God Zu.—Obscurity of legend.—Translation.—Sin of Zu.—Anger of the gods.—Speeches of Anu to Rimmon.—Rimmon’s answer.—Speech of Anu to Nebo.—Answer of Nebo.—Lugal-turda.—Changes to a bird.—The Zu bird.—Bird of prey1.—Lugal-turda lord of Amarda.—Prometheus.
MONG the legends of the gods, companion stories to the accounts of the Creation and Deluge2, one of the most curious is the legend of the sin committed by the god Zu.
This legend stands quite alone, its incidents and its principal actor being otherwise almost unknown from cuneiform sources. Only one copy of the story has at present been detected, and this is in so mutilated a condition that it cannot be connected with any other of the legends. It belongs to the same cycle of myths as the myth of the exploits of Dibbara, which will be given in the next chapter.
The principal actor in the legend is a god named Zu, the name being found in all the three cases of116 an Assyrian noun Zu, Za, and Zi. Analogy would lead us to infer that the name had been borrowed by the Assyrians from the Accadians, as well as the story with which it is connected.
Mr. Smith compared the legend with that of the mutilation of Uranus3 by his son Kronus, and with the history of the outrage4 of Ham on his father Noah; but its real analogue5 is the myth of Prometheus, the benefactor6 of men, who stole the fire of heaven for their sake, and brought upon himself the anger and punishment of Zeus. It contains two difficult words, partsi and tereti. The first is ambiguous, meaning either “oracles7” or “shrines,” but since it is coupled with dup-simi, “tablets of destiny,” it is probably to be rendered “oracles.” Tereti is very obscure. The sun-god is called “the lord of tereti” and the word occurs in the hymn9 to the Creator, Rev10. 17 (p. 79), where also it is united with partsi, “command” or “oracle.” It may signify “lots.” The tablets of destiny, stolen by Zu, for the benefit, apparently11, of mankind, formed the vault12 of the palace of the under-world. We may compare the books which are to be opened on the day of judgment13 in Dan. vii. 10, and Rev. xx. 12.
The tablet containing the account of the sin of Zu, K 3454, in the Museum collection, originally contained four columns of text, each column having about sixty lines of writing. The first and fourth columns are almost entirely14 lost, there not being enough anywhere to translate from. The mutilation117 of the text seriously adds to the difficulties of translation.
The single fragment preserved, belonging to the first column, mentions some being who was the seed or firstborn of Bel, with a number of titles, such as “warrior, soldier of the temple of Bel,” and the name of the god Zu occurs, but not so as to prove these titles to be his.
K. 3454.
Column I. lost.
Column II.
1. .... of the gods all of them he urged on.
2. ........ the image, Zu grew old (and)
3. Zu? like .... Bel seized his heel.
4. Three streams? of water in front also
5. the work of Bel in ........ he dreams of (or ponders) in himself.
7. the tablets of destiny, himself, Zu, he dreams of, and
8. he dreams that he is the father of the gods also, the protector of heaven and earth.
9. The desire to be Bel is taken in his heart,
10. Zu dreams that he is also the father of the gods, the protector of heaven and earth.
11. The desire to be Bel is taken in his heart: 118
12. Let me too seize the tablets of destiny of the gods,
14. may my throne also be established, let me lift up the oracles,
15. let me urge on the whole of all of them, even the angels.
16. So he lifted up his heart in opposition18,
17. in the lower part of the forest where he was dreaming he kept his head away from the day.
18. When Bel pours out the bright waters,
19. spread out also on the throne his crown was placed,
21. the attributes of Bel he seized, he laid hold of the oracles.
24. The father, their king, the ruler Bel
25. ..... outpoured the glory of the gods.
26. .........
27. Anu his mouth opened, he speaks
28. and says to the gods his sons:
—–———–———–———–
31. (To Rimmon) the powerful firstborn the son of Anu 119
32. his will also to him he declares:
33. To Rimmon the powerful firstborn the son of Anu
34. his will to him he declares.
36. (Slay) Zu with thy weapon.
37. (May thy name) be renowned in the assembly of the great gods,
38. .... a rival have thy brothers
39. may they supply and build of brick (thy) altars,
40. in the four regions may they establish thy stronghold.
42. They shall cry (?) in the presence of the gods and blessed be thy name.
43. Rimmon answered the speech,
44. to his father Anu a word he speaks;
46. Let Zu never associate among the gods thy sons.
47. The tablets of destiny his hand took;
48. the attributes of Bel he seized, laying hold of the oracles,
49. Zu fled away and a rugged mountain concealed (him).
50. .... the opening of (his) mouth
51. ........ like mud 120
52. .... the gods sweep away
53. .... I will not go he said.
—–———–———–———–———–
(Sixteen lines lost here, part on this column, part on Column III.)
Column III.
1. Zu fled away and a rugged mountain concealed (him).
2. .... the opening of his mouth ... the protector of heaven and earth
3. ........ like mud
4. .... the gods sweep away
5. .... I will not go he said.
—–———–———–———–
7. (Anu his will) to him also declares:
8. O mighty Nebo, companion, may thy power of fighting never fail!
9. (Slay) Zu with thy weapon.
10. May (thy name) be renowned in the assembly of the great gods,
11. ..... among the gods thy brothers a rival have (?)
12. May they supply and build (thy) altars;
13. in the four regions may they establish thy stronghold. 121
14. May thy stronghold be exalted to become a shrine.
15. They shall cry (?) in the presence of the gods and blessed be thy name.
16. Nebo answered the speech,
17. to his father Anu a word he speaks:
18. My father, to a trackless mountain do thou consign him.
19. Let Zu never associate with the gods thy sons.
20. The tablets of destiny his hand took,
21. the attributes of Bel he seized, laying hold of the oracles.
22. Zu fled away and a rugged mountain concealed him.
23. .... the opening of his mouth ... the protector of heaven and earth
The rest, including Column IV., is lost.
Such are the fragments of the story so far as they can be translated at present. The divine Zu here mentioned, whose sin is spoken of, is never counted among the gods, and there would be no clue to his nature were it not for a curious tablet printed in “Cuneiform Inscriptions29,” vol. iv. p. 14, which throws light on his origin and character. This tablet gives the following curious relation:
2. in the mountains of Sabu [he dwelt].
3. No mother gave him life16 or (suckled him). 122
4. No father gave him life or with him (associated).
5. No noble who knew him (helped him).
6. Of the resolution of his heart the resolution he (changed) not.
7. In his own heart the resolution (he kept).
9. into the likeness of the divine storm bird (or Zu bird) was he transformed.
10. The face of his wife who has faced?
11. The wife of the Divine Zu bird, the son of the divine Zu bird,
12. in companionship he made sit.
13. The goddess Enna, the lady of Tigenna,
14. in the mountain he brought back.
15. A woman fashioned was her mother according to likeness made,
16. the goddess of perfumes a woman fashioned was her mother according to likeness made.
17. Her hair was white crystal;
18. Her navel was pure with silver and gold,
20. in the womb dwelt perfection (?).
Many lines are lost here, and the story recommences on reverse.
1. .... a turban he placed on his head
2. (when) from the nest of the god Zu he came.
—–———–———–———–
This Zu bird is plainly the same as the god Zu of123 the former legend, and his nature is shown by a passage in the annals of Assur-nazir-pal (“Cuneiform Inscriptions,” vol. i.?p. 22, col. ii. l. 107), who says that his warriors34 “like the divine Zu bird upon them darted35.” This bird is called the cloud or storm-bird, the flesh-eating bird, the lion or giant bird, the bird of prey, the bird with sharp beak36; and it is not difficult to see what the deified bird really was. It was clearly the storm-cloud, which appears in Aryan folklore37 under the varying forms of the eagle, the woodpecker, and the robin38 redbreast, the bird of Thor; while in Chinese mythology39 the storm-bird is described as “a bird which, in flying, obscures the sun, and of whose quills40 are made water-tuns.” The roc of the “Arabian Nights,” with its wings of ten thousand fathoms41 in width, and its egg, which it was a sin in Aladdin to wish to take from the place where it hung, is but an echo of the Chinese storm-bird; and the identity of the Chaldean Zu with the latter is demonstrated by its Accadian name, which signifies “the bird of the divine storm-cloud.” Just as Prometheus brought the lightning from heaven to earth, and suffered the penalty of enchainment to a desert rock, so, too, the storm-bird of Accad stole the secrets of the gods, and was punished by exile from them, and transformation42 into a bird. When once the storm-cloud had been likened to a bird, it was easy enough to identify it with an actual bird of similar name which swooped43 upon its prey with sharp beak. That the lightning which darted from the bosom44 of the124 black tempest really formed the tablets of destiny was a ready conclusion to a people who read the future in the message sent through the lightning from heaven to earth. Even the Hebrews saw in the thunder “the voice of God.” Lugal-turda, it may be added, was the patron of the city of Amarda or Marad, and is said to have been the deity45 worshipped by Izdubar.
In the story of the offence of Zu there is another instance of the variations which constantly occur in the Assyrian inscriptions with respect to the relationship of the gods. Nebo is usually called son of Merodach, but in this inscription30 he is called son of Anu. The part that he plays in it is due to the fact that he was identified with the “meridian sun.”
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1
prey
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| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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2
deluge
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| n./vt.洪水，暴雨，使泛滥 | |
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3
Uranus
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| n.天王星 | |
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4
outrage
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| n.暴行，侮辱，愤怒；vt.凌辱，激怒 | |
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5
analogue
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| n.类似物；同源语 | |
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6
benefactor
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| n. 恩人，行善的人，捐助人 | |
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7
oracles
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| 神示所( oracle的名词复数 )； 神谕； 圣贤； 哲人 | |
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8
shrine
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| n.圣地，神龛，庙；v.将...置于神龛内，把...奉为神圣 | |
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9
hymn
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| n.赞美诗，圣歌，颂歌 | |
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10
rev
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| v.发动机旋转，加快速度 | |
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11
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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12
vault
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| n.拱形圆顶，地窖，地下室 | |
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13
judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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14
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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15
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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16
majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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17
kindle
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| v.点燃，着火 | |
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18
opposition
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| n.反对，敌对 | |
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19
doom
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| n.厄运，劫数；v.注定，命定 | |
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20
rugged
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| adj.高低不平的，粗糙的，粗壮的，强健的 | |
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21
concealed
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| a.隐藏的，隐蔽的 | |
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22
commotion
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| n.骚动，动乱 | |
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23
slay
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| v.杀死，宰杀，杀戮 | |
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24
renowned
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| adj.著名的，有名望的，声誉鹊起的 | |
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25
mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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26
exalted
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| adj.(地位等)高的，崇高的；尊贵的，高尚的 | |
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27
consign
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| vt.寄售（货品），托运，交托，委托 | |
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28
eldest
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| adj.最年长的，最年老的 | |
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29
inscriptions
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| （作者）题词( inscription的名词复数 )； 献词； 碑文； 证劵持有人的登记 | |
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30
inscription
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| n.（尤指石块上的）刻印文字，铭文，碑文 | |
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31
valiant
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| adj.勇敢的，英勇的；n.勇士，勇敢的人 | |
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32
likeness
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| n.相像，相似（之处） | |
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33
fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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34
warriors
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| 武士，勇士，战士( warrior的名词复数 ) | |
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35
darted
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| v.投掷，投射( dart的过去式和过去分词 )；向前冲，飞奔 | |
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36
beak
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| n.鸟嘴，茶壶嘴，钩形鼻 | |
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37
folklore
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| n.民间信仰，民间传说，民俗 | |
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38
robin
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| n.知更鸟，红襟鸟 | |
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39
mythology
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| n.神话，神话学，神话集 | |
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40
quills
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| n.（刺猬或豪猪的）刺( quill的名词复数 )；羽毛管；翮；纡管 | |
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41
fathoms
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| 英寻( fathom的名词复数 ) | |
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42
transformation
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| n.变化；改造；转变 | |
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43
swooped
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| 俯冲，猛冲( swoop的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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44
bosom
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| n.胸，胸部；胸怀；内心；adj.亲密的 | |
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45
deity
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| n.神，神性；被奉若神明的人(或物) | |
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