Res rustica, sine dubitatione, proxima, et quasi consanguinea Sapienti? est. Columella De Re Rustica.
And plucks life’s roses in his quiet fields.—Ebenezer Elliot.
There may be a difference of opinion as to the strict utility or wisdom of the pursuits noticed in the last chapter;—of the excellence3 and rationality of those which form the subject of this, there can be none. Nothing can be more consonant4 to nature, nothing more delightful5, nothing more beneficial to the country, or more worthy6 of any man, than the Georgical occupations which form so prominent a feature in the rural life of England. Whether a country gentleman seek profit or pleasure in them, he can, at any time, find them. While he is increasing the value of his estate, he is in the midst of health, peace, and a series of operations which have now become purely7 scientific, and have called in to their accomplishment8 various other sciences and arts. In every age of the world agricultural pursuits have formed the delight of the greatest nations and the noblest men. Some of the most illustrious kings and prophets of Israel were taken from the fold or the plough. David and Elisha are great names in the history of rural affairs. King Uzziah “built towers in the desert, and digged many wells, for he had much cattle both in the low country and in the plains; husbandmen also, and vinedressers in the mountains, and in Carmel, for he loved husbandry.” How delightful[50] are the associations which the literature of Greece and Rome has thrown around country affairs! Homer, Hesiod, and Theocritus—how elysian are the glimpses they give us into rural life! how simple, how peaceful, how picturesque9! Laertes, that venerable old monarch10, pruning11 his vines, and fetching young stocks from the woods for his fences. Eumeus, at his rustic1 lodge12, entertaining his prince and his king. Hesiod himself, wandering at the feet of Helicon, less impressed with the sublimity13 of the poet than with the spirit of the husbandman! He shews us the very infancy14 of agriculture:
Forget not when you sow the grain, to mind
That a boy follows with a rake behind;
The seeds to cover, and the birds to scare.
Works and Days, B. 2.
The harrow, an implement16 well known to King David, for he put the subjected Ammonites under it, was unknown then in Greece! They raked in the grain. That was but the second stage in the progress of tillage; the first undoubtedly17 being that in which their plough was a pointed18 stick, and their harrow a bush; as the most ancient drawing of hay-forks shews that they were forked sticks cut from the thicket19. But to leave those primitive20 times of Greece,—there is no nation that at once acquired so vast a military renown21 and yet retained such a passion for the peaceful pursuits of agriculture as Rome. Nothing is so soon familiarized to the mind of the school-boy as the fact of their generals, dictators, and emperors tilling their own lands—leaving them with reluctance22 for state honours, and retiring to them with gladness to end their days in meditative23 tranquillity24. Cicero tells us that couriers were first introduced by them, to run between the capitol and their farms, that they themselves might leave them only on most important occasions. Almost every one of their writers on rural affairs, whose works have reached us, were men of distinction in the state. Varro was consul25; Cato, the most remarkable26 man of his time, filled the highest offices; Columella and Palladius were men of note; and Pliny, a patrician27 officer, was governor of Spain. But what is more remarkable even is, that such men as Virgil, Horace, and Cicero, men of imaginative[51] genius, and so involved in court life, or the business of government, should be such passionate28 lovers of rural concerns. Everyone knows how their writings overflow29 with the praises of country life, and what delight they took in their farms and villas31. Cicero seems as though he could never have done with telling us of the pleasure he took in farming. “I might expatiate,” he says, “on the beauty of verdant32 groves33 and meadows, on the charming aspects of vineyards and olive-yards, but to say all in one word, there cannot be a more pleasing, or a more profitable scene than that of a well-cultivated farm. In my opinion, indeed, no kind of occupation is more fraught34 with happiness, not only as the business of husbandry is of singular utility to mankind, but, as I have said, being attended with its own peculiar35 pleasures. I will add too, as a further recommendation, and let it restore me to the good graces of the voluptuous36, that it supplies both the table and the altar with the greatest variety and abundance. Accordingly, the magazines of the skilful37 and industrious38 farmer are plentifully39 stored with wine and oil, with milk, cheese, and honey; as his yards abound40 with poultry41, and his fields with flocks and herds42 of kids, lambs, and porkets. The garden also furnishes him with an additional source of delicacies43, in allusion44 to which the farmers pleasantly call a certain piece of ground allotted45 to that particular use, their dessert. I must not omit, likewise, that in the intervals46 of their more important business, and in order to heighten the relish47 of the rest, the sports of the field claim a share of their amusements. * * * Of country occupations I profess48 myself a warm admirer. They are pleasures perfectly49 consistent with every degree of advanced years, as they approach the nearest of all others to those of the purely philosophical50 kind. They are derived51 from observing the nature and properties of their own earth, which yields a ready obedience52 to the cultivator’s industry, and returns with interest what he deposits in her charge.”—De Senectute.
He then goes on to tell us what delight he took in the cultivation53 of the vine; in watching the springing and progress of corn; the green blade pushing forth54, shooting into a knotted stem, nourished and supported by the fibres of the root, terminated in the ear in which the grain is lodged55 in regular order, and defended from the depredations56 of birds by its bearded spikes57.[52] He tells us that he could name numbers of his most distinguished58 friends and neighbours, and some of them at very advanced ages, who take such interest in all that is going on at their farms, that they will be present at every important agricultural operation—many of them engaged in improvements of which they will see neither the benefit nor the end. “And what,” says he, “do these noble husbandmen, when they are asked for what purpose they dig and plant, reply,—‘In obedience to the immortal59 gods, by whose bountiful providence60 we received these fields from our ancestors, and whose will it is that we should deliver them down with improvement to posterity61!’” And this generous and high sense of duty it was which animated62 the Romans during the better portion of their republic, and kept alive their virtue63 and their simplicity64 of life, so far as to give them power to despise wealth, and to command the fortunes of other men. Cicero is delighted with this noble principle, and he reverts65 with enthusiasm to the picture of Manlius Curius, who, after having conquered the Samnites, the Sabines, and even Pyrrhus himself, passed the honourable66 remainder of his age in cultivating his farm. He adds, “I can never behold67 his villa30 without reflecting with the highest degree of admiration68 both on the singular moderation of his mind, and the general simplicity of the age in which he flourished. Here it was, while sitting by his fireside, that he nobly rejected the gold which was offered him on the part of the Samnites, and rejected it with this memorable69 saying, ‘that he placed his glory, not on the abundance of his own wealth, but in commanding those amongst whom it abounded70.’” With equal exultation71 he refers to the enthusiasm into which Xenophon in his treatise72 of ?conomics breaks forth in the praise of agriculture, and relates the interview of Lysander, the Spartan73 ambassador, with Cyrus the younger, as told by Socrates to his friend Critobulus, in which Cyrus assures Lysander that all the trees, shrubs74, etc., which he admired in his garden, were planted by his own hand.
But if such were the charms which agriculture had for the Roman nobility, how much greater ought it to possess for the nobles and gentlemen of England! Amid all the advantages and recreations which have been pointed out in the preceding chapters as surrounding the country life of modern England, that of scientific[53] farming is certainly one of the greatest. It is a pursuit full of interest and variety, at once natural, philosophical, and dignified75. It is difficult to imagine a man of wealth and education more usefully or honourably76 employed than in directing the culture and improvement of his estate. Agriculture is now become, indeed, as Cicero termed it in his day, “the nearest of all employments to the purely philosophical kind.” It is a science which requires a first-rate education to prosecute77 it to its full capability78, to make the other arts and sciences of modern times bear upon it, and co-operate with it, so as to add something to its progression, or even to apply beneficially the knowledge of its already established principles and practices.[1] It is no longer an occupation which requires a man to forego the refined pleasures of society, to bury himself amid woods and wildernesses79 in some obscure hamlet far from the enjoyments80 and intelligence of the world. As we have already seen, locate himself where he will in these islands, the arts, the elegances81, the news and knowledge of civilized82 life, will penetrate83 to him by swift agencies, and give him all the real advantages of the city in the peace and fulness of his retirement84. And what a noble art is agriculture now become! Look at the manner it is now practised by the most skilful of its professors. Let any one just turn over the leaves of Mr. Loudon’s Encyclop?dia of Agriculture, and trace the progress of its implements85 only, from the plough of the ancients in the shape of a mere86 pick, to the almost endless machines which the active brains of men and their advancing knowledge of mechanics have given to the scientific farmer. Let any one turn to the list of engravings of farming apparatus87 in the same excellent work, amounting to about 300, and he will obtain some idea of the amount of science and invention now devoted88 to the use of the agriculturist. There are no men who have availed themselves of the progress of the arts and of general knowledge more than they. Mechanics, chemistry, hydraulics, steam, all have been seized upon, to develope the principles, or[54] facilitate the operations of agriculture. Within the last century the strides which have been made in this interesting department of knowledge are admirable. The Netherlands may be said to have been the mother of our modern agriculture—Scotland its nurse. Tull’s system of horse-hoeing and drill husbandry has been introduced by Dawson, and has brought after it a numerous train of drills, dibbling-machines, horse-hoes, ploughs, rollers, scufflers, scarifiers, watering-machines, brakes, drill-harrows, etc., which we now see almost everywhere where the old system of plain ploughing, harrowing, and broad-cast sowing prevailed to the infinite loss of seed and growth of weeds. Then comes the thrashing machine invented by Menzies, and improved by Meikle from stage to stage, successively adapted to horses, wind, water, and eventually the giant power of steam, thus giving to the operations of the barn a rapidity equal to the skill and neatness displayed in the field. The scientific genius of Sir Humphry Davy, Thompson, Fourcroy, Parmentier, Kirwan, Gay Lussac, and many other eminent89 chemists, have been employed to investigate more accurately90 the real nature of soils and manures, and a vast increase of productive power has been the result. Bones, a source of fertility till of late entirely91 wasted, have done wonders; rape92-dust, malt-dust, oil, fish, salt, wood and peat ashes, soot93, gypsum, and many other substances, have been made the active agents of human subsistence. The best mixture of crops has been determined94 by numerous experiments; and the benefits of stall-feeding clearly demonstrated. Mangel-würzel, trifolium incarnatum—a plant which from its rich crimson95 hue96 would be an ornament97 of our fields even were it not a profitable production—and other vegetables, have been added to that plenteous growth of clover, dills, lucerne, rape, turnips98, etc., with which modern tillage has enriched both summer and winter stalls. The improvement of the breed of cattle and sheep by Bakewell of Dishly, and the Culleys; the growth of finer and better wools by the introduction and crossing with the Merino by Lord Somerville and others, have been as remarkable as the superior cultivation of the soil. The science of draining has found devotees equally ardent99, and has produced the most striking consequences. In many instances the mere act of draining has quadrupled the produce of land. In the weald of Kent, land which produced only a rental100 of five shillings[55] an acre, has been raised by this process to five-and-twenty. And all these objects have been watched over, canvassed101, and stimulated102 by the establishment of agricultural societies, agricultural journals and newspapers, and ploughing matches. Agricultural associations are now to be found in almost every county, and in different districts of the same county, which offer premiums103 on the best specimens104 of horses, cattle, and sheep; the best ploughing, and the most steady and industrious farm and household servants. It is a new feature in rural life, to see the whole farming population of a district hastening on a given day, gentlemen, farmers, and farm-servants all in their best array, to some one spot where the cattle are shewn, the ploughing is done, the prizes are awarded by umpires chosen from the most skilful, and the different parties then going to a good dinner, and a long talk and hearty105 toasting of all the interests of agriculture.
[1] This education is now likely to be extended to the great body of farmers. In Ireland, at Templemoyle, a college is established where the sons of farmers are instructed in every branch of science which can enable them to pursue agriculture successfully, while they daily work certain hours on the farm attached, thus making a familiar practical acquaintance with all the best processes of cultivation under the ablest professors. Similar colleges are also contemplated106 for England.
It is really too, as curious to see on our scientific farms the vast variety of implements and machines which these causes have produced;—ploughs—about a dozen and a half swing-ploughs, and upwards107 of a dozen wheel-ploughs of different constructions, and by different patentees; harrows, drills, cultivators. Every species of soil and crop has its peculiar apparatus; in the field and the farm-yard; for getting seed into the ground, clearing and dressing108 when there, for thrashing it out and cleaning it for market; for sowing peas, beans, turnips, carrots, parsnips, etc., for chopping, slicing, and preparing them for cattle; their machines for tedding109 hay, for stacking it with least possible risk, for cutting and steaming it; for ploughing up weeds, ploughing up moorlands, and even roads; for reaping by wholesale110, and raking by wholesale; for tapping deep springs, and guttering111 the surface for the escape of top-water; there are their machines for paring and levelling lumpy lands; for cross-cutting furrows112 to make rough mossy land take seed better; their channels, sluices113, and schemes for irrigation. And then, who shall tell all their implements for hay-binding, rope-twisting, furze-pounding for cattle; their novel churns, their ratteries, their new-fangled mole-traps, their poultry-feeders, and pheasant-feeders, by which those birds are enabled to help themselves from tin boxes supplied with grain for them, without feathered depredators being able to go shares with them. Truly[56] Solomon might say that men now-a-days have sought out many inventions!
But who shall calculate all the thoughts and the labours of such men as Fitzherbert, Tusser, Gooch, Platt, Hartlib, Weston, Markham, Sir Walter Raleigh, Sir John Norden, John Evelyn, Worlidge, Stillingfleet, Harte, Arthur Young, Maxwell, Lord Kaimes, Sir John Sinclair, etc. etc.? Who shall aggregate114 and estimate the numerous and valuable suggestions and articles of anonymous115 writers in the journals; and the personal labours and fostering influence of such men as the late Dukes of Buccleugh, and of Bedford, the Duke of Portland, Earl Spencer, the late Lord Somerville, Mr. Coke of Holkham, now the Earl of Leicester, and many other noblemen and gentlemen who have spent their lives in the unostentatious but most meritorious116 endeavour to perfect the agricultural science of England? With the exception of naturalists117, there are no men whose pursuits seem to me to yield them so much real happiness as intelligent agriculturists whose hearts are in the business; and though there are men whose offices or professions place them more in the public eye, there are none who are more truly the benefactors118 of their country. Such were Lord Somerville and the Duke of Buccleugh, as described by Sir Walter Scott; and there is a passage in his memoir119 of the latter nobleman well worth the notice of those who propagate or believe in the nonsense of the economists120 on the non-influence of absenteeism. “In the year 1817, when the poor stood so much in need of employment, a friend asked the Duke why his Grace did not prepare to go to London in the spring? By way of answer, the Duke shewed him a list of day-labourers then employed in improvements on his different estates, the number of whom, exclusive of his regular establishments, amounted to nine hundred and forty-seven persons. If we allow to each labourer two persons, whose support depended on his wages, the Duke was in a manner foregoing, during this severe year, the privilege of his rank, in order to provide with more convenience for a little army of nearly three thousand persons, many of whom must otherwise have found it difficult to obtain subsistence. The result of such conduct is twice blessed; both in the means which it employs, and in the end which it attains121 in the general improvement of the country. This anecdote[57] forms a good answer to those theorists who pretend that the residence of proprietors122 on their estates is a matter of indifference123 to the inhabitants of that district. Had the Duke been residing, and spending his revenue elsewhere, one half of these poor people would have wanted employment and food; and would probably have been little comforted by any metaphysical arguments upon population, which could have been presented to their investigation124.”—Scott’s Prose Works, vol. 4.
Many such things may be daily heard of the present Duke of Portland, in the neighbourhood of Welbeck Abbey, in Nottinghamshire; which convince you that he is one of those men that contrive125 to pass through life without much noise, but reaping happiness and respect in abundance, and while gratifying the taste for rural occupation, conferring the most lasting126 benefits upon the country. I shall close this section of this chapter with the substance of one such act, related to me some years ago. In the manner of relation it may therefore differ somewhat from that in which originally told, but in fact I believe it to be perfectly correct. The Duke found that one of his tenants127, a small farmer, was falling, year after year, into arrears130 of rent. The steward131 wished to know what should be done. The Duke rode to the farm; saw that it was rapidly deteriorating132, and the man, who was really an experienced and industrious farmer, totally unable to manage it, from poverty. In fact, all that was on the farm was not enough to pay the arrears. “John,” said the Duke, as the farmer came to meet him as he rode up to the house, “I want to look over the farm a little.” As they went along,—“Really,” said he, “every thing is in very bad case. This won’t do. I see you are quite under it. All your stock and crops won’t pay the rent in arrear129. I will tell you what I must do. I must take the farm into my own hands. You shall look after it for me, and I will pay you your wages.” Of course there was no saying nay,—the poor man bowed assent133. Presently there came a reinforcement of stock, then loads of manure,—at the proper time, seed, and wood from the plantations134 for repairing gates and buildings. The Duke rode over frequently. The man exerted himself, and seemed really quite relieved from a load of care by the change. Things speedily assumed a new aspect. The crops and stock flourished; fences and outbuildings were put[58] into good order. In two or three rent days, it was seen by the steward’s books that the farm was paying its way. The Duke on his next visit, said, “Well, John, I think the farm does very well now. We will change again. You shall be tenant128 again; and as you now have your head fairly above water, I hope you will be able to keep it there.” The Duke rode off at his usual rapid rate. The man stood in astonishment135; but a happy fellow he was, when on applying to the steward he found that he was actually re-entered as tenant to the farm just as it stood in its restored condition;—I will venture to say, however, that the Duke himself was the happier man of the two.
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1
rustic
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| adj.乡村的，有乡村特色的；n.乡下人，乡巴佬 | |
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bliss
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| n.狂喜，福佑，天赐的福 | |
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excellence
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| n.优秀，杰出，(pl.)优点，美德 | |
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consonant
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| n.辅音；adj.[音]符合的 | |
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delightful
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| adj.令人高兴的，使人快乐的 | |
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worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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purely
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| adv.纯粹地，完全地 | |
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accomplishment
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| n.完成，成就，（pl.）造诣，技能 | |
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picturesque
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| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
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monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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pruning
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| n.修枝，剪枝，修剪v.修剪（树木等）( prune的现在分词 )；精简某事物，除去某事物多余的部分 | |
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lodge
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| v.临时住宿，寄宿，寄存，容纳；n.传达室，小旅馆 | |
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sublimity
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| 崇高，庄严，气质高尚 | |
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infancy
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| n.婴儿期；幼年期；初期 | |
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strictly
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| adv.严厉地，严格地；严密地 | |
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implement
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| n.(pl.)工具，器具；vt.实行，实施，执行 | |
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undoubtedly
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| adv.确实地，无疑地 | |
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pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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thicket
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| n.灌木丛，树林 | |
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primitive
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| adj.原始的；简单的；n.原(始)人，原始事物 | |
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renown
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| n.声誉，名望 | |
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reluctance
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| n.厌恶，讨厌，勉强，不情愿 | |
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meditative
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| adj.沉思的，冥想的 | |
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tranquillity
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| n. 平静, 安静 | |
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consul
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| n.领事；执政官 | |
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remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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patrician
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| adj.贵族的，显贵的；n.贵族；有教养的人；罗马帝国的地方官 | |
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passionate
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，激昂的，易动情的，易怒的，性情暴躁的 | |
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overflow
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| v.(使)外溢，(使)溢出；溢出，流出，漫出 | |
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villa
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| n.别墅，城郊小屋 | |
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villas
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| 别墅，公馆( villa的名词复数 )； （城郊）住宅 | |
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verdant
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| adj.翠绿的，青翠的，生疏的，不老练的 | |
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groves
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| 树丛，小树林( grove的名词复数 ) | |
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fraught
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| adj.充满…的，伴有(危险等)的；忧虑的 | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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voluptuous
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| adj.肉欲的，骄奢淫逸的 | |
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skilful
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| (=skillful)adj.灵巧的，熟练的 | |
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industrious
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| adj.勤劳的，刻苦的，奋发的 | |
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plentifully
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| adv. 许多地，丰饶地 | |
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abound
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| vi.大量存在；(in，with)充满，富于 | |
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poultry
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| n.家禽，禽肉 | |
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herds
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| 兽群( herd的名词复数 )； 牧群； 人群； 群众 | |
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delicacies
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| n.棘手( delicacy的名词复数 )；精致；精美的食物；周到 | |
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allusion
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| n.暗示，间接提示 | |
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allotted
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| 分配，拨给，摊派( allot的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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intervals
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| n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息 | |
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47
relish
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| n.滋味，享受，爱好，调味品；vt.加调味料，享受，品味；vi.有滋味 | |
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profess
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| v.声称，冒称，以...为业，正式接受入教，表明信仰 | |
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perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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philosophical
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| adj.哲学家的，哲学上的，达观的 | |
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derived
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| vi.起源；由来；衍生；导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取 | |
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52
obedience
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| n.服从，顺从 | |
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53
cultivation
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| n.耕作，培养，栽培（法），养成 | |
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54
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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55
lodged
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| v.存放( lodge的过去式和过去分词 )；暂住；埋入；（权利、权威等）归属 | |
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56
depredations
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| n.劫掠，毁坏( depredation的名词复数 ) | |
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57
spikes
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| n.穗( spike的名词复数 )；跑鞋；（防滑）鞋钉；尖状物v.加烈酒于( spike的第三人称单数 )；偷偷地给某人的饮料加入（更多）酒精（ 或药物）；把尖状物钉入；打乱某人的计划 | |
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58
distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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59
immortal
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| adj.不朽的；永生的，不死的；神的 | |
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60
providence
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| n.深谋远虑，天道，天意；远见；节约；上帝 | |
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61
posterity
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| n.后裔，子孙，后代 | |
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62
animated
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| adj.生气勃勃的，活跃的，愉快的 | |
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63
virtue
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| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
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64
simplicity
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| n.简单，简易；朴素；直率，单纯 | |
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65
reverts
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| 恢复( revert的第三人称单数 )； 重提； 回到…上； 归还 | |
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66
honourable
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| adj.可敬的；荣誉的，光荣的 | |
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67
behold
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| v.看，注视，看到 | |
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68
admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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69
memorable
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| adj.值得回忆的，难忘的，特别的，显著的 | |
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70
abounded
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| v.大量存在，充满，富于( abound的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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71
exultation
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| n.狂喜，得意 | |
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72
treatise
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| n.专著；(专题)论文 | |
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73
spartan
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| adj.简朴的，刻苦的；n.斯巴达；斯巴达式的人 | |
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74
shrubs
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| 灌木( shrub的名词复数 ) | |
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75
dignified
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| a.可敬的，高贵的 | |
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76
honourably
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| adv.可尊敬地，光荣地，体面地 | |
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77
prosecute
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| vt.告发；进行；vi.告发，起诉，作检察官 | |
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78
capability
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| n.能力；才能；(pl)可发展的能力或特性等 | |
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79
wildernesses
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| 荒野( wilderness的名词复数 )； 沙漠； （政治家）在野； 不再当政（或掌权） | |
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80
enjoyments
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| 愉快( enjoyment的名词复数 )； 令人愉快的事物； 享有； 享受 | |
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81
elegances
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| n.高雅( elegance的名词复数 )；（举止、服饰、风格等的）优雅；精致物品；（思考等的）简洁 | |
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82
civilized
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| a.有教养的，文雅的 | |
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83
penetrate
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| v.透(渗)入；刺入，刺穿；洞察，了解 | |
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retirement
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| n.退休，退职 | |
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85
implements
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| n.工具( implement的名词复数 )；家具；手段；[法律]履行（契约等）v.实现( implement的第三人称单数 )；执行；贯彻；使生效 | |
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86
mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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87
apparatus
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| n.装置，器械；器具，设备 | |
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88
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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eminent
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| adj.显赫的，杰出的，有名的，优良的 | |
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90
accurately
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| adv.准确地，精确地 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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rape
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| n.抢夺，掠夺，强奸；vt.掠夺，抢夺，强奸 | |
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93
soot
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| n.煤烟，烟尘；vt.熏以煤烟 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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95
crimson
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| n./adj.深(绯)红色(的)；vi.脸变绯红色 | |
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96
hue
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| n.色度；色调；样子 | |
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97
ornament
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| v.装饰，美化；n.装饰，装饰物 | |
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98
turnips
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| 芜青( turnip的名词复数 )； 芜菁块根； 芜菁甘蓝块根； 怀表 | |
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ardent
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，强烈的，烈性的 | |
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100
rental
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| n.租赁，出租，出租业 | |
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101
canvassed
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| v.（在政治方面）游说( canvass的过去式和过去分词 )；调查（如选举前选民的）意见；为讨论而提出（意见等）；详细检查 | |
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102
stimulated
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| a.刺激的 | |
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103
premiums
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| n.费用( premium的名词复数 )；保险费；额外费用；（商品定价、贷款利息等以外的）加价 | |
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104
specimens
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| n.样品( specimen的名词复数 )；范例；（化验的）抽样；某种类型的人 | |
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105
hearty
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| adj.热情友好的；衷心的；尽情的，纵情的 | |
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106
contemplated
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| adj. 预期的 动词contemplate的过去分词形式 | |
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107
upwards
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| adv.向上，在更高处...以上 | |
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108
dressing
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| n.(食物)调料；包扎伤口的用品，敷料 | |
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109
tedding
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| v.翻晒( ted的现在分词 ) | |
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110
wholesale
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| n.批发；adv.以批发方式；vt.批发，成批出售 | |
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111
guttering
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| n.用于建排水系统的材料；沟状切除术；开沟 | |
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112
furrows
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| n.犁沟( furrow的名词复数 )；（脸上的）皱纹v.犁田，开沟( furrow的第三人称单数 ) | |
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113
sluices
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| n.水闸( sluice的名词复数 )；（用水闸控制的）水；有闸人工水道；漂洗处v.冲洗( sluice的第三人称单数 )；（指水）喷涌而出；漂净；给…安装水闸 | |
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114
aggregate
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| adj.总计的，集合的；n.总数；v.合计；集合 | |
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115
anonymous
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| adj.无名的；匿名的；无特色的 | |
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116
meritorious
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| adj.值得赞赏的 | |
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117
naturalists
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| n.博物学家( naturalist的名词复数 )；（文学艺术的）自然主义者 | |
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118
benefactors
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| n.捐助者，施主( benefactor的名词复数 )；恩人 | |
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119
memoir
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| n.[pl.]回忆录，自传；记事录 | |
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120
economists
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| n.经济学家，经济专家( economist的名词复数 ) | |
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121
attains
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的第三人称单数 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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122
proprietors
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| n.所有人，业主( proprietor的名词复数 ) | |
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123
indifference
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| n.不感兴趣，不关心，冷淡，不在乎 | |
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124
investigation
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| n.调查，调查研究 | |
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125
contrive
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| vt.谋划，策划；设法做到；设计，想出 | |
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126
lasting
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| adj.永久的，永恒的；vbl.持续，维持 | |
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127
tenants
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| n.房客( tenant的名词复数 )；佃户；占用者；占有者 | |
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128
tenant
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| n.承租人；房客；佃户；v.租借，租用 | |
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129
arrear
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| n.欠款 | |
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130
arrears
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| n.到期未付之债，拖欠的款项；待做的工作 | |
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131
steward
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| n.乘务员，服务员；看管人；膳食管理员 | |
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132
deteriorating
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| 恶化，变坏( deteriorate的现在分词 ) | |
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133
assent
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| v.批准，认可；n.批准，认可 | |
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134
plantations
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| n.种植园，大农场( plantation的名词复数 ) | |
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135
astonishment
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| n.惊奇，惊异 | |
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