What a revolution of taste has taken place in the English people as it regards popular festivals and festivities! Our ancestors were passionately1 fond of shows, pageants2, processions, and maskings. They were fond of garlands and ribbons, dancing and festive3 merriment. May-day, Easter, Whitsuntide, St. John’s Day, Yule, and many other times, were times of general sport and gaiety. Music and flowers abounded4; mumming, morris-dancing, and many a quaint5 display of humour and frolic spread over the country. The times, and the spirit of the times, are changed:—we are become a sober people. England is no longer merry England, but busy England; England full of wealth and poverty—extravagance and care. There has been no small lamentation7 over this change; and many of our writers have laboured hard to bring us once more to adopt this state of things. They might as well attempt to bring back jousts9 and tourneys[26], popery, and government without representation. The times, and the spirit of the times are changed. Strutt, Hone, Leigh Hunt, Miss Laurence, and many others, may expatiate10 on the poetic11 beauty of these things: they may deplore12 the extinction13 of this graceful14 rite8, that jocund15 festivity, and pray us earnestly to resume them once more; but can they give us our light hearts again? Can they make the nation young again? Can they make us the simple, ignorant, confiding16 people, living in the present, careless of the future, as our ancestors were? Till they can do this, they must lament6 and exhort17 us in vain. As soon might they bid the sun to retrace18 his path; the seasons[415] reverse their course; earth and heaven turn back in the path of their years. What our ancestors were, they were from circumstances that are gone for ever; and what we are, we are from another mighty19 succession of circumstances, of which the memory and effect may no more be blotted20 out, than the stars can be blotted out of the clear heavens of midnight. The country has passed through deep baptisms, and processes of fermentation which have worked out the lighter21 external characters, and totally reorganised the moral as well as the political constitution of the kingdom. The better qualities of the old English character I trust we fully22 retain, but the more juvenile23 and fantastic ones are irrevocably destroyed in the shock of most momentous24 convulsions.
[26] Since the former edition of this work was written, that even has been attempted.
Amongst the many attempts to account for the sedater25 cast of the modern popular mind, Sir E. Bulwer, in “England and the English,” has attributed it to the spread of Methodism. Had he attributed it to Puritanism he would have been nearer the mark. Methodism may possibly have done something towards it, but it neither began early enough, nor spread universally enough, to have the credit of this change. The decay of popular festivities has been noticed and lamented26 by writers for the last century. It has been going on both before and since the rise of Methodism, with much the same pace of progression, and is equally felt where Methodism is not allowed to shew its face, as where it exercises its fullest power. Over what a great extent of this country does the influence of high-church landlords prevail, where Methodism cannot get footing; where the people are all expected to go soberly to church as in the good old times; and yet there the people are just as grave, have grown out of the sports and pastimes of their ancestors, just as much as in the most Methodistic districts. In the manufacturing districts, where the Methodists have gained most influence, it is true enough that they have helped to expel an immense quantity of dog-fighting, cock-fighting, bull-baiting, badger-baiting, boxing, and such blackguard amusements; but Maying, guising27, plough-bullocking, morris-dancing, were gone before, or would have gone had not Methodism appeared.
Mighty and many are the causes which have wrought28 this great national change; causes which have been operating upon us[416] for the last three hundred years; and are so intimately connected with our whole national progress, political and intellectual—with all our growing greatness, with all our glory and our sorrows, that had not Methodism existed, that character would have been exactly what it is.
The Reformation laid the foundation of this change. While we had an absolute pope, and an absolute king; while the people were neither educated, nor allowed to read the Bible, nor to be represented in Parliament; while the monarch29 and a few noble families held all the lands of the kingdom, the lower classes had nothing to do but to follow their masters to the wars, or live easily and dance gaily30 in times of peace. The retainers of great houses, the labourers in the fields, foresters and shepherds, following their solitary31 occupations, constituted the bulk of the nation. Merchants and merchandise were few; our great trading towns and interests did not exist; the days of newspapers, of religious disputes, of literature and periodicals, were not come. The people were either at work or at play. When their work was over, play was their sole resource. They danced, they acted rude plays and pantomimes, with all the zest32 and gaiety of children, for their heads were as unoccupied with knowledge and grave concerns as those of children. They lived in poverty it may be, but still they lived in that state of simplicity33 and dependence34 which left them little care; and they were cut off, by the impossibility of rising out of their original rank, from all troublesome excitement. It was equally the concern of the civil government and the hierarchy35 to encourage sports and festivities, to keep them out of dangerous inquiries36 into their own condition, or rights. In the great feudal37 halls, the minstrel, the jongleur, the jester, and other ministers of gaiety; hawks38 and hounds abroad, jollity and drinking at home, kept the minds of all idlers occupied with matters to their taste. The clergy39 and monks40 promoted with an equal zeal41 of policy, the festivals of saints, keeping of high days and holidays, processions, games, and even acting42 the mysteries and miracle-plays. While the system continued, this spirit and national character must have continued likewise; but the Reformation burst like a volcano from beneath, and scattered43 the whole smiling surface into disjointed fragments, or buried it beneath the lava44 of ruin.
[417]
Henry VIII. at once destroyed Monkery and the Catholic church. He at once seized on the ecclesiastical lands, and snapped asunder45 the ecclesiastical policy. The translation of the Bible let in a flood of light that revealed all the phantasmagoria of the past, and prepared a train of everlasting46 inquiries, disquietudes, and intellectual and political triumphs for the future. The people saw they had been treated as children, but they now awoke to the passions and the conscious power of men. They had tasted of the tree of knowledge of good and evil, and their eyes were opened to their actual condition, never more to be closed. The lands that were rudely seized and arbitrarily distributed, created a new class in the community—the gentry—a link between the aristocracy and the people;—possessing the knowledge of the one, and sharing the interests of the other. Henry’s predecessors47 had hastened this new era by curtailing48 the wealth and power of the nobility; and the long wars of the houses of York and Lancaster had already done much of this work for him; exterminating49 some, humbling50 others, and embarrassing with debts the remainder. So were the elements of a more popular career thrown into the midst of the nation; and the religious persecutions on the Continent, by sending us swarms52 of jewellers, weavers53, and other artificers, laid the foundation of those trading propensities54 which have now carried us to such a marvellous length. We came to be a trading and colonizing55 people, and to possess a fleet in order to protect our new interests. How rapidly this navy grew, indicating by its own growth that of the general wealth and commercial enterprise of England, of which it was the consequence, is seen by this circumstance. In that fine old ballad56 of Sir Andrew Barton, Lord Howard is made to say to Henry VIII. in 1511—
Sir Andrew’s shipp I bring with mee;
A braver shipp was never none;
Now hath your grace two shipps of warr,
Before in England was but one!
This one was the Great Harry57, built in 1504. In about 80 years only afterwards, the English had thirty vessels58 of war at sea, and with these dared to attack the Invincible59 Armada of Spain, consisting of one hundred and thirty vessels, and by the assistance of a providential tempest, totally dispersed60 and destroyed it. Then[418] Howard of Effingham, Drake, Frobisher, Hawkins, were the names of our commanders,—names which thenceforward filled all the known world with terror, and gave to England the empire of the seas. With this extension of national interests, a more active and earnest spirit was diffused61 through the people. The struggle with enemies abroad, and with the rapidly maturing spirit of religious freedom at home, kept Elizabeth engaged, and induced in her a rigour of persecution51, and in the people a rigour of resistance and the soul of martyrdom. Before the development of these antagonist62 powers, all lightness fled; singing gave way to preaching and listening; dancing, to running anxiously to know the fate of sufferers, and the doctrines63 of fresh-springing teachers. So completely had the old relish64 for merriment and pastimes died out, that her successor, James, endeavoured to compel the people, by the publication of his “Book of Sports” to be jocose65 and gamesome. But it would not do. The soul of the people was now up in arms for their rights; and the despotic nature of himself and his son, resisting their claims, kept up such a fever of political strife66 in the kingdom as would have put out all jesting and capering67 if they had not gone before. The hierarchy fell,—fell in one wide chaos68 of civil contention69; and, as if torrents70 of blood and volumes of fire, and the trampling71 hoofs72 of thousands of careering cavalry73 had not been enough to overwhelm and dash to pieces every remaining fragment of jollity and popular fête,—in came Puritanism from Geneva, and the Solemn League and Covenant74 from Scotland. There was a final close to all the pageantry of processions and the merry saintliness of festivals: they were denounced and abhorred75 as the carnality of Anti-Christ and the rags of the scarlet76 woman. Charles II. indeed, could revive licentiousness77, but he could not bring back the holiday guise78 of “the old profession.” And what has been the course of England since? One ever-widening and ascending79 course of mighty wars, expanding commerce, vast colonization80, and the growth of science, literature, and general knowledge. We are no longer a nation of feudal combatants, of piping shepherds, and thoughtless peasantry,—but of busy, scheming, money-collecting, family-creating men. Our last tremendous war put the climax81 to this amazing career. In it all Europe seemed torn to pieces and organized anew. We, as a people, were led by[419] circumstances to put forth82 the most stupendous energies that perhaps any nation ever did. To defend our colonies; to support the interests of our allies with arms and subsidies83; to supply the whole of Europe with all species of manufactures, and almost all species of merchandise, and through this demand stimulating84 into existence the powers of steam and machinery85, a population of amazing numbers to maintain. And then, the shock and the revulsion when this great war-system suddenly ceased! An immense debt, vast taxes, the necessity of maintaining high prices, the necessity of boundless86 competition and low wages that we might so compete with the continent, returning to its old habits.
Who does not know with what a fiery87 force this has fallen on the working classes? What distress88, what pauperization89, what desperation, brought to the very pitch of rebellion, they have gone through; and recollecting90 this, can any one think otherwise than that it has been enough to sober any people that is not destitute91 of every element of high character. If we could, after a baptism like this, be still like the French, a dancing, dissipation-loving people, we should, like them, have but a fitful care to secure our liberties, and the comforts of good government; like them, at this moment, we should be the victims of successive revolutions, yielding no fruit but tyranny. But we are a sober and a thoughtful people, and are therefore working out of the mass of our difficulties the form of a renewed constitution, adapted to our present enlarged views and experience. But besides this, our energies have not been called forth for this good end alone; they have brought with their exercise a high relish for intellectual pleasures. Our minds have been stirred mightily92, and, like animals that during their wintry torpor93 feel no hunger, yet feel it keenly the moment they are awake, they have become hungry for congenial aliment. We have fed on much knowledge, and are no longer children, but full-grown men, with manly94 appetites and experienced tastes. Could we now sit, as our ancestors did, for nine hours together at a mystery? Could we endure to read through the chronicles and romances of the middle ages,—books which spun95 out their recitals96 to the most extraordinary length, and were never too long; for books then were few? If we could not, so neither could the simple pleasures and rural festivities satisfy the peasantry of this.[420] We are the creatures of new circumstances, and of a higher reach of knowledge. A combination of causes, too puissant97 to be resisted, has made hopeless all return to the juvenilities of the past. And after all, happiness—of which the people, however unwisely, are always in quest, does not consist in booths and garlands, drums and horns, or in capering round a May-pole. Happiness is a fireside thing. It is a thing of grave and earnest tone; and the deeper and truer it is, the more is it removed from the riot of mere98 merriment:
The highest mood allowed
To sinful creatures, for all happiness
Like stars in halo.
John Wilson.
And the more our humble103 classes come to taste of the pleasures of books and intellect, and the deep fireside affections which grow out of the growth of heart and mind, the less charms will the outward forms of rejoicing have for them. Beautiful and poetical104, I grant, are many of the old rites105 and customs of which we have been speaking; but they are beautiful and poetical as belonging to their own times,—and many of them, I am inclined to believe, as seen in the distance; for, seen at hand, there is a vulgarity in most popular customs that offends invariably our present tastes. Nor do I mean to say that our present population cannot be cheerful. A more truly cheerful people never existed; and they can dance and be merry too when they will; as Christmas, and Whitsuntide, and their annual village feasts and their harvest-homes can testify. Since the Reformation, the saints of the calendar having become mere names in this country, their festivals have accordingly died away. Whitsuntide, Easter, and Christmas seem almost all that have maintained their stand; and of these we will speak a little; but in the first place let us have a few words on May-Day.
点击
收听单词发音
收听单词发音 |
1
passionately
|
|
| ad.热烈地，激烈地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
2
pageants
|
|
| n.盛装的游行( pageant的名词复数 )；穿古代服装的游行；再现历史场景的娱乐活动；盛会 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
3
festive
|
|
| adj.欢宴的，节日的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
4
abounded
|
|
| v.大量存在，充满，富于( abound的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
5
quaint
|
|
| adj.古雅的，离奇有趣的，奇怪的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
6
lament
|
|
| n.悲叹，悔恨，恸哭；v.哀悼，悔恨，悲叹 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
7
lamentation
|
|
| n.悲叹，哀悼 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
8
rite
|
|
| n.典礼，惯例，习俗 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
9
jousts
|
|
| （骑士）骑着马用长矛打斗( joust的名词复数 )； 格斗，竞争 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
10
expatiate
|
|
| v.细说，详述 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
11
poetic
|
|
| adj.富有诗意的，有诗人气质的，善于抒情的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
12
deplore
|
|
| vt.哀叹，对...深感遗憾 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
13
extinction
|
|
| n.熄灭，消亡，消灭，灭绝，绝种 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
14
graceful
|
|
| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
15
jocund
|
|
| adj.快乐的，高兴的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
16
confiding
|
|
| adj.相信人的，易于相信的v.吐露（秘密，心事等）( confide的现在分词 )；（向某人）吐露（隐私、秘密等） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
17
exhort
|
|
| v.规劝，告诫 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
18
retrace
|
|
| v.折回；追溯，探源 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
19
mighty
|
|
| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
20
blotted
|
|
| 涂污( blot的过去式和过去分词 )； （用吸墨纸）吸干 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
21
lighter
|
|
| n.打火机，点火器；驳船；v.用驳船运送；light的比较级 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
22
fully
|
|
| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
23
juvenile
|
|
| n.青少年，少年读物；adj.青少年的，幼稚的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
24
momentous
|
|
| adj.重要的，重大的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
25
sedater
|
|
| adj.镇定的( sedate的比较级 )；泰然的；不慌不忙的（常用于名词前）；宁静的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
|
26
lamented
|
|
| adj.被哀悼的，令人遗憾的v.（为…）哀悼，痛哭，悲伤( lament的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
27
guising
|
|
| v.外观，伪装( guise的现在分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
|
28
wrought
|
|
| v.引起；以…原料制作；运转；adj.制造的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
29
monarch
|
|
| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
30
gaily
|
|
| adv.欢乐地，高兴地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
31
solitary
|
|
| adj.孤独的，独立的，荒凉的；n.隐士 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
32
zest
|
|
| n.乐趣；滋味，风味；兴趣 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
33
simplicity
|
|
| n.简单，简易；朴素；直率，单纯 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
34
dependence
|
|
| n.依靠，依赖；信任，信赖；隶属 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
35
hierarchy
|
|
| n.等级制度；统治集团，领导层 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
36
inquiries
|
|
| n.调查( inquiry的名词复数 )；疑问；探究；打听 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
37
feudal
|
|
| adj.封建的，封地的，领地的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
38
hawks
|
|
| 鹰( hawk的名词复数 )； 鹰派人物，主战派人物 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
39
clergy
|
|
| n.[总称]牧师，神职人员 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
40
monks
|
|
| n.修道士，僧侣( monk的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
41
zeal
|
|
| n.热心，热情，热忱 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
42
acting
|
|
| n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
43
scattered
|
|
| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
44
lava
|
|
| n.熔岩，火山岩 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
45
asunder
|
|
| adj.分离的，化为碎片 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
46
everlasting
|
|
| adj.永恒的，持久的，无止境的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
47
predecessors
|
|
| n.前任( predecessor的名词复数 )；前辈；（被取代的）原有事物；前身 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
48
curtailing
|
|
| v.截断，缩短( curtail的现在分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
49
exterminating
|
|
| v.消灭，根绝( exterminate的现在分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
50
humbling
|
|
| adj.令人羞辱的v.使谦恭( humble的现在分词 )；轻松打败（尤指强大的对手）；低声下气 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
51
persecution
|
|
| n. 迫害,烦扰 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
52
swarms
|
|
| 蜂群，一大群( swarm的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
53
weavers
|
|
| 织工，编织者( weaver的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
54
propensities
|
|
| n.倾向，习性( propensity的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
55
colonizing
|
|
| v.开拓殖民地，移民于殖民地( colonize的现在分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
56
ballad
|
|
| n.歌谣，民谣，流行爱情歌曲 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
57
harry
|
|
| vt.掠夺，蹂躏，使苦恼 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
58
vessels
|
|
| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
59
invincible
|
|
| adj.不可征服的，难以制服的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
60
dispersed
|
|
| adj. 被驱散的, 被分散的, 散布的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
61
diffused
|
|
| 散布的，普及的，扩散的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
62
antagonist
|
|
| n.敌人，对抗者，对手 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
63
doctrines
|
|
| n.教条( doctrine的名词复数 )；教义；学说；（政府政策的）正式声明 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
64
relish
|
|
| n.滋味，享受，爱好，调味品；vt.加调味料，享受，品味；vi.有滋味 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
65
jocose
|
|
| adj.开玩笑的，滑稽的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
66
strife
|
|
| n.争吵，冲突，倾轧，竞争 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
67
capering
|
|
| v.跳跃，雀跃( caper的现在分词 )；蹦蹦跳跳 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
68
chaos
|
|
| n.混乱，无秩序 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
69
contention
|
|
| n.争论，争辩，论战；论点，主张 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
70
torrents
|
|
| n.倾注；奔流( torrent的名词复数 )；急流；爆发；连续不断 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
71
trampling
|
|
| 踩( trample的现在分词 )； 践踏； 无视； 侵犯 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
72
hoofs
|
|
| n.（兽的）蹄，马蹄( hoof的名词复数 )v.（兽的）蹄，马蹄( hoof的第三人称单数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
73
cavalry
|
|
| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
74
covenant
|
|
| n.盟约，契约；v.订盟约 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
75
abhorred
|
|
| v.憎恶( abhor的过去式和过去分词 )；（厌恶地）回避；拒绝；淘汰 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
76
scarlet
|
|
| n.深红色，绯红色，红衣；adj.绯红色的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
77
licentiousness
|
|
| n.放肆，无法无天 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
78
guise
|
|
| n.外表，伪装的姿态 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
79
ascending
|
|
| adj.上升的，向上的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
80
colonization
|
|
| 殖民地的开拓，殖民，殖民地化； 移殖 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
81
climax
|
|
| n.顶点；高潮；v.(使)达到顶点 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
82
forth
|
|
| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
83
subsidies
|
|
| n.补贴，津贴，补助金( subsidy的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
84
stimulating
|
|
| adj.有启发性的，能激发人思考的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
85
machinery
|
|
| n.(总称)机械，机器；机构 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
86
boundless
|
|
| adj.无限的；无边无际的；巨大的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
87
fiery
|
|
| adj.燃烧着的，火红的；暴躁的；激烈的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
88
distress
|
|
| n.苦恼，痛苦，不舒适；不幸；vt.使悲痛 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
89
pauperization
|
|
| n.使成为受救济贫民，贫穷化 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
90
recollecting
|
|
| v.记起，想起( recollect的现在分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
91
destitute
|
|
| adj.缺乏的；穷困的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
92
mightily
|
|
| ad.强烈地；非常地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
93
torpor
|
|
| n.迟钝；麻木；（动物的）冬眠 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
94
manly
|
|
| adj.有男子气概的；adv.男子般地，果断地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
95
spun
|
|
| v.纺，杜撰，急转身 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
96
recitals
|
|
| n.独唱会( recital的名词复数 )；独奏会；小型音乐会、舞蹈表演会等；一系列事件等的详述 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
97
puissant
|
|
| adj.强有力的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
98
mere
|
|
| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
99
worthy
|
|
| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
100
tinged
|
|
| v.（使）发丁丁声( ting的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
101
misty
|
|
| adj.雾蒙蒙的，有雾的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
102
hues
|
|
| 色彩( hue的名词复数 )； 色调； 信仰； 观点 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
103
humble
|
|
| adj.谦卑的，恭顺的；地位低下的；v.降低，贬低 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
104
poetical
|
|
| adj.似诗人的；诗一般的；韵文的；富有诗意的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
105
rites
|
|
| 仪式，典礼( rite的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
| 欢迎访问英文小说网 |