—Ralph Waldo Emerson, Essays.
And let him be sure to leave other men their turns to speak.
Perhaps the most brilliant, and certainly the most entertaining, of all speeches are those delivered on after-dinner and other special occasions. The air of well-fed content in the former, and of expectancy3 well primed in the latter, furnishes an audience which, though not readily won, is prepared for the best, while the speaker himself is pretty sure to have been chosen for his gifts of oratory4.
The first essential of good occasional speaking is to study the occasion. Precisely5 what is the object of the meeting? How important is the occasion to the audience? How large will the audience be? What sort of people are they? How large is the auditorium6? Who selects the speakers' themes? Who else is to speak? What are they to speak about? Precisely how long am I to speak? Who speaks before I do and who follows?
If you want to hit the nail on the head ask such questions as these.[35] No occasional address can succeed unless it fits the occasion to a T. Many prominent men have lost prestige because they were too careless or too busy or too self-confident to respect the occasion and the audience by learning the exact conditions under which they were to speak. Leaving too much to the moment is taking a long chance and generally means a less effective speech, if not a failure.
Suitability is the big thing in an occasional speech. When Mark Twain addressed the Army of the Tennessee in reunion at Chicago, in 1877, he responded to the toast, "The Babies." Two things in that after-dinner speech are remarkable7: the bright introduction, by which he subtly claimed the interest of all, and the humorous use of military terms throughout:
Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen: "The Babies." Now, that's something like. We haven't all had the good fortune to be ladies; we have not all been generals, or poets, or statesmen; but when the toast works down to the babies, we stand on common ground—for we've all been babies. It is a shame that for a thousand years the world's banquets have utterly8 ignored the baby, as if he didn't amount to anything! If you, gentlemen, will stop and think a minute—if you will go back fifty or a hundred years, to your early married life, and recontemplate your first baby—you will remember that he amounted to a good deal—and even something over.
"As a vessel9 is known by the sound, whether it be cracked or not," said Demosthenes, "so men are proved by their speeches whether they be wise or foolish." Surely the occasional address furnishes a severe test of a speaker's wisdom. To be trivial on a serious occasion, to be funereal10 at a banquet, to be long-winded ever—these are the marks of non-sense. Some imprudent souls seem to select the most friendly of after-dinner occasions for the explosion of a bomb-shell of dispute. Around the dinner table it is the custom of even political enemies to bury their hatchets11 anywhere rather than in some convenient skull12. It is the height of bad taste to raise questions that in hours consecrated13 to good-will can only irritate.
Occasional speeches offer good chances for humor, particularly the funny story, for humor with a genuine point is not trivial. But do not spin a whole skein of humorous yarns14 with no more connection than the inane15 and threadbare "And that reminds me." An anecdote16 without bearing may be funny but one less funny that fits theme and occasion is far preferable. There is no way, short of sheer power of speech, that so surely leads to the heart of an audience as rich, appropriate humor. The scattered17 diners in a great banqueting hall, the after-dinner lethargy, the anxiety over approaching last-train time, the over-full list of over-full speakers—all throw out a challenge to the speaker to do his best to win an interested hearing. And when success does come it is usually due to a happy mixture of seriousness and humor, for humor alone rarely scores so heavily as the two combined, while the utterly grave speech never does on such occasions.
If there is one place more than another where second-hand18 opinions and platitudes19 are unwelcome it is in the after-dinner speech. Whether you are toast-master or the last speaker to try to hold the waning20 crowd at midnight, be as original as you can. How is it possible to summarize the qualities that go to make up the good after-dinner speech, when we remember the inimitable serious-drollery of Mark Twain, the sweet southern eloquence21 of Henry W. Grady, the funereal gravity of the humorous Charles Battell Loomis, the charm of Henry Van Dyke22, the geniality23 of F. Hopkinson Smith, and the all-round delightfulness24 of Chauncey M. Depew? America is literally25 rich in such gladsome speakers, who punctuate26 real sense with nonsense, and so make both effective.
Commemorative occasions, unveilings, commencements, dedications27, eulogies28, and all the train of special public gatherings29, offer rare opportunities for the display of tact30 and good sense in handling occasion, theme, and audience. When to be dignified31 and when colloquial32, when to soar and when to ramble33 arm in arm with your hearers, when to flame and when to soothe34, when to instruct and when to amuse—in a word, the whole matter of APPROPRIATENESS must constantly be in mind lest you write your speech on water.
Finally, remember the beatitude: Blessed is the man that maketh short speeches, for he shall be invited to speak again.
SELECTIONS FOR STUDY
LAST DAYS OF THE CONFEDERACY
(Extract)
The Rapidan suggests another scene to which allusion35 has often been made since the war, but which, as illustrative also of the spirit of both armies, I may be permitted to recall in this connection. In the mellow36 twilight37 of an April day the two armies were holding their dress parades on the opposite hills bordering the river. At the close of the parade a magnificent brass38 band of the union army played with great spirit the patriotic39 airs, "Hail Columbia," and "Yankee Doodle." Whereupon the Federal troops responded with a patriotic shout. The same band then played the soul-stirring strains of "Dixie," to which a mighty40 response came from ten thousand Southern troops. A few moments later, when the stars had come out as witnesses and when all nature was in harmony, there came from the same band the old melody, "Home, Sweet Home." As its familiar and pathetic notes rolled over the water and thrilled through the spirits of the soldiers, the hills reverberated41 with a thundering response from the united voices of both armies. What was there in this old, old music, to so touch the chords of sympathy, so thrill the spirits and cause the frames of brave men to tremble with emotion? It was the thought of home. To thousands, doubtless, it was the thought of that Eternal Home to which the next battle might be the gateway42. To thousands of others it was the thought of their dear earthly homes, where loved ones at that twilight hour were bowing round the family altar, and asking God's care over the absent soldier boy.
—General J.B. Gordon, C.s.a.
WELCOME TO KOSSUTH
(Extract)
Let me ask you to imagine that the contest, in which the United States asserted their independence of Great Britain, had been unsuccessful; that our armies, through treason or a league of tyrants44 against us, had been broken and scattered; that the great men who led them, and who swayed our councils—our Washington, our Franklin, and the venerable president of the American Congress—had been driven forth45 as exiles. If there had existed at that day, in any part of the civilized46 world, a powerful Republic, with institutions resting on the same foundations of liberty which our own countrymen sought to establish, would there have been in that Republic any hospitality too cordial, any sympathy too deep, any zeal47 for their glorious but unfortunate cause, too fervent48 or too active to be shown toward these illustrious fugitives49? Gentlemen, the case I have supposed is before you. The Washingtons, the Franklins, the Hancocks of Hungary, driven out by a far worse tyranny than was ever endured here, are wanderers in foreign lands. Some of them have sought a refuge in our country—one sits with this company our guest to-night—and we must measure the duty we owe them by the same standard which we would have had history apply, if our ancestors had met with a fate like theirs.
—William Cullen Bryant.
THE INFLUENCE OF UNIVERSITIES
(Extract)
When the excitement of party warfare50 presses dangerously near our national safeguards, I would have the intelligent conservatism of our universities and colleges warn the contestants51 in impressive tones against the perils52 of a breach53 impossible to repair.
When popular discontent and passion are stimulated54 by the arts of designing partisans55 to a pitch perilously56 near to class hatred57 or sectional anger, I would have our universities and colleges sound the alarm in the name of American brotherhood58 and fraternal dependence43.
When the attempt is made to delude59 the people into the belief that their suffrages60 can change the operation of national laws, I would have our universities and colleges proclaim that those laws are inexorable and far removed from political control.
When selfish interest seeks undue61 private benefits through governmental aid, and public places are claimed as rewards of party service, I would have our universities and colleges persuade the people to a relinquishment62 of the demand for party spoils and exhort63 them to a disinterested64 and patriotic love of their government, whose unperverted operation secures to every citizen his just share of the safety and prosperity it holds in store for all.
I would have the influence of these institutions on the side of religion and morality. I would have those they send out among the people not ashamed to acknowledge God, and to proclaim His interposition in the affairs of men, enjoining65 such obedience66 to His laws as makes manifest the path of national perpetuity and prosperity
—Grover Cleveland, delivered at the Princeton Sesqui-Centennial, 1896.
(Extract)
Great in life, he was surpassingly great in death. For no cause, in the very frenzy68 of wantonness and wickedness, by the red hand of murder, he was thrust from the full tide of this world's interest, from its hopes, its aspirations69, its victories, into the visible presence of death—and he did not quail70. Not alone for the one short moment in which, stunned71 and dazed, he could give up life, hardly aware of its relinquishment, but through days of deadly languor72, through weeks of agony, that was not less agony because silently borne, with clear sight and calm courage, he looked into his open grave. What blight73 and ruin met his anguished74 eyes, whose lips may tell—what brilliant, broken plans, what baffled, high ambitions, what sundering75 of strong, warm, manhood's friendships, what bitter rending76 of sweet household ties! Behind him a proud, expectant nation, a great host of sustaining friends, a cherished and happy mother, wearing the full rich honors of her early toil77 and tears; the wife of his youth, whose whole life lay in his; the little boys not yet emerged from childhood's day of frolic; the fair young daughter; the sturdy sons just springing into closest companionship, claiming every day and every day rewarding a father's love and care; and in his heart the eager, rejoicing power to meet all demand. Before him, desolation and great darkness! And his soul was not shaken. His countrymen were thrilled with instant, profound and universal sympathy. Masterful in his mortal weakness, he became the centre of a nation's love, enshrined in the prayers of a world. But all the love and all the sympathy could not share with him his suffering. He trod the wine press alone. With unfaltering front he faced death. With unfailing tenderness he took leave of life. Above the demoniac hiss78 of the assassin's bullet he heard the voice of God. With simple resignation he bowed to the Divine decree.
—James G. Blaine, delivered at the memorial service held by the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives.
EULOGY OF LEE
(Extract)
At the bottom of all true heroism79 is unselfishness. Its crowning expression is sacrifice. The world is suspicious of vaunted heroes. But when the true hero has come, and we know that here he is in verity80, ah! how the hearts of men leap forth to greet him! how worshipfully we welcome God's noblest work—the strong, honest, fearless, upright man. In Robert Lee was such a hero vouchsafed81 to us and to mankind, and whether we behold82 him declining command of the federal army to fight the battles and share the miseries83 of his own people; proclaiming on the heights in front of Gettysburg that the fault of the disaster was his own; leading charges in the crisis of combat; walking under the yoke84 of conquest without a murmur85 of complaint; or refusing fortune to come here and train the youth of his country in the paths of duty,—he is ever the same meek86, grand, self-sacrificing spirit. Here he exhibited qualities not less worthy87 and heroic than those displayed on the broad and open theater of conflict, when the eyes of nations watched his every action. Here in the calm repose88 of civil and domestic duties, and in the trying routine of incessant89 tasks, he lived a life as high as when, day by day, he marshalled and led his thin and wasting lines, and slept by night upon the field that was to be drenched90 again in blood upon the morrow. And now he has vanished from us forever. And is this all that is left of him—this handful of dust beneath the marble stone? No! the ages answer as they rise from the gulfs of time, where lie the wrecks91 of kingdoms and estates, holding up in their hands as their only trophies92, the names of those who have wrought93 for man in the love and fear of God, and in love—unfearing for their fellow-men. No! the present answers, bending by his tomb. No! the future answers as the breath of the morning fans its radiant brow, and its soul drinks in sweet inspirations from the lovely life of Lee. No! methinks the very heavens echo, as melt into their depths the words of reverent94 love that voice the hearts of men to the tingling95 stars.
Come we then to-day in loyal love to sanctify our memories, to purify our hopes, to make strong all good intent by communion with the spirit of him who, being dead yet speaketh. Come, child, in thy spotless innocence96; come, woman, in thy purity; come, youth, in thy prime; come, manhood, in thy strength; come, age, in thy ripe wisdom; come, citizen; come, soldier; let us strew97 the roses and lilies of June around his tomb, for he, like them, exhaled98 in his life Nature's beneficence, and the grave has consecrated that life and given it to us all; let us crown his tomb with the oak, the emblem99 of his strength, and with the laurel the emblem of his glory, and let these guns, whose voices he knew of old, awake the echoes of the mountains, that nature herself may join in his solemn requiem100. Come, for here he rests, and
On this green bank, by this fair stream,
We set to-day a votive stone,
When, like our sires, our sons are gone.
—John Warwick Daniel, on the unveiling of Lee's statue at Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia, 1883.
QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES
1. Why should humor find a place in after-dinner speaking?
3. Briefly outline an imaginary occasion of any sort and give three subjects appropriate for addresses.
4. Deliver one such address, not to exceed ten minutes in length.
5. What proportion of emotional ideas do you find in the extracts given in this chapter?
6. Humor was used in some of the foregoing addresses—in which others would it have been inappropriate?
7. Prepare and deliver an after-dinner speech suited to one of the following occasions, and be sure to use humor:
A political party dinner.
A church men's club dinner.
A woman's club annual dinner.
A business men's association dinner.
A manufacturers' club dinner.
An alumni banquet.
An old home week barbecue.
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1
sanity
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| n.心智健全，神智正常，判断正确 | |
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discourse
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| n.论文，演说；谈话；话语；vi.讲述，著述 | |
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expectancy
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| n.期望，预期，（根据概率统计求得）预期数额 | |
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oratory
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| n.演讲术；词藻华丽的言辞 | |
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precisely
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| adv.恰好，正好，精确地，细致地 | |
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auditorium
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| n.观众席，听众席；会堂，礼堂 | |
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remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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funereal
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| adj.悲哀的；送葬的 | |
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hatchets
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| n.短柄小斧( hatchet的名词复数 )；恶毒攻击；诽谤；休战 | |
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skull
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| n.头骨；颅骨 | |
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consecrated
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| adj.神圣的，被视为神圣的v.把…奉为神圣，给…祝圣( consecrate的过去式和过去分词 )；奉献 | |
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yarns
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| n.纱( yarn的名词复数 )；纱线；奇闻漫谈；旅行轶事 | |
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inane
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| adj.空虚的，愚蠢的，空洞的 | |
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anecdote
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| n.轶事，趣闻，短故事 | |
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scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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second-hand
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| adj.用过的，旧的，二手的 | |
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platitudes
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| n.平常的话，老生常谈，陈词滥调( platitude的名词复数 )；滥套子 | |
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waning
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| adj.（月亮）渐亏的，逐渐减弱或变小的n.月亏v.衰落( wane的现在分词 )；（月）亏；变小；变暗淡 | |
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eloquence
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| n.雄辩；口才，修辞 | |
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dyke
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| n.堤，水坝，排水沟 | |
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geniality
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| n.和蔼，诚恳；愉快 | |
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delightfulness
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| n.delightful（令人高兴的，使人愉快的，给人快乐的，讨人喜欢的）的变形 | |
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literally
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| adv.照字面意义，逐字地；确实 | |
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punctuate
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| vt.加标点于；不时打断 | |
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dedications
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| 奉献( dedication的名词复数 )； 献身精神； 教堂的)献堂礼； （书等作品上的）题词 | |
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eulogies
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| n.颂词，颂文( eulogy的名词复数 ) | |
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gatherings
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| 聚集( gathering的名词复数 )； 收集； 采集； 搜集 | |
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tact
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| n.机敏，圆滑，得体 | |
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dignified
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| a.可敬的，高贵的 | |
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colloquial
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| adj.口语的，会话的 | |
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ramble
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| v.漫步，漫谈，漫游；n.漫步，闲谈，蔓延 | |
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soothe
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| v.安慰；使平静；使减轻；缓和；奉承 | |
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allusion
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| n.暗示，间接提示 | |
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mellow
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| adj.柔和的；熟透的；v.变柔和；(使)成熟 | |
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twilight
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| n.暮光，黄昏；暮年，晚期，衰落时期 | |
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brass
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| n.黄铜；黄铜器，铜管乐器 | |
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patriotic
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| adj.爱国的，有爱国心的 | |
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mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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reverberated
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| 回响，回荡( reverberate的过去式和过去分词 )； 使反响，使回荡，使反射 | |
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gateway
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| n.大门口，出入口，途径，方法 | |
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dependence
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| n.依靠，依赖；信任，信赖；隶属 | |
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tyrants
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| 专制统治者( tyrant的名词复数 )； 暴君似的人； （古希腊的）僭主； 严酷的事物 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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civilized
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| a.有教养的，文雅的 | |
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zeal
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| n.热心，热情，热忱 | |
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fervent
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| adj.热的，热烈的，热情的 | |
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fugitives
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| n.亡命者，逃命者( fugitive的名词复数 ) | |
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warfare
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| n.战争(状态)；斗争；冲突 | |
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contestants
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| n.竞争者，参赛者( contestant的名词复数 ) | |
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perils
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| 极大危险( peril的名词复数 )； 危险的事（或环境） | |
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breach
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| n.违反，不履行；破裂；vt.冲破，攻破 | |
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stimulated
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| a.刺激的 | |
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partisans
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| 游击队员( partisan的名词复数 )； 党人； 党羽； 帮伙 | |
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perilously
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| adv.充满危险地，危机四伏地 | |
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hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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brotherhood
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| n.兄弟般的关系，手中情谊 | |
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delude
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| vt.欺骗；哄骗 | |
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suffrages
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| （政治性选举的）选举权，投票权( suffrage的名词复数 ) | |
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undue
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| adj.过分的；不适当的；未到期的 | |
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relinquishment
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| n.放弃；撤回；停止 | |
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exhort
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| v.规劝，告诫 | |
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disinterested
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| adj.不关心的，不感兴趣的 | |
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enjoining
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| v.命令( enjoin的现在分词 ) | |
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obedience
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| n.服从，顺从 | |
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eulogy
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| n.颂词；颂扬 | |
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frenzy
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| n.疯狂，狂热，极度的激动 | |
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aspirations
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| 强烈的愿望( aspiration的名词复数 )； 志向； 发送气音； 发 h 音 | |
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70
quail
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| n.鹌鹑；vi.畏惧，颤抖 | |
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71
stunned
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| adj. 震惊的，惊讶的 动词stun的过去式和过去分词 | |
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72
languor
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| n.无精力，倦怠 | |
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73
blight
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| n.枯萎病；造成破坏的因素；vt.破坏，摧残 | |
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74
anguished
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| adj.极其痛苦的v.使极度痛苦(anguish的过去式) | |
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sundering
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| v.隔开，分开( sunder的现在分词 ) | |
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76
rending
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| v.撕碎( rend的现在分词 )；分裂；（因愤怒、痛苦等而）揪扯（衣服或头发等）；（声音等）刺破 | |
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77
toil
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| vi.辛劳工作，艰难地行动；n.苦工，难事 | |
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78
hiss
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| v.发出嘶嘶声；发嘘声表示不满 | |
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79
heroism
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| n.大无畏精神，英勇 | |
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80
verity
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| n.真实性 | |
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81
vouchsafed
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| v.给予，赐予( vouchsafe的过去式和过去分词 )；允诺 | |
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82
behold
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| v.看，注视，看到 | |
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83
miseries
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| n.痛苦( misery的名词复数 )；痛苦的事；穷困；常发牢骚的人 | |
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84
yoke
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| n.轭；支配；v.给...上轭，连接，使成配偶 | |
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85
murmur
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| n.低语，低声的怨言；v.低语，低声而言 | |
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86
meek
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| adj.温顺的，逆来顺受的 | |
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87
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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88
repose
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| v.(使)休息；n.安息 | |
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89
incessant
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| adj.不停的，连续的 | |
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90
drenched
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| adj.湿透的；充满的v.使湿透( drench的过去式和过去分词 )；在某人（某物）上大量使用（某液体） | |
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91
wrecks
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| n.沉船( wreck的名词复数 )；（事故中）遭严重毁坏的汽车（或飞机等）；（身体或精神上）受到严重损伤的人；状况非常糟糕的车辆（或建筑物等）v.毁坏[毁灭]某物( wreck的第三人称单数 )；使（船舶）失事，使遇难，使下沉 | |
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92
trophies
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| n.（为竞赛获胜者颁发的）奖品( trophy的名词复数 )；奖杯；（尤指狩猎或战争中获得的）纪念品；（用于比赛或赛跑名称）奖 | |
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93
wrought
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| v.引起；以…原料制作；运转；adj.制造的 | |
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reverent
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| adj.恭敬的，虔诚的 | |
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95
tingling
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| v.有刺痛感( tingle的现在分词 ) | |
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96
innocence
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| n.无罪；天真；无害 | |
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97
strew
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| vt.撒；使散落；撒在…上，散布于 | |
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98
exhaled
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| v.呼出，发散出( exhale的过去式和过去分词 )；吐出（肺中的空气、烟等），呼气 | |
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99
emblem
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| n.象征，标志；徽章 | |
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100
requiem
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| n.安魂曲，安灵曲 | |
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101
redeem
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| v.买回，赎回，挽回，恢复，履行（诺言等） | |
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102
briefly
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| adv.简单地，简短地 | |
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103
lodge
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| v.临时住宿，寄宿，寄存，容纳；n.传达室，小旅馆 | |
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104
civic
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| adj.城市的，都市的，市民的，公民的 | |
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celebrity
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| n.名人，名流；著名，名声，名望 | |
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