And well she can persuade.
—Shakespeare, Measure for Measure.
Him we call an artist who shall play on an assembly of men as a master on the keys of a piano,—who seeing the people furious, shall soften2 and compose them, shall draw them, when he will, to laughter and to tears. Bring him to his audience, and, be they who they may,—coarse or refined, pleased or displeased4, sulky or savage5, with their opinions in the keeping of a confessor or with their opinions in their bank safes,—he will have them pleased and humored as he chooses; and they shall carry and execute what he bids them.
More good and more ill have been effected by persuasion7 than by any other form of speech. It is an attempt to influence by means of appeal to some particular interest held important by the hearer. Its motive8 may be high or low, fair or unfair, honest or dishonest, calm or passionate9, and hence its scope is unparalleled in public speaking.
This "instilment10 of conviction," to use Matthew Arnold's expression, is naturally a complex process in that it usually includes argumentation and often employs suggestion, as the next chapter will illustrate11. In fact, there is little public speaking worthy12 of the name that is not in some part persuasive13, for men rarely speak solely14 to alter men's opinions—the ulterior purpose is almost always action.
The nature of persuasion is not solely intellectual, but is largely emotional. It uses every principle of public speaking, and every "form of discourse," to use a rhetorician's expression, but argument supplemented by special appeal is its peculiar15 quality. This we may best see by examining
The Methods of Persuasion
High-minded speakers often seek to move their hearers to action by an appeal to their highest motives16, such as love of liberty. Senator Hoar, in pleading for action on the Philippine question, used this method:
What has been the practical statesmanship which comes from your ideals and your sentimentalities? You have wasted nearly six hundred millions of treasure. You have sacrificed nearly ten thousand American lives—the flower of our youth. You have devastated17 provinces. You have slain18 uncounted thousands of the people you desire to benefit. You have established reconcentration camps. Your generals are coming home from their harvest bringing sheaves with them, in the shape of other thousands of sick and wounded and insane to drag out miserable19 lives, wrecked20 in body and mind. You make the American flag in the eyes of a numerous people the emblem21 of sacrilege in Christian22 churches, and of the burning of human dwellings23, and of the horror of the water torture. Your practical statesmanship which disdains24 to take George Washington and Abraham Lincoln or the soldiers of the Revolution or of the Civil War as models, has looked in some cases to Spain for your example. I believe—nay, I know—that in general our officers and soldiers are humane25. But in some cases they have carried on your warfare26 with a mixture of American ingenuity27 and Castilian cruelty.
Your practical statesmanship has succeeded in converting a people who three years ago were ready to kiss the hem3 of the garment of the American and to welcome him as a liberator28, who thronged29 after your men, when they landed on those islands, with benediction30 and gratitude31, into sullen32 and irreconcilable33 enemies, possessed34 of a hatred35 which centuries cannot eradicate36.
Mr. President, this is the eternal law of human nature. You may struggle against it, you may try to escape it, you may persuade yourself that your intentions are benevolent37, that your yoke38 will be easy and your burden will be light, but it will assert itself again. Government without the consent of the governed—authority which heaven never gave—can only be supported by means which heaven never can sanction.
The American people have got this one question to answer. They may answer it now; they can take ten years, or twenty years, or a generation, or a century to think of it. But will not down. They must answer it in the end: Can you lawfully39 buy with money, or get by brute40 force of arms, the right to hold in subjugation41 an unwilling42 people, and to impose on them such constitution as you, and not they, think best for them?
Senator Hoar then went on to make another sort of appeal—the appeal to fact and experience:
We have answered this question a good many times in the past. The fathers answered it in 1776, and founded the Republic upon their answer, which has been the corner-stone. John Quincy Adams and James Monroe answered it again in the Monroe Doctrine43, which John Quincy Adams declared was only the doctrine of the consent of the governed. The Republican party answered it when it took possession of the force of government at the beginning of the most brilliant period in all legislative44 history. Abraham Lincoln answered it when, on that fatal journey to Washington in 1861, he announced that as the doctrine of his political creed45, and declared, with prophetic vision, that he was ready to be assassinated46 for it if need be. You answered it again yourselves when you said that Cuba, who had no more title than the people of the Philippine Islands had to their independence, of right ought to be free and independent.
—George F. Hoar.
Joseph Story, in his great Salem speech (1828) used this method most dramatically:
I call upon you, fathers, by the shades of your ancestors—by the dear ashes which repose48 in this precious soil—by all you are, and all you hope to be—resist every object of disunion, resist every encroachment49 upon your liberties, resist every attempt to fetter50 your consciences, or smother51 your public schools, or extinguish your system of public instruction.
I call upon you, mothers, by that which never fails in woman, the love of your offspring; teach them, as they climb your knees, or lean on your bosoms52, the blessings53 of liberty. Swear them at the altar, as with their baptismal vows54, to be true to their country, and never to forget or forsake55 her.
I call upon you, young men, to remember whose sons you are; whose inheritance you possess. Life can never be too short, which brings nothing but disgrace and oppression. Death never comes too soon, if necessary in defence of the liberties of your country.
I call upon you, old men, for your counsels, and your prayers, and your benedictions56. May not your gray hairs go down in sorrow to the grave, with the recollection that you have lived in vain. May not your last sun sink in the west upon a nation of slaves.
No; I read in the destiny of my country far better hopes, far brighter visions. We, who are now assembled here, must soon be gathered to the congregation of other days. The time of our departure is at hand, to make way for our children upon the theatre of life. May God speed them and theirs. May he who, at the distance of another century, shall stand here to celebrate this day, still look round upon a free, happy, and virtuous57 people. May he have reason to exult58 as we do. May he, with all the enthusiasm of truth as well as of poetry, exclaim, that here is still his country.—Joseph Story.
The appeal to prejudice is effective—though not often, if ever, justifiable59; yet so long as special pleading endures this sort of persuasion will be resorted to. Rudyard Kipling uses this method—as have many others on both sides—in discussing the great European war. Mingled60 with the appeal to prejudice, Mr. Kipling uses the appeal to self-interest; though not the highest, it is a powerful motive in all our lives. Notice how at the last the pleader sweeps on to the highest ground he can take. This is a notable example of progressive appeal, beginning with a low motive and ending with a high one in such a way as to carry all the force of prejudice yet gain all the value of patriotic61 fervor62.
Through no fault nor wish of ours we are at war with Germany, the power which owes its existence to three well-thought-out wars; the power which, for the last twenty years, has devoted63 itself to organizing and preparing for this war; the power which is now fighting to conquer the civilized64 world.
For the last two generations the Germans in their books, lectures, speeches and schools have been carefully taught that nothing less than this world-conquest was the object of their preparations and their sacrifices. They have prepared carefully and sacrificed greatly.
We must have men and men and men, if we, with our allies, are to check the onrush of organized barbarism.
Have no illusions. We are dealing65 with a strong and magnificently equipped enemy, whose avowed66 aim is our complete destruction. The violation67 of Belgium, the attack on France and the defense68 against Russia, are only steps by the way. The German's real objective, as she always has told us, is England, and England's wealth, trade and worldwide possessions.
If you assume, for an instant, that the attack will be successful, England will not be reduced, as some people say, to the rank of a second rate power, but we shall cease to exist as a nation. We shall become an outlying province of Germany, to be administered with that severity German safety and interest require.
We are against such a fate. We enter into a new life in which all the facts of war that we had put behind or forgotten for the last hundred years, have returned to the front and test us as they tested our fathers. It will be a long and a hard road, beset69 with difficulties and discouragements, but we tread it together and we will tread it together to the end.
Our petty social divisions and barriers have been swept away at the outset of our mighty70 struggle. All the interests of our life of six weeks ago are dead. We have but one interest now, and that touches the naked heart of every man in this island and in the empire.
If we are to win the right for ourselves and for freedom to exist on earth, every man must offer himself for that service and that sacrifice.
From these examples it will be seen that the particular way in which the speakers appealed to their hearers was by coming close home to their interests, and by themselves showing emotion—two very important principles which you must keep constantly in mind.
To accomplish the former requires a deep knowledge of human motive in general and an understanding of the particular audience addressed. What are the motives that arouse men to action? Think of them earnestly, set them down on the tablets of your mind, study how to appeal to them worthily71. Then, what motives would be likely to appeal to your hearers? What are their ideals and interests in life? A mistake in your estimate may cost you your case. To appeal to pride in appearance would make one set of men merely laugh—to try to arouse sympathy for the Jews in Palestine would be wasted effort among others. Study your audience, feel your way, and when you have once raised a spark, fan it into a flame by every honest resource you possess.
The larger your audience the more sure you are to find a universal basis of appeal. A small audience of bachelors will not grow excited over the importance of furniture insurance; most men can be roused to the defense of the freedom of the press.
Patent medicine advertisement usually begins by talking about your pains—they begin on your interests. If they first discussed the size and rating of their establishment, or the efficacy of their remedy, you would never read the "ad." If they can make you think you have nervous troubles you will even plead for a remedy—they will not have to try to sell it.
The patent medicine men are pleading—asking you to invest your money in their commodity—yet they do not appear to be doing so. They get over on your side of the fence, and arouse a desire for their nostrums72 by appealing to your own interests.
Recently a book-salesman entered an attorney's office in New York and inquired: "Do you want to buy a book?" Had the lawyer wanted a book he would probably have bought one without waiting for a book-salesman to call. The solicitor73 made the same mistake as the representative who made his approach with: "I want to sell you a sewing machine." They both talked only in terms of their own interests.
The successful pleader must convert his arguments into terms of his hearers' advantage. Mankind are still selfish, are interested in what will serve them. Expunge74 from your address your own personal concern and present your appeal in terms of the general good, and to do this you need not be insincere, for you had better not plead any cause that is not for the hearers' good. Notice how Senator Thurston in his plea for intervention75 in Cuba and Mr. Bryan in his "Cross of Gold" speech constituted themselves the apostles of humanity.
Exhortation76 is a highly impassioned form of appeal frequently used by the pulpit in efforts to arouse men to a sense of duty and induce them to decide their personal courses, and by counsel in seeking to influence a jury. The great preachers, like the great jury-lawyers, have always been masters of persuasion.
Revenge! About! Seek! Burn! Fire! Kill! Slay79! Let not a traitor80 live!—Shakespeare, Julius C?sar.
Strike—for your altars and your fires,
Strike—for the green graves of your sires,
God—and your native land!
—Fitz-Greene Halleck, Marco Bozzaris.
Believe, gentlemen, if it were not for those children, he would not come here to-day to seek such remuneration; if it were not that, by your verdict, you may prevent those little innocent defrauded82 wretches83 from becoming wandering beggars, as well as orphans84 on the face of this earth. Oh, I know I need not ask this verdict from your mercy; I need not extort85 it from your compassion86; I will receive it from your justice. I do conjure87 you, not as fathers, but as husbands:—not as husbands, but as citizens:—not as citizens, but as men:—not as men, but as Christians:—by all your obligations, public, private, moral, and religious; by the hearth88 profaned89; by the home desolated90; by the canons of the living God foully91 spurned;—save, oh: save your firesides from the contagion92, your country from the crime, and perhaps thousands, yet unborn, from the shame, and sin, and sorrow of this example!
—Charles Phillips, Appeal to the jury in behalf of Guthrie.
So I appeal from the men in silken hose who danced to music made by slaves and called it freedom, from the men in bell-crown hats who led Hester Prynne to her shame and called it religion, to that Americanism which reaches forth93 its arms to smite94 wrong with reason and truth, secure in the power of both. I appeal from the patriarchs of New England to the poets of New England; from Endicott to Lowell; from Winthrop to Longfellow; from Norton to Holmes; and I appeal in the name and by the rights of that common citizenship—of that common origin, back of both the Puritan and the Cavalier, to which all of us owe our being. Let the dead past, consecrated96 by the blood of its martyrs97, not by its savage hatreds98, darkened alike by kingcraft and priestcraft—let the dead past bury its dead. Let the present and the future ring with the song of the singers. Blessed be the lessons they teach, the laws they make. Blessed be the eye to see, the light to reveal. Blessed be tolerance99, sitting ever on the right hand of God to guide the way with loving word, as blessed be all that brings us nearer the goal of true religion, true republicanism, and true patriotism100, distrust of watchwords and labels, shams101 and heroes, belief in our country and ourselves. It was not Cotton Mather, but John Greenleaf Whittier, who cried:
Dear God and Father of us all,
Forgive our faith in cruel lies,
Forgive the blindness that denies.
Cast down our idols—overturn
Thyself in Thy humanity!
—Henry Watterson, Puritan and Cavalier.
Goethe, on being reproached for not having written war songs against the French, replied, "In my poetry I have never shammed103. How could I have written songs of hate without hatred?" Neither is it possible to plead with full efficiency for a cause for which you do not feel deeply. Feeling is contagious104 as belief is contagious. The speaker who pleads with real feeling for his own convictions will instill his feelings into his listeners. Sincerity105, force, enthusiasm, and above all, feeling—these are the qualities that move multitudes and make appeals irresistible106. They are of far greater importance than technical principles of delivery, grace of gesture, or polished enunciation—important as all these elements must doubtless be considered. Base your appeal on reason, but do not end in the basement—let the building rise, full of deep emotion and noble persuasion.
QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES
1. (a) What elements of appeal do you find in the following? (b) Is it too florid? (c) Is this style equally powerful today? (d) Are the sentences too long and involved for clearness and force?
Oh, gentlemen, am I this day only the counsel of my client? No, no; I am the advocate of humanity—of yourselves—your homes—your wives—your families—your little children. I am glad that this case exhibits such atrocity107; unmarked as it is by any mitigatory108 feature, it may stop the frightful109 advance of this calamity110; it will be met now, and marked with vengeance111. If it be not, farewell to the virtues112 of your country; farewell to all confidence between man and man; farewell to that unsuspicious and reciprocal tenderness, without which marriage is but a consecrated curse. If oaths are to be violated, laws disregarded, friendship betrayed, humanity trampled113, national and individual honor stained, and if a jury of fathers and of husbands will give such miscreancy a passport to their homes, and wives, and daughters,—farewell to all that yet remains114 of Ireland! But I will not cast such a doubt upon the character of my country. Against the sneer115 of the foe, and the skepticism of the foreigner, I will still point to the domestic virtues, that no perfidy116 could barter117, and no bribery118 can purchase, that with a Roman usage, at once embellish119 and consecrate95 households, giving to the society of the hearth all the purity of the altar; that lingering alike in the palace and the cottage, are still to be found scattered120 over this land—the relic121 of what she was—the source perhaps of what she may be—the lone122, the stately, and magnificent memorials, that rearing their majesty123 amid surrounding ruins, serve at once as the landmarks124 of the departed glory, and the models by which the future may be erected125.
Preserve those virtues with a vestal fidelity126; mark this day, by your verdict, your horror of their profanation127; and believe me, when the hand which records that verdict shall be dust, and the tongue that asks it, traceless in the grave, many a happy home will bless its consequences, and many a mother teach her little child to hate the impious treason of adultery.
—Charles Phillips.
2. Analyze and criticise128 the forms of appeal used in the selections from Hoar, Story, and Kipling.
3. What is the type of persuasion used by Senator Thurston (page 50)?
4. Cite two examples each, from selections in this volume, in which speakers sought to be persuasive by securing the hearers' (a) sympathy for themselves; (b) sympathy with their subjects; (c) self-pity.
5. Make a short address using persuasion.
6. What other methods of persuasion than those here mentioned can you name?
7. Is it easier to persuade men to change their course of conduct than to persuade them to continue in a given course? Give examples to support your belief.
8. In how far are we justified129 in making an appeal to self-interest in order to lead men to adopt a given course?
9. Does the merit of the course have any bearing on the merit of the methods used?
10. Illustrate an unworthy method of using persuasion.
11. Deliver a short speech on the value of skill in persuasion.
12. Does effective persuasion always produce conviction?
13. Does conviction always result in action?
14. Is it fair for counsel to appeal to the emotions of a jury in a murder trial?
15. Ought the judge use persuasion in making his charge?
16. Say how self-consciousness may hinder the power of persuasion in a speaker.
17. Is emotion without words ever persuasive? If so, illustrate.
18. Might gestures without words be persuasive? If so, illustrate.
20. Has voice? Discuss.
21. Has manner? Discuss.
23. Discuss the relation of persuasion to (a) description; (b) narration132; (c) exposition; (d) pure reason.
24. What is the effect of over-persuasion?
25. Make a short speech on the effect of the constant use of persuasion on the sincerity of the speaker himself.
26. Show by example how a general statement is not as persuasive as a concrete example illustrating133 the point being discussed.
27. Show by example how brevity is of value in persuasion.
28. Discuss the importance of avoiding an antagonistic134 attitude in persuasion.
29. What is the most persuasive passage you have found in the selections of this volume. On what do you base your decision?
30. Cite a persuasive passage from some other source. Read or recite it aloud.
31. Make a list of the emotional bases of appeal, grading them from low to high, according to your estimate.
32. Would circumstances make any difference in such grading? If so, give examples.
33. Deliver a short, passionate appeal to a jury, pleading for justice to a poor widow.
34. Deliver a short appeal to men to give up some evil way.
35. Criticise the structure of the sentence beginning with the last line of page 296.
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discourse
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| n.论文，演说；谈话；话语；vi.讲述，著述 | |
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soften
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| v.(使)变柔软；(使)变柔和 | |
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hem
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| n.贴边，镶边；vt.缝贴边；(in)包围，限制 | |
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displeased
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| a.不快的 | |
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savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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eloquence
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| n.雄辩；口才，修辞 | |
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persuasion
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| n.劝说；说服；持有某种信仰的宗派 | |
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motive
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| n.动机，目的；adv.发动的，运动的 | |
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passionate
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，激昂的，易动情的，易怒的，性情暴躁的 | |
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instilment
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| n.滴注，慢慢灌输 | |
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illustrate
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| v.举例说明，阐明；图解，加插图 | |
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worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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persuasive
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| adj.有说服力的，能说得使人相信的 | |
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solely
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| adv.仅仅，唯一地 | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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motives
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| n.动机，目的( motive的名词复数 ) | |
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devastated
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| v.彻底破坏( devastate的过去式和过去分词)；摧毁；毁灭；在感情上（精神上、财务上等）压垮adj.毁坏的；极为震惊的 | |
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slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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miserable
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| adj.悲惨的，痛苦的；可怜的，糟糕的 | |
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wrecked
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| adj.失事的，遇难的 | |
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emblem
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| n.象征，标志；徽章 | |
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Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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dwellings
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| n.住处，处所( dwelling的名词复数 ) | |
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disdains
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| 鄙视，轻蔑( disdain的名词复数 ) | |
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humane
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| adj.人道的，富有同情心的 | |
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warfare
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| n.战争(状态)；斗争；冲突 | |
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ingenuity
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| n.别出心裁；善于发明创造 | |
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liberator
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| 解放者 | |
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thronged
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| v.成群，挤满( throng的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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benediction
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| n.祝福；恩赐 | |
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gratitude
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| adj.感激，感谢 | |
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sullen
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| adj.愠怒的，闷闷不乐的，(天气等)阴沉的 | |
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irreconcilable
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| adj.（指人）难和解的，势不两立的 | |
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possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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eradicate
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| v.根除，消灭，杜绝 | |
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benevolent
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| adj.仁慈的，乐善好施的 | |
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yoke
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| n.轭；支配；v.给...上轭，连接，使成配偶 | |
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lawfully
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| adv.守法地，合法地；合理地 | |
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brute
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| n.野兽，兽性 | |
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subjugation
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| n.镇压，平息，征服 | |
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unwilling
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| adj.不情愿的 | |
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doctrine
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| n.教义；主义；学说 | |
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legislative
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| n.立法机构，立法权；adj.立法的，有立法权的 | |
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creed
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| n.信条；信念，纲领 | |
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assassinated
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| v.暗杀( assassinate的过去式和过去分词 )；中伤；诋毁；破坏 | |
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potent
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| adj.强有力的，有权势的；有效力的 | |
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repose
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| v.(使)休息；n.安息 | |
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encroachment
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| n.侵入，蚕食 | |
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fetter
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| n./vt.脚镣，束缚 | |
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smother
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| vt./vi.使窒息；抑制；闷死；n.浓烟；窒息 | |
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bosoms
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| 胸部( bosom的名词复数 )； 胸怀； 女衣胸部（或胸襟）； 和爱护自己的人在一起的情形 | |
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53
blessings
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| n.（上帝的）祝福( blessing的名词复数 )；好事；福分；因祸得福 | |
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54
vows
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| 誓言( vow的名词复数 )； 郑重宣布，许愿 | |
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55
forsake
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| vt.遗弃，抛弃；舍弃，放弃 | |
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56
benedictions
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| n.祝福( benediction的名词复数 )；（礼拜结束时的）赐福祈祷；恩赐；（大写）（罗马天主教）祈求上帝赐福的仪式 | |
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57
virtuous
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| adj.有品德的，善良的，贞洁的，有效力的 | |
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58
exult
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| v.狂喜，欢腾；欢欣鼓舞 | |
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59
justifiable
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| adj.有理由的，无可非议的 | |
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60
mingled
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| 混合，混入( mingle的过去式和过去分词 )； 混进，与…交往[联系] | |
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61
patriotic
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| adj.爱国的，有爱国心的 | |
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62
fervor
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| n.热诚；热心；炽热 | |
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63
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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64
civilized
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| a.有教养的，文雅的 | |
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65
dealing
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| n.经商方法，待人态度 | |
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66
avowed
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| adj.公开声明的，承认的v.公开声明，承认( avow的过去式和过去分词) | |
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67
violation
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| n.违反(行为)，违背(行为)，侵犯 | |
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68
defense
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| n.防御，保卫；[pl.]防务工事；辩护，答辩 | |
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69
beset
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| v.镶嵌；困扰，包围 | |
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70
mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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71
worthily
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| 重要地，可敬地，正当地 | |
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72
nostrums
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| n.骗人的疗法，有专利权的药品( nostrum的名词复数 )；妙策 | |
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73
solicitor
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| n.初级律师，事务律师 | |
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74
expunge
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| v.除去，删掉 | |
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75
intervention
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| n.介入，干涉，干预 | |
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76
exhortation
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| n.劝告，规劝 | |
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77
exhortations
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| n.敦促( exhortation的名词复数 )；极力推荐；（正式的）演讲；（宗教仪式中的）劝诫 | |
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78
analyze
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| vt.分析，解析 (=analyse) | |
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79
slay
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| v.杀死，宰杀，杀戮 | |
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80
traitor
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| n.叛徒，卖国贼 | |
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81
foe
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| n.敌人，仇敌 | |
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82
defrauded
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| v.诈取，骗取( defraud的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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83
wretches
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| n.不幸的人( wretch的名词复数 )；可怜的人；恶棍；坏蛋 | |
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84
orphans
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| 孤儿( orphan的名词复数 ) | |
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85
extort
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| v.勒索，敲诈，强要 | |
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86
compassion
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| n.同情，怜悯 | |
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87
conjure
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| v.恳求，祈求；变魔术，变戏法 | |
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88
hearth
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| n.壁炉炉床，壁炉地面 | |
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89
profaned
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| v.不敬( profane的过去式和过去分词 )；亵渎，玷污 | |
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90
desolated
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| adj.荒凉的，荒废的 | |
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91
foully
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| ad.卑鄙地 | |
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92
contagion
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| n.(通过接触的疾病)传染；蔓延 | |
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93
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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94
smite
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| v.重击；彻底击败；n.打；尝试；一点儿 | |
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95
consecrate
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| v.使圣化，奉…为神圣；尊崇；奉献 | |
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96
consecrated
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| adj.神圣的，被视为神圣的v.把…奉为神圣，给…祝圣( consecrate的过去式和过去分词 )；奉献 | |
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97
martyrs
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| n.martyr的复数形式；烈士( martyr的名词复数 )；殉道者；殉教者；乞怜者（向人诉苦以博取同情） | |
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98
hatreds
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| n.仇恨，憎恶( hatred的名词复数 )；厌恶的事 | |
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99
tolerance
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| n.宽容；容忍，忍受；耐药力；公差 | |
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100
patriotism
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| n.爱国精神，爱国心，爱国主义 | |
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101
shams
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| 假象( sham的名词复数 )； 假货； 虚假的行为（或感情、言语等）； 假装…的人 | |
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102
bloody
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| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
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103
shammed
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| 假装，冒充( sham的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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104
contagious
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| adj.传染性的，有感染力的 | |
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105
sincerity
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| n.真诚，诚意；真实 | |
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106
irresistible
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| adj.非常诱人的，无法拒绝的，无法抗拒的 | |
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107
atrocity
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| n.残暴，暴行 | |
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108
mitigatory
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| adj.缓解的，减轻的，平静的 | |
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109
frightful
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| adj.可怕的；讨厌的 | |
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110
calamity
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| n.灾害，祸患，不幸事件 | |
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111
vengeance
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| n.报复，报仇，复仇 | |
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112
virtues
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| 美德( virtue的名词复数 )； 德行； 优点； 长处 | |
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113
trampled
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| 踩( trample的过去式和过去分词 )； 践踏； 无视； 侵犯 | |
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114
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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115
sneer
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| v.轻蔑；嘲笑；n.嘲笑，讥讽的言语 | |
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116
perfidy
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| n.背信弃义，不忠贞 | |
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117
barter
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| n.物物交换，以货易货，实物交易 | |
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118
bribery
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| n.贿络行为，行贿，受贿 | |
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119
embellish
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| v.装饰，布置；给…添加细节，润饰 | |
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120
scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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121
relic
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| n.神圣的遗物，遗迹，纪念物 | |
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122
lone
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| adj.孤寂的，单独的；唯一的 | |
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123
majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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124
landmarks
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| n.陆标( landmark的名词复数 )；目标；（标志重要阶段的）里程碑 ~ (in sth)；有历史意义的建筑物（或遗址） | |
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125
ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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126
fidelity
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| n.忠诚，忠实；精确 | |
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127
profanation
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| n.亵渎 | |
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128
criticise
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| v.批评，评论；非难 | |
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129
justified
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| a.正当的，有理的 | |
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130
posture
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| n.姿势，姿态，心态，态度；v.作出某种姿势 | |
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131
magnetism
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| n.磁性，吸引力，磁学 | |
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132
narration
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| n.讲述，叙述；故事；记叙体 | |
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133
illustrating
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| 给…加插图( illustrate的现在分词 )； 说明； 表明； （用示例、图画等）说明 | |
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134
antagonistic
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| adj.敌对的 | |
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