapore, it was not until the horrid76 spectacle of miserable77 Chinese daily crawling in front of their doors, exposing their loathsome78 sores and leprous bodies, and polluting the air they breathed; it was not until these wretched beings, without food or friends, and deprived of the power of supporting themselves, laid them down to die in the streets, of disease and starvation, that by the active philanthropy of two or three individuals a shed was erected79 to keep these paupers81 out of sight. When the novelty passed away, the philanthropy declined, and the monthly contribution dwindled82 down to about three pounds, which was the sum total of the public charity of the European residents in behalf of the diseased poor of Singapore. In this shed were to be found two classes of persons, united in the same individuals, the diseased poor. These are the only kind of poor that excite any sympathy in such places, and an examination of the inmates83 of the shed will give some insight into the propensities84 of this class. Out of 125 under relief at the time, 70 were opium-smokers and 55 were not (or would not acknowledge it). Of these 70, some before their admission, were reduced to the alternative of Tye or Samshing, or no opium at all. The total consumption of these paupers before their admission amounted to upwards85 of four pounds (2022 grains) daily, giving an average daily consumption to each smoker of upwards of 28 grains, being nearly the average consumption of the opium-smoker in general, under more favourable189 circumstances. The greatest consumption of any one of these individuals had amounted to 120 grains, but at that rate his finances soon failed him, and he had to be content with one fourth of that amount shortly before he became an invalid86. Sixty-two of these men consumed opium to the monthly value of ￡38 7s. 6d., while their aggregate income amounted in the same period to but ￡50 11s. 3d.; or, individually, the value of each man’s monthly consumption of opium was 12s. 4?d., and his income was but 16s. 6d., leaving only about 4s. monthly, or 1s. per week to feed, clothe, and house himself, and in fact, for every other purpose for which money is required. Some of these did not confine themselves to this. Fifteen of them (as will be seen from Table XVI.) consuming all, or more than their income in opium. Surely such men were worthy87 not only of a pauper80 hospital, but also of a jail.
These paupers at one time all received even more than the average amount of wages, sufficient to have clothed and fed them and their families, and kept them comfortable, whilst at that time they were dependent on a charity which allowed them to exist on the rice which was supplied to them, and five doits a day or about a shilling per month. Thousands more, not incapacitated so much by disease as to be unable to work and not therefore inmates of the hospital, were no better off, for what they had they spent in chandu.
The Dutch Commissioners88 report that,190 “the use of opium is so much more dangerous, because a person who is once addicted to it can never leave it off. To satisfy that inclination89 he will sacrifice everything, his own welfare—the subsistence of his wife and children, and neglect his work. Poverty is the natural consequence, and then it becomes indifferent to him by what means he may content his insatiable desire after opium; so that at last he no longer respects either the property or life of his fellow creature.”
A Chinaman, who himself is a smoker and consumes opium to the monthly value of ￡2, says, that in one hundred Chinese about Hong-Kong and Singapore, seventy of them smoke, and that all the coolies do so more or less. If a cooly earns ￡1 monthly, 4s. goes for food, l0d. for house rent, a small outlay90 for a jacket and trowsers once in six months, and all the rest goes in opium. From his own experience, and what he has seen of others, he would say if a man had been accustomed to smoke opium for seven or eight years, and gives it up for a day he is attacked with diarrh?a, while during the time he is smoking the opposite is the case. And he who uses six grains a day will soon require twelve.
To give up opium-smoking, after it has once been commenced, all declare to be a very difficult achievement. A Malay who was apprehended91 on some criminal charge some years ago, when locked up, previous to examination was, as a matter of course, deprived of opium for some days, he pined away so rapidly that, although only four or five days in the lock-up house, he could not leave it when released, but was carried out, having entered the place as strong and muscular a man as can be met with.
Dr. Oxley states, “that the lower class of Chinese when deprived of their allowance, are very liable to become dropsical. The effect of deprivation92 at first appears to produce desperation, a heart-rending despondency, something like the low state of delirium93 tremens, but differing in many respects from that malady94. Death certainly does occur from deprivation, and generally by dropsy.”
A great many women smoke, generally the wives of opium-smokers. A woman was191 discovered by a surgeon in Singapore in an opium shop up stairs smoking away, as she had done for three years, at the rate of thirty-six grains a day. She stated that she had two children, but that they were very sickly and always crying. And how did she stifle95 their cries? She conveyed from her lips to those of the child the fresh drawn96 opium vapour, which the babe inspired. This was repeated twice, when it fell back a senseless mass into its mother’s arms, and allowed her quietly to finish her unholy repast. This practice she had often recourse to, as her child was very troublesome, adding that it was no uncommon97 thing for mothers to do so.
Another inveterate opium-smoker makes his “confession,” that after his quantity is consumed, he feels no desire for sleep until twelve or two in the morning, when he falls into disturbed slumbers98, which last till eight or nine. When he awakes, his head is giddy, confused, and painful—his mouth is dry, he has great thirst, he has no appetite, can neither read nor write, suffers pains in all his bones and muscles, gasps99 for breath; he wishes to bathe, but cannot stand the shock. This state continues till he gets his morning pipe, when he can eat and drink a little, and after that attend to his business. The force of example taught him this habit, and he knows no class of people exempt100 from it except Europeans. “Look,” says he, appealing to himself, “I was, ere I gave way to this accursed vice, stout101, strong, and able for anything. I loved my wife and children, attended to my business, and was happy; but now I am thin, meagre, and wretched. I can receive enjoyment102 from nothing but the pipe, my passions are gone, and if I am railed at, and abused like a dog, I return not an angry word.”
Although opium-smoking is carried to such an excess among some of the Chinese coolies, yet there192 is no gambling103 amongst them at the opium shops at Singapore. It is true that this vice has been suppressed, but it is not secretly indulged in; and a gentleman who was formerly the opium farmer, says, “that the consumption of opium is but little affected104 by gambling, from arrack or samshu being the intoxicating105 medium used, a much better instrument for raising excitement and stimulating to excessive play than opium, whose effects are much more sedative than exciting.”
The consideration of the morals and influence of these customs leads us to a remarkable106 passage in one of M. Quetelet’s works, it refers to the certainty of natural laws in states as well as individuals:——“All those things which appear to be left to the free will, the passions, or the degree of intelligence of men, are regulated by laws as fixed107, immutable108, and eternal as those which govern the phenomena109 of the natural world. No one knows the day or the hour of his own death; and nothing appears more entirely110 accidental than the birth of a boy or of a girl in any given case. But how many out of a million of men living together in one country, shall have died in ten, twenty, forty, or sixty years, how many boys and girls shall be born in a million of births; all this is as certain, nay111, much more certain, than any human truth.”
The statistics of courts of justice have disclosed to us the regular repetition of the same crimes, and have established the fact—incomprehensive to our understandings, because we do not know the connecting links—that in every large country, the number of offences, and of each kind of offence, may be predicted for every coming year, with the same certainty as the number of the births and of the natural deaths. Of every 100 persons accused before the supreme112 tribunal in France, 61 are condemned; in England, 71. The variations,193 on an average, amount hardly to 1/100th part of the whole. We can predict with confidence, for fifteen years to come, the number of suicides generally—that of the cases of suicide by fire-arms, and that of the cases of suicide by hanging.
Every large number of phenomena of the same kind, which rise and fall periodically, leads to a fixed proportion. This is the law of large numbers to which all things and all events without exception, are subject. These laws have nothing to do with the essence of vice and virtue113 in the moral world, but with the external causes, and the effects they produce in human society. No one denies the influence of education, and of habits of labour and order on the conduct of men, but no one thinks of regarding this moral conduct as a mere62 result of those habits. Good education and improved cultivation114 diminish the number of offences, as well as that of the annual deaths in our tables of mortality.
The results, therefore, of a collection of statistical115 information carefully arranged for Singapore, one of the most inveterate of opium localities, should, on comparison with the results obtained from other quarters, show that the per centage of deaths is greater, the per centage of births less; the per centage of criminals higher, and of suicides larger, in this population of opium-smokers, than in any other equally conditioned country in which opium is indulged, or it is not proven that the habit tends to shorten life, decrease production, increase crime, and induce suicide, all of which charges have been made against it.
With this evidence we are not at present satisfactorily supplied. That opinion has an influence, though probably only a minor116 one, on moral and social development, is not to be denied. Because man is so entirely a creature of relation, that194 nothing is unimportant to him. “If the movements of the remotest star that glitters in the heavens affect those of our earth, assist in determining its position in space, its climate, its productions, and thus influence the lot of man, who is the creature of these circumstances; what combinations subsisting117 upon the surface of the earth, or developing themselves in the bosom118 of society, can be deemed wholly indifferent to his conduct, and without power over his well being and happiness?”
If, as Dr. Lyon Playfair recently noticed, it is worthy of observation, that the character of the nations through which Dr. Livingstone passed in his recent travels, depended upon the habits of the people, in the acquisition of their food, as well as upon the food itself, we may expect to find opium exerting also its influence. If, for instance, the Kaffirs who lived by hunting, and were flesh-eaters, were wild and warlike; and the Wampoos, who lived principally on grain, were of a more quiet and peaceable disposition119. Then again, the Bechuanos, who lived upon grain, were more civilized120 than the Kaffirs, and the Macololas, who combined as their food both grain and flesh, did not lose the warlike character, and made incursions upon their more feeble neighbours. It was an axiom amongst the latter people, that if it were not for the gullet (alluding to their appetites) there would be no war or fighting amongst mankind. In those parts, such as Loando, where the people lived upon starchy varieties of food, they had become diminutive121 in their stature122; and this applied123 not merely to the natives, but also to the Portuguese124 settlers there, for they had lost the physical characters of their ancestors, and had become feminine in their frames and habits, and this extended even to their handwriting. Where more nitrogenous food was195 taken, the physical character of the people had not undergone that very marked change. If food exerts this influence upon the people of a country or district, we cannot doubt that any habit, such as smoking tobacco or opium, chewing betel or coca, must exert some influence upon the nations so indulging, whether that influence be good or bad.
Who will say that tobacco has no portion in the formation of the German character? Yet the subtle and profound Germans exhibit no extraordinary evidence in their national character of the baneful125 influences on their moral and social development, by their indulgence in this habit. Compare with them the Turks and Chinese, and let the balance be shown in favour of the most elevated in the ranks of civilization. Yet the most deficient126 must claim the influence of other equally potent127 circumstances in extenuation128, for neither opium nor tobacco moulds the entire national character, it is only one of many influences. Let the Papuan stand beside the Chinaman and the Turk, and in spite of opium, the Papuan standard will exhibit a woeful short-coming. The waters of the great Amazon river must exert some influence on the currents of the Atlantic, but none will venture to assert that therefore the influx129 of such a body of water, vast in itself, but small in comparison to the whole, is the cause of the gulf130 stream. The drinking of tea will bear just such a relation to the currents in the life of nations who indulge in that luxury, but who will declare that the Chinese soldiers fly from the points of the British bayonets, or are expert in the carving131 of ivory balls, because they indulge in a beverage132 admired by other old ladies who can neither run nor carve. Neither because certain Javanese or Malays, under the influence of an over196 dose of opium, will “run amok,” or other Arabs, intoxicated133 with “haschish,” have made the name of assassin to become an object of dread134, is it to be concluded hence that all men who indulge in the use of either of these narcotics135 will be dangerous members of society, or that they will rush into the jaws136 of death without a shudder137 at the sight of his fangs138?
Is it because the Scot loves whisky that he is generally so cautious and shrewd in his business transactions as to win himself a name? Is it because the Cockney imbibes139 sundry140 deep potations of London porter or gin, that the enterprise and commerce of those great citizens of the world have become the envy of surrounding nations? Or is it because the Russian persisted in his love of raw turnip141 and sour quass, that the Malakoff and Sebastopol passed into the hands of the frog-eating Frenchman, and the beef-eating Englishman?
May we not impute142 to beef and tobacco, gin and opium, porter and hemp143, results infinitely144 in advance of their power?
Dr. Eatwell writes, “It has been too much the practice with narrators who have treated on the subject, to content themselves with drawing the sad picture of the confirmed opium debauchee, plunged145 in the last stage of moral and physical exhaustion146, and having formed the premises147 of their argument of this exception, to proceed at once to involve the whole practice in one sweeping148 condemnation149. But this is not the way in which the subject can be treated; as rational would it be to paint the horrors of delirium tremens, and upon that evidence, to condemn29 at once the entire use of alcoholic150 liquors. The question for determination is not what are the effects of opium used to excess, but what are its effects on the moral and physical constitution of the mass of the197 individuals who use it habitually151, and in moderation, either as a stimulant153 to sustain the frame under fatigue154, or as restorative and sedative after labour, bodily or mental. Having passed three years in China, I may be allowed to state the results of my observation, and I can affirm thus far, that the effects of the abuse of the drug do not come very frequently under observation; and that when cases do occur, the habit is frequently found to have been induced by the presence of some painful chronic disease, to escape from the sufferings of which the patient has fled to this resource. That this is not always the case, however, I am perfectly155 ready to admit, and there are, doubtless, many who indulge in the habit to a pernicious extent, led by the same morbid156 impulses which induce men to become drunkards in even the most civilized countries; but these cases do not, at all events, come before the public eye. It requires no laborious157 search in civilized England to discover evidences of the pernicious effects of the abuse of alcoholic liquors: our open and thronged158 gin-palaces, and our streets, afford abundant testimony159 on the subject; but in China this open evidence of the evil effects of opium is at least wanting. As regards the effects of the habitual152 use of the drug on the mass of the people, I must affirm that no injurious results are visible. The people generally are a muscular and well-formed race, the labouring portion being capable of great and prolonged exertion160 under a fierce sun, in an unhealthy climate. Their disposition is cheerful and peaceable, and quarrels and brawls161 are rarely heard amongst even the lower orders, whilst in general intelligence, they rank deservedly high amongst orientals.
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“The proofs are still wanting to show that the moderate use of opium produces more pernicious effects upon the constitution, than does the moderate use of spirituous liquors, whilst at the same time, it is certain, that the consequences of the abuse of the former are less appalling162 in their effect upon the victim, and less disastrous163 to society at large, than are the consequences of the abuse of the latter. Compare the furious madman, the subject of delirium tremens, with the prostrate164 debauchee, the victim of opium; the violent drunkard, with the dreaming sensualist intoxicated with opium; the latter is at least harmless to all except to his wretched self, whilst the former is but too frequently a dangerous nuisance, and an open bad example to the community at large.”
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assailed
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| v.攻击( assail的过去式和过去分词 )；困扰；质问；毅然应对 | |
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arsenic
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| n.砒霜，砷；adj.砷的 | |
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strictly
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| adv.严厉地，严格地；严密地 | |
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interrogated
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| v.询问( interrogate的过去式和过去分词 )；审问；（在计算机或其他机器上）查询 | |
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honourable
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| adj.可敬的；荣誉的，光荣的 | |
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imprint
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| n.印痕，痕迹；深刻的印象；vt.压印，牢记 | |
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opium
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cargo
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| n.(一只船或一架飞机运载的)货物 | |
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miasma
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| n.毒气；不良气氛 | |
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diffused
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| 散布的，普及的，扩散的 | |
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smoker
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| n.吸烟者，吸烟车厢，吸烟室 | |
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smokers
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| 吸烟者( smoker的名词复数 ) | |
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aggregate
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| adj.总计的，集合的；n.总数；v.合计；集合 | |
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detailed
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| adj.详细的，详尽的，极注意细节的，完全的 | |
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graphic
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| adj.生动的，形象的，绘画的，文字的，图表的 | |
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tenants
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| n.房客( tenant的名词复数 )；佃户；占用者；占有者 | |
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discrepancies
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| n.差异，不符合（之处），不一致（之处）( discrepancy的名词复数 ) | |
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vagrants
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| 流浪者( vagrant的名词复数 )； 无业游民； 乞丐； 无赖 | |
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expended
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| v.花费( expend的过去式和过去分词 )；使用（钱等）做某事；用光；耗尽 | |
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expenditure
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| n.(时间、劳力、金钱等)支出；使用，消耗 | |
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21
inspector
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| n.检查员，监察员，视察员 | |
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22
investigations
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| （正式的）调查( investigation的名词复数 )； 侦查； 科学研究； 学术研究 | |
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23
affinity
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| n.亲和力，密切关系 | |
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24
inadequate
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| adj.(for,to)不充足的，不适当的 | |
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25
lengthened
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| （时间或空间）延长，伸长( lengthen的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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26
addicted
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| adj.沉溺于....的，对...上瘾的 | |
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27
vice
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| n.坏事；恶习；[pl.]台钳，老虎钳；adj.副的 | |
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28
larceny
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| n.盗窃（罪） | |
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29
condemn
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| vt.谴责，指责；宣判(罪犯)，判刑 | |
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30
condemned
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| adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词 | |
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31
inevitable
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| adj.不可避免的，必然发生的 | |
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32
vagrancy
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| （说话的，思想的）游移不定； 漂泊； 流浪； 离题 | |
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33
ingenuity
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| n.别出心裁；善于发明创造 | |
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34
vigour
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| （=vigor）n.智力，体力，精力 | |
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35
possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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36
inveterate
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| adj.积习已深的，根深蒂固的 | |
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37
sedative
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| adj.使安静的，使镇静的；n. 镇静剂，能使安静的东西 | |
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38
soothing
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| adj.慰藉的；使人宽心的；镇静的 | |
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39
stimulating
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| adj.有启发性的，能激发人思考的 | |
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40
vices
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| 缺陷( vice的名词复数 )； 恶习； 不道德行为； 台钳 | |
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41
intoxication
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| n.wild excitement;drunkenness；poisoning | |
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42
ardent
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，强烈的，烈性的 | |
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43
contrite
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| adj.悔悟了的，后悔的，痛悔的 | |
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44
violation
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| n.违反(行为)，违背(行为)，侵犯 | |
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45
stationary
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| adj.固定的，静止不动的 | |
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46
chronic
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| adj.(疾病)长期未愈的，慢性的；极坏的 | |
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47
flickering
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| adj.闪烁的，摇曳的，一闪一闪的 | |
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48
disorders
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| n.混乱( disorder的名词复数 )；凌乱；骚乱；（身心、机能）失调 | |
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49
faculties
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| n.能力( faculty的名词复数 )；全体教职员；技巧；院 | |
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50
exquisite
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| adj.精美的；敏锐的；剧烈的，感觉强烈的 | |
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51
judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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52
hatreds
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| n.仇恨，憎恶( hatred的名词复数 )；厌恶的事 | |
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53
serenity
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| n.宁静，沉着，晴朗 | |
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54
antediluvian
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| adj.史前的，陈旧的 | |
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55
brink
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| n.(悬崖、河流等的)边缘，边沿 | |
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56
absurdity
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| n.荒谬，愚蠢；谬论 | |
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57
disperse
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| vi.使分散；使消失；vt.分散；驱散 | |
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58
agitated
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| adj.被鼓动的，不安的 | |
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59
inebriated
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| adj.酒醉的 | |
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60
inebriation
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| n.醉，陶醉 | |
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61
supremacy
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| n.至上；至高权力 | |
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62
mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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63
brutal
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| adj.残忍的，野蛮的，不讲理的 | |
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64
paramount
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| a.最重要的，最高权力的 | |
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65
majestic
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| adj.雄伟的，壮丽的，庄严的，威严的，崇高的 | |
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66
votaries
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| n.信徒( votary的名词复数 )；追随者；（天主教）修士；修女 | |
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67
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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68
capability
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| n.能力；才能；(pl)可发展的能力或特性等 | |
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69
toil
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| vi.辛劳工作，艰难地行动；n.苦工，难事 | |
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70
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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71
lessen
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| vt.减少，减轻；缩小 | |
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72
exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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73
inmate
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| n.被收容者；(房屋等的)居住人；住院人 | |
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74
congregate
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| v.(使)集合，聚集 | |
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75
compassion
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| n.同情，怜悯 | |
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76
horrid
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| adj.可怕的；令人惊恐的；恐怖的；极讨厌的 | |
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77
miserable
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|
| adj.悲惨的，痛苦的；可怜的，糟糕的 | |
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78
loathsome
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|
| adj.讨厌的，令人厌恶的 | |
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79
ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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80
pauper
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| n.贫民，被救济者，穷人 | |
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81
paupers
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| n.穷人( pauper的名词复数 )；贫民；贫穷 | |
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82
dwindled
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| v.逐渐变少或变小( dwindle的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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83
inmates
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| n.囚犯( inmate的名词复数 ) | |
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84
propensities
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| n.倾向，习性( propensity的名词复数 ) | |
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85
upwards
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|
| adv.向上，在更高处...以上 | |
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86
invalid
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| n.病人，伤残人；adj.有病的，伤残的；无效的 | |
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87
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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88
commissioners
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| n.专员( commissioner的名词复数 )；长官；委员；政府部门的长官 | |
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89
inclination
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| n.倾斜；点头；弯腰；斜坡；倾度；倾向；爱好 | |
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90
outlay
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| n.费用，经费，支出；v.花费 | |
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91
apprehended
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| 逮捕，拘押( apprehend的过去式和过去分词 )； 理解 | |
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92
deprivation
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| n.匮乏；丧失；夺去，贫困 | |
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93
delirium
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| n. 神智昏迷,说胡话;极度兴奋 | |
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94
malady
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| n.病，疾病(通常做比喻) | |
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95
stifle
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| vt.使窒息；闷死；扼杀；抑止，阻止 | |
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96
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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97
uncommon
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| adj.罕见的，非凡的，不平常的 | |
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98
slumbers
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| 睡眠，安眠( slumber的名词复数 ) | |
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99
gasps
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| v.喘气( gasp的第三人称单数 )；喘息；倒抽气；很想要 | |
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100
exempt
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| adj.免除的；v.使免除；n.免税者，被免除义务者 | |
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102
enjoyment
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| n.乐趣；享有；享用 | |
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103
gambling
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| n.赌博；投机 | |
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104
affected
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| adj.不自然的，假装的 | |
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105
intoxicating
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| a. 醉人的,使人兴奋的 | |
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106
remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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107
fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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108
immutable
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| adj.不可改变的，永恒的 | |
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109
phenomena
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| n.现象 | |
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110
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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111
nay
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| adv.不；n.反对票，投反对票者 | |
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112
supreme
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| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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113
virtue
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| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
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114
cultivation
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| n.耕作，培养，栽培（法），养成 | |
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115
statistical
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| adj.统计的，统计学的 | |
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116
minor
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| adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修 | |
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117
subsisting
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| v.（靠很少的钱或食物）维持生活，生存下去( subsist的现在分词 ) | |
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118
bosom
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| n.胸，胸部；胸怀；内心；adj.亲密的 | |
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119
disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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120
civilized
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| a.有教养的，文雅的 | |
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121
diminutive
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| adj.小巧可爱的，小的 | |
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122
stature
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| n.（高度）水平，（高度）境界，身高，身材 | |
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123
applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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124
Portuguese
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| n.葡萄牙人；葡萄牙语 | |
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125
baneful
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| adj.有害的 | |
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126
deficient
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| adj.不足的，不充份的，有缺陷的 | |
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127
potent
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| adj.强有力的，有权势的；有效力的 | |
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128
extenuation
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| n.减轻罪孽的借口；酌情减轻；细 | |
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129
influx
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| n.流入，注入 | |
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130
gulf
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| n.海湾；深渊，鸿沟；分歧，隔阂 | |
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131
carving
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| n.雕刻品，雕花 | |
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132
beverage
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| n.(水，酒等之外的)饮料 | |
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133
intoxicated
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| 喝醉的，极其兴奋的 | |
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134
dread
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| vt.担忧，忧虑；惧怕，不敢；n.担忧，畏惧 | |
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135
narcotics
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| n.麻醉药( narcotic的名词复数 )；毒品；毒 | |
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136
jaws
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| n.口部；嘴 | |
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137
shudder
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| v.战粟，震动，剧烈地摇晃；n.战粟，抖动 | |
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138
fangs
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| n.（尤指狗和狼的）长而尖的牙( fang的名词复数 )；（蛇的）毒牙；罐座 | |
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139
imbibes
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| v.吸收( imbibe的第三人称单数 )；喝；吸取；吸气 | |
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140
sundry
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| adj.各式各样的，种种的 | |
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141
turnip
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| n.萝卜，芜菁 | |
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142
impute
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| v.归咎于 | |
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143
hemp
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| n.大麻；纤维 | |
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144
infinitely
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| adv.无限地，无穷地 | |
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145
plunged
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| v.颠簸( plunge的过去式和过去分词 )；暴跌；骤降；突降 | |
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146
exhaustion
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| n.耗尽枯竭，疲惫，筋疲力尽，竭尽，详尽无遗的论述 | |
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147
premises
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| n.建筑物，房屋 | |
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148
sweeping
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| adj.范围广大的，一扫无遗的 | |
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149
condemnation
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| n.谴责; 定罪 | |
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150
alcoholic
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|
| adj.（含）酒精的，由酒精引起的；n.酗酒者 | |
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151
habitually
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| ad.习惯地，通常地 | |
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152
habitual
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| adj.习惯性的；通常的，惯常的 | |
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153
stimulant
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| n.刺激物，兴奋剂 | |
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154
fatigue
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| n.疲劳，劳累 | |
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155
perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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156
morbid
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| adj.病的；致病的；病态的；可怕的 | |
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157
laborious
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| adj.吃力的，努力的，不流畅 | |
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158
thronged
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| v.成群，挤满( throng的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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159
testimony
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| n.证词；见证，证明 | |
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160
exertion
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| n.尽力，努力 | |
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161
brawls
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| 吵架，打架( brawl的名词复数 ) | |
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162
appalling
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| adj.骇人听闻的，令人震惊的，可怕的 | |
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163
disastrous
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| adj.灾难性的，造成灾害的；极坏的，很糟的 | |
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164
prostrate
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| v.拜倒，平卧，衰竭；adj.拜倒的，平卧的，衰竭的 | |
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