Boletus domino.”——Juvenal.
The rage for scampering2 half over the world in search of the picturesque3 has scarcely got far enough to tempt4 any, except a stray traveller or two, into the chilly5 regions of Siberia and Kamtschatka, and in these exceptional cases, perhaps, more from force than choice. These are regions, therefore, concerning which our information is remarkably6 limited. It is true that Captain Cochrane informs us that he married a wife from Kamtschatka—a virtuous7 maiden8, who knew more of that region, perhaps, than he or she cared to tell; for the one tells us very little, and the other nothing, of yon strange land, with an almost unpronounceable name. We are told, moreover, that the capital is called by the names of St. Peter and St. Paul. Fearing lest one patron saint should not be sufficient to immortalize the metropolis9 of all the Kamtschatkas, the founders10 and inhabitants have wisely adopted two. This city also is stated to contain forty-two dwellings11, besides fifteen edifices12 belonging to the government, an old church, and the foundation of a new one. The337 winters are declared to be mild, compared with those of Siberia; but even these are not very inviting13, as the snow lies on the ground seven or eight months, and the soil, at the depth of twenty-four to thirty inches, being frozen at all seasons. Potatoes never ripen14, cabbages never come to a head, and peas only flower. But the gallant15 captain adds: “I am certainly the first Englishman that ever married a Kamtschatdale, and my wife is undoubtedly16 the first native of that peninsula that ever visited happy Britain.”
In such a land, there is little hope of cultivating poppy, tobacco, betel, coca, hemp17, or thorn-apple; and the poor native would have been compelled to have glided18 into his grave without a glimpse of Paradise beforehand, if, on the one hand, the kindly19 Russian pedlar had not found a way to smuggle20 a little bad spirits into the country, to the great annoyance21 of all quietly-disposed persons, or, on the other, nature had not promptly22 supplied an indigenous23 narcotic24, in the form of an unpretending-looking fungus25 or toadstool, to stimulate26 the dormant27 energies of the dwellers28 in this region of ice and snow.
That some kinds of mushrooms are poisonous is a truth of which every farm labourer seems aware. But that some of those which have been reputed poisonous are inert29, is beyond their philosophy, and only receives at present the sanction of some of the more scientific, who have directed their studies thitherward. The fly agaric is one of those justly-reputed poisonous species, occasionally found in this country, but which grows plentifully30 in Kamtschatka and Siberia. A recent author of an account of Russia states,338 “that mushrooms virulently32 poisonous in one country are eaten with safety in another, is well known in other cases, as, for instance, in that of the fly mushroom (Amanita muscaria), which is common in England, and always poisonous there, while in Kamtschatka it is used as a frequent article of food.” Then he inquires into the reasons wherefore this should be the case:——“It is not enough to say that difference of soil and climate explain the mystery; for though we know that culture changes the properties of plants, converting what is poisonous in the wild state into a wholesome33 esculent when raised in the garden—as in the case of the common celery, for example—yet throughout the whole of the vegetable kingdom we find almost no other instance of a plant which is poisonous in one country becoming wholesome, without culture, when transplanted to another, and left entirely34 to itself, and in both placed in apparently35 the same circumstances as to soil, &c. After all, a great part of the secret may lie, not in the plant, but in the mode of preparing it for the table. So far as we can judge, the Russian cook, on first cutting up these spoils of the forest, makes a much more copious36 use of salt than is done with us; and the efficacy of this agent in deadening the poisonous quality, is sufficiently37 proved by the melancholy38 case recorded in medical treatises39, of a French officer and his wife, both of whom died in thirty-two hours after eating certain mushrooms, while the person who supplied them, and his whole family, made a hearty40 and wholesome meal from the same gathering41.” In this case, it appears that while the former took them without addition, the latter first salted them strongly, and then squeezed them well before using them. M. Roques says distinctly that this plant has not its poisonous properties modified by any climate. The Czar Alexis lost his life by eating this mushroom. The details of its effects upon the Kamtschatkans by Krascheminikow, in his natural history of that country are explicit42, respecting the delirious43 intoxication44 induced by it,339 Gmelin and Pallas also equally certifying45 its intoxicating46 powers. Roques reports seven different sets of observations respecting its deleterious effects on man.
Unless we accept some such explanation of the phenomena47 as this, how can we reconcile the fact of their being eaten by the Russians without injury, whilst, on the authority of Dr. Christison, we have such a fatal case as the following, from eating the same kind of fungus, the growth of the same country and climate. Several French soldiers in Russia ate a large quantity of Amanita muscaria, some were not taken ill for six hours and upwards48. Four of them who were very powerful men thought themselves safe, because, while their companions were already suffering, they themselves felt perfectly49 well and refused to take emetics50. In the evening they began to complain of anxiety, a sense of suffocation51, frequent fainting, burning thirst, and violent gripes. The pulse became small and irregular, and the body bedewed with cold sweat, the lineaments of the countenance52 were singularly changed, the nose and lips acquiring a violet tint53, they trembled much, the belly54 swelled55, and a profuse56 diarrh?a followed. The extremities57 soon became livid and cold, and the pain of the abdomen58 intense, delirium59 ensued, and all the four died. Two of the others suffered coma60 for twenty-four hours.
This proves that the mushroom in question is possessed61 of undoubtedly poisonous properties, which are fatal in their effects, unless counteracted62 or dispelled63 by the method of preparing them for the table. That this method is known to the Russians and to some other nations, and is believed to consist in well saturating64 the fungi with salt before cooking them. The Muscovite seems to have no greater dread65 of ill effects from340 the fly agaric than has the Brazilian from his cassava or mandioca flour, which is prepared from the equally poisonous root of the mandioca plant, the deleterious qualities of which are destroyed by the heat used in its preparation. Dr. Pouchet of Rouen seems to have clearly proved that the poisonous property of the fly agaric and a venenata may be entirely removed by boiling them in water. A quart of water in which five plants had been boiled for fifteen minutes, killed a dog in eight hours; and, again, another in a day; but the boiled fungi themselves had no effect at all on two other dogs; and a third which had been fed for two months on little else than boiled amanitas, not only sustained no harm, but actually got fat on the fare.37 Pouchet is inclined to think that the whole poisonous plants of the family are similarly circumstanced.
The most singular circumstance connected with the history of this fungus, is the place it occupies as a substitute for those narcotics66 known in other parts of the world, and which an ungenial northern climate fails to produce. What the coca is to the Bolivian, and opium67 to the Chinese—the areca to the Malay, and haschisch to the African—the tobacco to the inhabitants of Europe and America, and the thorn-apple to those of the Andes—is the fly agaric to the natives of Siberia and Kamtschatka. Why it has been called by this name has arisen from its use as a fly poison. Never having seen those dipterous insects while under its influence, we cannot detail the symptoms it produces.
This poisonous fungus has some resemblance to the one generally eaten in this country, yet there are also striking points of difference. As, for instance,341 the gills are white instead of pinkish red, inclining to brown, and the cap or pileus, which is rather flat, is generally of a livid red colour, sprinkled with angular lighter68 coloured worts. These are distinctions broad enough to prevent any one having the use of his eyes, and who has ever seen the edible69 mushroom being deceived into the belief that the fungus thus briefly70 described is identical with the delicacy71 of our English tables.
These fungi are collected by those who indulge in them narcotically72, during the hot, or rather summer months, and afterwards hung up to dry in the open air. Or they may be left to ripen and dry in the ground, and are afterwards collected. When left standing73 until they are dried, they are said to possess more powerful narcotic properties than when dried artificially. The juice of the whortleberry in which this substance has been steeped, acquires thereby74 the intoxicating properties of strong wine.
The method of using this singular substance is to roll it up in the form of a bolus and swallow it without any mastication75, as one would swallow a large pill. It is swallowed thus on principle, not that its flavour would be unpleasant, as compound colocynth might be when masticated76, but because it is stated to agree ill with the stomach when that operation is performed. Nature is jealous of her rights, and it would appear from experience, that the gastronomic77 regions expect to receive all other supplies well triturated, except these—amanita and pill colocynth—which are both expected equally alike to arrive at the regions below without mutilation.
A day’s intoxication may thus be procured78 at the expense of one good sized bolus, compounded of one large or two small toadstools; and this intoxication is affirmed to be, not only cheap,342 which is a consideration, but also remarkably pleasant. It commences an hour or so after the bolus has been swallowed.
The effects which this singular narcotic produces are, some of them, similar to that produced by intoxicating liquors; others resemble the effects of haschisch. At first, it generally produces cheerfulness, afterwards giddiness and drunkenness, ending occasionally in the entire loss of consciousness. The natural inclinations79 of the individual become stimulated80. The dancer executes a pas d’extravagance, the musical indulge in a song, the chatterer divulges81 all his secrets, the oratorical82 delivers himself of a philippic, and the mimic83 indulges in caricature. Erroneous impressions of size and distance are common occurrences, equally with the swallower of amanita and hemp. The experiences of M. Moreau with haschisch are repeated with the fungus-eaters of Siberia; a straw lying in the road becomes a formidable object, to overcome which, a leap is taken sufficient to clear a barrel of ale, or the prostrate84 trunk of a British oak.
But this is not the only extraordinary circumstance connected therewith. There is the property imparted to the fluid excretions, of rendering85 it intoxicating, which property it retains for a considerable time. A man having been intoxicated86 on one day, and slept himself sober by the next, will, by drinking this liquor, to the extent of about a cupfull, become as intoxicated thereby as he was before. Confirmed drunkards in Siberia preserve their excretionary fluid as a precious liquor, to be used in case a scarcity87 of the fungus should occur. This intoxicating property may be again communicated to every person who partakes of the disgusting draught88, and thus, also, with the third, and fourth, and even the fifth343 distillation89. By this means, with a few boluses to commence with, a party may shut themselves in their room, and indulge in a week’s debauch90 at a very economical rate. This species of “sucking the monkey” is one that Mungo never contemplated91. Persons who are fond of getting liquor at the expense of others take every opportunity of “sucking the monkey,” which process has been thus explained. It consists in boring a hole with a gimlet in a keg or barrel, and putting a straw therein, to suck out any quantity, at any given time. Persons who are accustomed to receive real Devonshire cider, or genuine Wiltshire ale, or the pure Geneva, in London, experience the liberties those take who “suck the monkey,” by either liberally diminishing the quantity, or diluting92 it with water on the road, so as to make the quantity what the quality should be. It is said that the origin of the term “sucking the monkey” is derived93 from the prolific94 invention of a black, who, in order to find an excuse to the captain for his being caught lying with a favourite monkey so often near the rum puncheons on board, from which he daily drank, said—“Massa, you ask what Mungo do here?—do here, massa? You say monkey hab de milk ob human kindness, massa. Mungo like dat milk, massa, and Mungo suck de monkey, massa. Dat’s all.”
Chemical investigations95 have not yet been directed into the channel leading towards the elucidation96 of the mysteries of these poisonous fungi, and hitherto we know of no experiments having been made with a view to ascertain97 whether any of our indigenous fungi, other than the one already referred to, can be used in the same way, and with the same results, as we have described. Doubtless such experiments would be successful, so far as realizing the results, since one of the effects344 produced by eating poisonous fungi is narcotic in its character. M. Letellier found in certain of these fungi a chemical principle which is fixed98, and resists drying, and which he calls Amanitine. Its effects on animals appear to resemble considerably99 those of opium.38 Dr. Christison states that “the symptoms produced by them in man are endless in variety, and fully31 substantiate100 the propriety101 of arranging them in the class of narcotico-acrid poisons. Sometimes they produce narcotic symptoms alone, sometimes only symptoms of irritation102, but much more commonly, both together.” A person gathered in Hyde Park a considerable number of mushrooms; which he mistook for the species commonly eaten, stewed103 them, and proceeded to eat them; but before ending his repast, and not more than ten minutes after he began it, he was suddenly attacked with dimness of vision, giddiness, debility, trembling, and loss of recollection. In a short time he recovered so far as to be able to go in search of assistance. But he had hardly walked 250 yards when his memory again failed him, and he lost his way. His countenance expressed anxiety, he reeled about, and could hardly articulate. He soon became so drowsy104, that he could be kept awake only by constant dragging. Vomiting105 was produced; the drowsiness106 gradually went off, and next day he complained merely of languor107 and weakness.
The smoke of the common puff-ball when burnt, has been used to stupify bees when their hive was about to be robbed; and similar narcotic effects have been observed in other animals when subjected to its fumes108. The action bears a resemblance to that of chloroform by producing insensibility to pain. If future generations do345 not deem it desirable to indulge in a narcotic of this kind for the purpose of producing pleasurable sensations, or to smother109 the carking cares of life, yet they may learn more than we at present know of the peculiar110 characteristics which distinguish this from all the others of the “Seven Sisters of Sleep.”
Night draws on apace; let us gather together all the straggling members of the family, sweep up the crumbs111, call in the cat, bar the door, wind up the clock, and go to bed—
“To sleep, perchance to dream.”
点击
收听单词发音
收听单词发音 |
1
fungi
|
|
| n.真菌，霉菌 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
2
scampering
|
|
| v.蹦蹦跳跳地跑，惊惶奔跑( scamper的现在分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
3
picturesque
|
|
| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
4
tempt
|
|
| vt.引诱，勾引，吸引，引起…的兴趣 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
5
chilly
|
|
| adj.凉快的，寒冷的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
6
remarkably
|
|
| ad.不同寻常地，相当地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
7
virtuous
|
|
| adj.有品德的，善良的，贞洁的，有效力的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
8
maiden
|
|
| n.少女，处女；adj.未婚的，纯洁的，无经验的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
9
metropolis
|
|
| n.首府；大城市 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
10
founders
|
|
| n.创始人( founder的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
11
dwellings
|
|
| n.住处，处所( dwelling的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
12
edifices
|
|
| n.大建筑物( edifice的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
13
inviting
|
|
| adj.诱人的，引人注目的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
14
ripen
|
|
| vt.使成熟；vi.成熟 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
15
gallant
|
|
| adj.英勇的，豪侠的；(向女人)献殷勤的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
16
undoubtedly
|
|
| adv.确实地，无疑地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
17
hemp
|
|
| n.大麻；纤维 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
18
glided
|
|
| v.滑动( glide的过去式和过去分词 )；掠过；（鸟或飞机 ） 滑翔 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
19
kindly
|
|
| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
20
smuggle
|
|
| vt.私运；vi.走私 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
21
annoyance
|
|
| n.恼怒，生气，烦恼 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
22
promptly
|
|
| adv.及时地，敏捷地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
23
indigenous
|
|
| adj.土产的，土生土长的，本地的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
24
narcotic
|
|
| n.麻醉药，镇静剂；adj.麻醉的，催眠的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
25
fungus
|
|
| n.真菌，真菌类植物 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
26
stimulate
|
|
| vt.刺激，使兴奋；激励，使…振奋 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
27
dormant
|
|
| adj.暂停活动的；休眠的；潜伏的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
28
dwellers
|
|
| n.居民，居住者( dweller的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
29
inert
|
|
| adj.无活动能力的，惰性的；迟钝的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
30
plentifully
|
|
| adv. 许多地，丰饶地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
31
fully
|
|
| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
32
virulently
|
|
| 恶毒地，狠毒地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
33
wholesome
|
|
| adj.适合；卫生的；有益健康的；显示身心健康的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
34
entirely
|
|
| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
35
apparently
|
|
| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
36
copious
|
|
| adj.丰富的，大量的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
37
sufficiently
|
|
| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
38
melancholy
|
|
| n.忧郁，愁思；adj.令人感伤（沮丧）的，忧郁的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
39
treatises
|
|
| n.专题著作，专题论文，专著( treatise的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
40
hearty
|
|
| adj.热情友好的；衷心的；尽情的，纵情的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
41
gathering
|
|
| n.集会，聚会，聚集 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
42
explicit
|
|
| adj.详述的，明确的；坦率的；显然的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
43
delirious
|
|
| adj.不省人事的，神智昏迷的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
44
intoxication
|
|
| n.wild excitement;drunkenness；poisoning | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
45
certifying
|
|
| （尤指书面）证明( certify的现在分词 )； 发证书给…； 证明（某人）患有精神病； 颁发（或授予）专业合格证书 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
46
intoxicating
|
|
| a. 醉人的,使人兴奋的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
47
phenomena
|
|
| n.现象 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
48
upwards
|
|
| adv.向上，在更高处...以上 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
49
perfectly
|
|
| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
50
emetics
|
|
| n.催吐药( emetic的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
51
suffocation
|
|
| n.窒息 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
52
countenance
|
|
| n.脸色，面容；面部表情；vt.支持，赞同 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
53
tint
|
|
| n.淡色，浅色；染发剂；vt.着以淡淡的颜色 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
54
belly
|
|
| n.肚子，腹部；(像肚子一样)鼓起的部分，膛 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
55
swelled
|
|
| 增强( swell的过去式和过去分词 )； 肿胀； （使）凸出； 充满（激情） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
56
profuse
|
|
| adj.很多的，大量的，极其丰富的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
57
extremities
|
|
| n.端点( extremity的名词复数 )；尽头；手和足；极窘迫的境地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
58
abdomen
|
|
| n.腹，下腹(胸部到腿部的部分) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
59
delirium
|
|
| n. 神智昏迷,说胡话;极度兴奋 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
60
coma
|
|
| n.昏迷，昏迷状态 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
61
possessed
|
|
| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
62
counteracted
|
|
| 对抗，抵消( counteract的过去式 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
63
dispelled
|
|
| v.驱散，赶跑( dispel的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
64
saturating
|
|
| 浸湿，浸透( saturate的现在分词 )； 使…大量吸收或充满某物 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
65
dread
|
|
| vt.担忧，忧虑；惧怕，不敢；n.担忧，畏惧 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
66
narcotics
|
|
| n.麻醉药( narcotic的名词复数 )；毒品；毒 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
67
opium
|
|
| n.鸦片；adj.鸦片的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
68
lighter
|
|
| n.打火机，点火器；驳船；v.用驳船运送；light的比较级 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
69
edible
|
|
| n.食品，食物；adj.可食用的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
70
briefly
|
|
| adv.简单地，简短地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
71
delicacy
|
|
| n.精致，细微，微妙，精良；美味，佳肴 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
72
narcotically
|
|
| adv.麻醉地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
|
73
standing
|
|
| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
74
thereby
|
|
| adv.因此，从而 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
75
mastication
|
|
| n.咀嚼 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
76
masticated
|
|
| v.咀嚼( masticate的过去式和过去分词 )；粉碎，磨烂 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
|
77
gastronomic
|
|
| adj.美食（烹饪）法的，烹任学的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
78
procured
|
|
| v.（努力）取得， （设法）获得( procure的过去式和过去分词 )；拉皮条 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
79
inclinations
|
|
| 倾向( inclination的名词复数 )； 倾斜； 爱好； 斜坡 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
80
stimulated
|
|
| a.刺激的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
81
divulges
|
|
| v.吐露，泄露( divulge的第三人称单数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
82
oratorical
|
|
| adj.演说的，雄辩的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
83
mimic
|
|
| v.模仿，戏弄；n.模仿他人言行的人 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
84
prostrate
|
|
| v.拜倒，平卧，衰竭；adj.拜倒的，平卧的，衰竭的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
85
rendering
|
|
| n.表现，描写 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
86
intoxicated
|
|
| 喝醉的，极其兴奋的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
87
scarcity
|
|
| n.缺乏，不足，萧条 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
88
draught
|
|
| n.拉，牵引，拖；一网（饮，吸，阵)；顿服药量，通风；v.起草，设计 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
89
distillation
|
|
| n.蒸馏，蒸馏法 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
90
debauch
|
|
| v.使堕落，放纵 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
91
contemplated
|
|
| adj. 预期的 动词contemplate的过去分词形式 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
92
diluting
|
|
| 稀释，冲淡( dilute的现在分词 )； 削弱，使降低效果 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
93
derived
|
|
| vi.起源；由来；衍生；导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
94
prolific
|
|
| adj.丰富的，大量的；多产的，富有创造力的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
95
investigations
|
|
| （正式的）调查( investigation的名词复数 )； 侦查； 科学研究； 学术研究 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
96
elucidation
|
|
| n.说明，阐明 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
97
ascertain
|
|
| vt.发现，确定，查明，弄清 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
98
fixed
|
|
| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
99
considerably
|
|
| adv.极大地；相当大地；在很大程度上 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
100
substantiate
|
|
| v.证实；证明...有根据 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
101
propriety
|
|
| n.正当行为；正当；适当 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
102
irritation
|
|
| n.激怒，恼怒，生气 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
103
stewed
|
|
| adj.焦虑不安的，烂醉的v.炖( stew的过去式和过去分词 )；煨；思考；担忧 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
104
drowsy
|
|
| adj.昏昏欲睡的，令人发困的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
105
vomiting
|
|
| 吐 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
106
drowsiness
|
|
| n.睡意；嗜睡 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
107
languor
|
|
| n.无精力，倦怠 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
108
fumes
|
|
| n.(强烈而刺激的)气味，气体 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
109
smother
|
|
| vt./vi.使窒息；抑制；闷死；n.浓烟；窒息 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
110
peculiar
|
|
| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
111
crumbs
|
|
| int. (表示惊讶)哎呀 n. 碎屑 名词crumb的复数形式 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
| 欢迎访问英文小说网 |