In his absence I must omit all reference to botany, for personally, owing to the wintry conditions during our outward march and to the speed of my journey back with the invalids7, I saw nothing that has not been already better 322described by Wollaston. But Norton, with our Lepcha collector Rumoo, obtained some 350 flowering plants in Kharta, and we also sent back samples of agricultural seeds.
It must be remembered that it was the constant aim of General Bruce to render it easier for any subsequent party to pass through the country. The objection of the Tibetans to the taking of any wild life is almost universal amongst the clerics and is devoutly8 shared by the lay population in certain localities. These considerations unfortunately applied9 particularly to the districts of Tengkye, Shelkar Dzong and Rombuk, where the killing10 of even domestic animals is prohibited.
There are, however, other parts of Tibet where the same restraint is unnecessary, and even where hunting is habitually11 practised by the semi-nomadic population. This immunity in our case applied especially to the Chumbi Valley and the country round Phari, and in consequence we have been able to bring back some material which it is hoped will add to the value of the larger collections brought back last year by Dr. Wollaston.
That portion of Tibet visited by the Expedition, and indeed it is typical of most of its provinces, is a region of bare uplands and naked mountains. Such physical conditions combine with a violent type of radiation in the thin dry air to evolve a daily strife12 of winds, ceaselessly seeking to rectify13 the balance of atmospheric14 stability; this continual wind is indeed the foundation of the traveller’s 323discomfort and the worst enemy of the mountaineer.
Romoo, the Lepcha Collector, who assisted
Dr. Longstaff and Major Norton.
Karma Paul, the Expedition’s Interpreter.
Owing to its aridity15, due to the intervention16 of the rain-catching Himalaya, the country is practically treeless. Distant open views prevail over vast landscapes, lit by strong lights in an atmosphere devoid17 of fogs or softening18 mist effects. Usually nothing can move without being visible from a great distance. Hence, though it is not a region particularly rich in life, yet those forms which do prevail are not easily overlooked. Concealment19 is only to be obtained by burrowing21 underground, or by immobility combined with protective coloration.
Nowhere is this more obtrusively23 shown than on the great stony24 uplands, at an altitude of from 14,000 to 17,000 feet East and South of Khamba Dzong. Here we were in constant sight of bands of wild asses25, gazelle, and sheep: from a distance of a couple of miles a prowling wolf was easily discerned. The ground is nowhere here covered by a continuous carpet of grass or herbs, but each plant is several yards from the next. Hence even a small herd26 of game will cover the ground with innumerable tracks, suggesting to the uninitiated a far greater number of individuals than really exist. To watch a flock of Tibetan sheep or goats grazing seems like watching a migration27, for the herd moves at a smart walk, often breaking into a run, each individual racing28 for the next mouthful a few yards ahead. They move on a wide front, with the shepherd and his wolf-dog well in evidence. On one occasion we came on a wolf devouring29 a lamb: 50 yards away lay the guardian30 324dog, waiting apparently31 for any scraps32 the robber might leave.
It might be supposed that as in the Arctic the birds and animals would turn white in winter. But two sufficient reasons against this necessity have already been indicated. Firstly, the snow line is so high, probably between 19,000 and 20,000 feet, that vegetation does not extend up to it: even the predatory beasts are dependent on vegetation for the pasture of their prey33. Secondly34, evaporation35 is so rapid that the country is never snow-clad for long even during the winter season.
But some modification36 of habit to meet the hostility37 of winter, under conditions of life already so severe, is to be looked for. Of Marmots we saw nothing during the journey to Everest; probably they were still hibernating38. Norton found them later in Kharta and obtained a welcome specimen4. Yet Hares were very common at 16,000 to 17,000 feet, several haunting the old moraines of the Rongbuk Glacier39 even above our Base Camp. Here also, at 17,000 feet, was a small herd of Bharel, or Blue Sheep, which having some familiarity with the hermit40 monks41 permitted a fairly close approach.
More interesting are the Mouse-hares, or Pikas, of several varieties, small friendly creatures which live in colonies, mainly (Ochotona curzoni?) on the open plains, where even their small burrows42 sometimes undermine considerable areas so that one must ride with care. They are quick and lively in their movements, darting43 from hole to hole with extreme 325rapidity, and peeping from their burrows at the stranger with obvious amusement. They are often first seen sitting up on their hind-legs. They lay in stores of grass for winter use, though the evidence all goes to prove that they do not regularly hibernate44. They frequently utter a nearly inaudible high-pitched whispering call, a sort of subdued45 whistle, from which no doubt comes the (Shoka) Bhotia name of shippi, “The Whisperer,” which I obtained in Gnari Khorsum in 1905. Certain birds, as will be subsequently noted46, live in association with these small rodents47, and add a further note to the charm of their colonies. It appears impossible to trap them, and as their skulls48 are usually damaged by shooting, a good series of skins, in both summer and winter pelage, of the different species, is still much wanted for study in our museums.
The collection of small mammals is always difficult, and under the circumstances already detailed49 our collection of skins was necessarily a very small one. Geoffrey Bruce, however, obtained a perfect specimen of the Panda (Ailurus fulgens) from the forests on the Chumbi side of the Jelep La. This curiously50 aberrant51 animal, sometimes called the Bear-Cat, is about the size of a fox, and has rich thick fur of a chestnut52 colour on the back, black below, and with a thick bushy ring-marked tail; in appearance it resembles somewhat the badgers53, the bears, and the cats. Its relative, the Great Panda of Tibet, is one of the rarest of large mammals, owing to its very circumscribed54 distribution.
A Hamster and a few Pikas of three varieties were caught 326at night in our tents. A Weasel (M. temon) shot in Sikkim, with another Weasel and a Marmot from Kharta, complete our list of mammal skins. We are much disappointed at our failure to see or obtain any specimens from 20,000 feet, where Wollaston’s Pika was actually handled last year—the greatest known altitude for resident mammals.
As to the birds, we were fortunate in having been able to go over Dr. Wollaston’s collection with Mr. Norman B. Kinnear of the Natural History Museum, who provided us in addition with a series of careful notes by which we could identify those likely to be met with in localities where we could not shoot. It is hoped that our material will be found sufficient for Mr. Kinnear to publish a supplement to his recent paper in the Ibis on last year’s collection.
Dr. Percy R. Lowe, Keeper of Birds of the Natural History Museum, was particularly anxious for us to obtain for him a specimen of the Himalayan or Ibis-billed Curlew (Ibidorhynchus struthersi) in the flesh, for purposes of dissection55, nothing being known of its anatomy56 up to the present. Luckily this bird haunts the Chumbi Valley, and Norton and I were able to spend a day in its pursuit. It is of the form of a small curlew, of a general french-grey hue57 with bold dark markings, and coral red beak58 and legs. There were several of these birds, not yet (April 3) paired, about Yatung in the Chumbi Valley, but they were very wary59. They utter a high-pitched wader-like note not at all resembling our curlew. They always flew directly over the main river, whence we never could have retrieved60 them. The shores 327of this river are fringed by beaches of large round grey pebbles61, and resting amongst these the birds were invisible. Eventually I lay up under the bank and Norton succeeded in driving a bird on to an island in mid-stream, where I shot it. With an outward display of truly scientific eagerness we divested62 ourselves of our nether63 garments and waded64 waist deep through the torrent65. We came near quarrelling as to whether the water or the air was the coldest. But at any rate we retrieved our bird, and what is more brought it, duly preserved in spirits, through all the trials of travel and climate, safely back to Dr. Lowe.
In the Chumbi Valley also we obtained the Great or Solitary66 Snipe (Gallinago solitaria), an addition to last year’s list. But my favourite family, the Redstarts, were the most interesting. The beautiful White-capped Redstart (Chimarhornis leucocephalus), mostly widely distributed in the Himalaya, was still with us. The Plumbeous Redstart (Rhyacornis fuliginosus) and the Blue-fronted Redstart (Ph?nicurus frontalis) we had already obtained in Sikkim. These also were present at the beginning of April in the Chumbi Valley. We obtained in addition the beautiful Blue-tail or Red-flanked Bush-Robin (Tarsiger rafiliatus). I understand that the three latter species have not been previously67 recorded from this locality. The Blue-tail frequents dense68 bushes over marshy69 spots and is very quiet and furtive70 in its habits, while the Redstarts are the most obtrusive22 of birds, as to me they are one of the most beautiful of families. At Phari I luckily obtained a specimen of 328what I thought was the Indian Redstart, but the bird in the hand proved again to be the Blue-fronted sort. At 17,000 feet, above the Base Camp over the snout of the main Rongbuk Glacier, I saw a cock-bird of Güldenstadt’s Redstart (Ph?nicurus erythrogaster grandis), fortunately a very easily recognisable bird, and one I had previously seen in Nubra and the Karakoram country.
Although I had previously become somewhat familiar with bird-life in Tibet, I was not prepared to see the teeming71 flocks of finches, buntings, and larks73 which we met with on the bare stony uplands at every old camping ground or village we encountered. A portion of this swarming75 bird population appears to have been due to the spring migration being at its height. Of this we had evidence before and during our passage of the Jelep La, from Sikkim into the Chumbi Valley. At Phari and at Khamba Dzong especially, the birds appeared not yet to have dispersed76 in pairs to their breeding territory, but, though actually arrived at their destination, to be still collected in migration flocks. Yet this condition of things may be more apparent than real, for neither Norton nor I ever managed to find any evidence of nesting behaviour in such an extremely common bird as Brandt’s Ground Linnet. It is conceivable that the inimical climatic conditions of Tibet are such as to condemn77 a larger proportion than usual of the bird population to a celibate78 existence, a condition which is at least by no means rare even in the British Isles79. A small piece of evidence is that the only four nests of larks and wagtails which I found 329contained only three eggs each, as if the altitude had reduced the number of eggs laid. It is to be noted that in each case the eggs were incubated, and so the clutches were presumably complete. But as an exception to this rule, at Chushar, on June 13, I found a nest of the Eastern Desert Wheatear with a normal clutch of five eggs.
In writing of nesting, it may be recorded that we obtained the eggs of the Tibetan Snow Cock (Tetraogallus tibetanus) from nearly 17,000 feet on the Pang80 La. At the Base Camp (16,500 feet), a Brown Accentor (Prunella f. fulvescens) commenced building its nest in a crevice81 between a stack of provision boxes in the middle of the camp on May 16. Laying did not commence till May 25—a long period of delay—and was completed with the third egg on the 27th. The hen commenced to sit at once, and no more eggs were laid. Norton observed Alpine82 Choughs and Rock Doves nesting in the cliffs above the Base Camp at an altitude of 17,000 feet. Besides the usual Ravens83, and the species already named, the Base Camp was visited by Brandt’s Ground Linnet (Leucosticte brandti), a Sparrow, a Snow Finch72, the Ground Chough (Podoces humilis), and the Shore Lark74 (Otocorys alpestris elwesi).
Noel, during his vigil on the Chang La (23,000 feet), saw a small bird fly above him, borne on the Westerly gale84. But Wollaston’s Lammergeyer maintains still the first place in altitude with a record of over 24,000 feet.
At Trangso Chumbab, on June 11, I had the opportunity of observing the habits of Blandford’s Mountain-Finch 330 (Chionospiza blandfordi). This bird seems to live in amity85 with the Pikas (Ochotona curzoni?) in their burrows. I marked the birds bringing food to a Pika burrow20, and wishing to see what the young in down were like, Finch and I commenced to dig out the hole. It proved, however, beyond our powers in the sun-baked ground, so I fell to watching again. We had laid open the burrow for about 2 feet. The hen-bird at once returned with food, but alighting at the spot where the burrow formerly86 commenced, began immediately to tunnel into the ground, quite oblivious87 of the true opening in full view only 2 feet away. What would our nature writers say to such a lapse88 of intellect? The bird burrowed89 with its beak, diving its head into the ground and boring with a very rapid jerky twist so that the sand was scattered90 in a small cloud. This was repeated several times and on several visits. I then filled up the trench91, leaving the nesting hole open. On the next visit the bird flew down the hole, which I then stopped with loose earth. In the morning the burrow had been completely cleared and the birds were busily feeding their young again. This seems to point to the conclusion that these birds are naturally ground-dwellers, and are fully92 capable of making their own tunnels, but that the abundance of Pika burrows has induced lazy habits. Mandelle’s Snow-Finch (Montifringilla mandelli), not obtained by last year’s Expedition, was shot by us at Pika warrens at Phari (April 7), and seen, always associated with Pikas, on the following days.
On June 11, also, we were witnesses to what must be a 331common tragedy. A family of small Brahminy ducklings—the Ruddy Sheldrake of Europe—were making their noisy way down from some nesting site on the steppe to the headwaters of the Arun—and safety. The parent birds may have taken fright at our camp, through which the ducklings scuttled93 fearlessly. The loathsome94 Ravens, gathered, as always, for carrion95 or camp refuse, swooped96 down and attacked the hapless family, bolting a whole duckling at each mouthful. Surely a gun would have done no harm here.
Norton made the interesting discovery that the Meadow Bunting (Emberiza cia godlewskii) breeds in the Kama Valley, thus extending its breeding range far to the South. It may, indeed, be expected that several species now believed to breed only in Siberia may in fact be found nesting on the Northern slopes of the Himalaya, and even in other highland97 regions of Tibet. For here altitude comes to the assistance of latitude98 to produce an arctic type of climate, flora99, and fauna100; though it must be admitted that the aridity of Tibet must produce very different climatic conditions to those obtaining in the far North. In Gnari Khorsum, 400 miles West of Everest, I had obtained specimens, with young in down, of the Large Eastern Sand Plover101 (Cirripedesmus mongolicus atrifrons), which previously was only known as a breeding species from much farther North; and again, the day we left Tibet, at 17,000 feet, on the Serpo La, I found another pair of these Dotterel, from their behaviour obviously nesting, so to speak, at the very gates of India, for 33210 miles further on we had left everything Tibetan behind us—landscape, flowers, birds, beasts, and insects were all different. Nowhere else in the world can there be a sharper natural division than between the Tibetan Highlands and the true Himalayan Zone.
The physical and climatic conditions prevailing102 in this part of Tibet produces an environment hostile to reptilian103 and amphibian104 life. The single Toad105 obtained last year was quite new to science, and Norton’s capture of a second specimen is a great piece of luck. Miss Joan B. Procter, F.Z.S., of the Natural History Museum, has described and named it (Cophophryne alticola). It is remarkable106 by having the toes fully webbed. She also writes that the Toad, together with the Frog (Nanorana pleskei) and the Lizard107 (Phrynocephalus theobaldi), are all devoid of external ears, the tympanum itself being absent in the Toad. This unusual modification is attributed to the effect of altitude, but it has also been suggested that the absence of ears is due to inherited atrophy108 following generations of frost-bite—an interesting subject for the followers109 of Weissman!
The fish, rejoicing in the name of Schizopygopsis stoliczk?, is stated by Mr. Norman never to have been previously obtained from such an altitude.
With the Molluscs we drew blank, in spite of Norton’s energetic dredging of tarns110 and pools at Kharta. Nor did any member of the Expedition produce a single snail-shell, though all were armed with pill-boxes and on the look out for them.
333It is probably only among the various families of insects that any important biological results may be hoped for from this Expedition. Our collection from the Base Camp, greatly due to the assistance received from Morris, of more than 300 beetles111 of a dozen or more species, may be sufficient to show some evidence of the effect of environment. A number of them are new to science, and, with one or two exceptions, were not obtained last year. There are already described over 100,000 kinds of beetles, and under these circumstances it is obvious that even such a modest collection as ours will take some time to work out. Mr. K. G. Blair, of the Natural History Museum, has it in hand, and, with the assistance of Mr. H. E. Andrewes and Dr. G. A. K. Marshall, will certainly make the most of it. His preliminary note gives 160 specimens of four or perhaps five kinds of Ground Beetles (Carabid?) belonging to genera of Pal112?arctic distribution. Of the Tenebrionids there are 140 specimens belong to six species, probably all new, but characteristic of the mountainous regions of Central Asia. Of the Weevils there are only seventeen specimens, but they appear to belong to seven new species. Two of these were kindly113 collected by Norton’s Toad.
Mr. B. P. Uvarov is working out the Orthoptera, and writes that our Stick-Insect (Phasmid) is of great interest because the family is essentially114 a sub-tropical group and has never been recorded from any such high altitude before. We were lucky, also, in getting three more specimens of Wollaston’s curious new Grasshopper115 (Hypernephia everesti, 334Uvarov). At the same time, my old specimens from Purang have been elevated into the type of a new species of a new genus (Hyphinomos fasciata). Future visitors are earnestly requested to collect every grasshopper-like insect they meet here, for the orthopterous fauna of High Asia is wholly unexplored.
It must be remembered that we constantly passed through localities in which it was inadvisable to show even a butterfly-net. When recrossing the Pang La (17,000 feet), I lagged behind and spent a laborious116 hour collecting disconcertingly quick-flying, woolly-bodied flies; these and others are being worked out by Major E. E. Austen, D.S.O.
There is also a Burrowing Bee (Ammophia sp.), the most interesting insect I met. It is of a repellent ant-like aspect, of an evil black and red pattern. It flies astonishingly fast, and can only be netted by careful stalking when it lands to burrow in the sand. It is preparing a tomb for a paralysed grub in which it will lay its own egg; on hatching, the bee grub will feed on the living corpse117 of its entertainer. I first observed it by noticing, as I rode along the banks of the Phung Chu, tiny jets of sand being shot violently upwards118 from the ground, the insect itself being quite invisible. My pony119, a true Tibetan, loathed120 the sight of a butterfly-net; I had no companion to hold him, and the pursuit of science was attended by more than the usual trials.
A series of small Moths121 was obtained at the Base Camp, and Norton collected more in Kharta. These are being 335worked out by Mr. W. H. T. Tams, but in the case of Moths, identification is a particularly lengthy122 and laborious business.
The Butterflies are naturally few in such an environment; nor does the constant wind make their breathless capture any easier. Captain N. D. Riley is working them out, and tells me that in general they resemble our English butterflies, with other Alpine families. On a recent visit to the Museum, I was excusing the scantiness123 of our collection, explaining that, as a rule, I had only been able to collect while crossing high passes. Indicating a series of small dark brown “Ringlets,” rather the worse for wear, I said that that was all I saw above 16,000 feet. “Why that,” said Riley, “is a new species of a new genus!” So may our successors seize every opportunity that offers of collecting even the least and most inconspicuous-looking insects in the endeavour to assist our research workers in adding some particle to the sum of our knowledge of nature.
The End
The End
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immunity
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| n.优惠；免除；豁免，豁免权 | |
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attainable
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| a.可达到的，可获得的 | |
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specimens
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| n.样品( specimen的名词复数 )；范例；（化验的）抽样；某种类型的人 | |
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specimen
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| n.样本，标本 | |
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zoology
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| n.动物学，生态 | |
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collaboration
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| n.合作，协作；勾结 | |
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invalids
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| 病人，残疾者( invalid的名词复数 ) | |
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devoutly
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| adv.虔诚地，虔敬地，衷心地 | |
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applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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killing
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| n.巨额利润；突然赚大钱，发大财 | |
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habitually
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| ad.习惯地，通常地 | |
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strife
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| n.争吵，冲突，倾轧，竞争 | |
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rectify
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| v.订正，矫正，改正 | |
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atmospheric
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| adj.大气的，空气的；大气层的；大气所引起的 | |
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aridity
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| n.干旱，乏味；干燥性；荒芜 | |
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intervention
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| n.介入，干涉，干预 | |
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devoid
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| adj.全无的，缺乏的 | |
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softening
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| 变软，软化 | |
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concealment
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| n.隐藏, 掩盖，隐瞒 | |
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burrow
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| vt.挖掘(洞穴)；钻进；vi.挖洞；翻寻；n.地洞 | |
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burrowing
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| v.挖掘（洞穴），挖洞( burrow的现在分词 )；翻寻 | |
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obtrusive
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| adj.显眼的；冒失的 | |
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obtrusively
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| adv.冒失地，莽撞地 | |
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stony
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| adj.石头的，多石头的，冷酷的，无情的 | |
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asses
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| n. 驴，愚蠢的人，臀部 adv. (常用作后置)用于贬损或骂人 | |
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herd
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| n.兽群，牧群；vt.使集中，把…赶在一起 | |
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migration
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| n.迁移，移居，（鸟类等的）迁徙 | |
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racing
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| n.竞赛，赛马；adj.竞赛用的，赛马用的 | |
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devouring
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| 吞没( devour的现在分词 )； 耗尽； 津津有味地看； 狼吞虎咽地吃光 | |
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guardian
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| n.监护人；守卫者，保护者 | |
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apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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scraps
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| 油渣 | |
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prey
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| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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secondly
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| adv.第二，其次 | |
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evaporation
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| n.蒸发，消失 | |
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modification
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| n.修改，改进，缓和，减轻 | |
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hostility
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| n.敌对，敌意；抵制［pl.］交战，战争 | |
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hibernating
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| （某些动物）冬眠，蛰伏( hibernate的现在分词 ) | |
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glacier
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| n.冰川，冰河 | |
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hermit
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| n.隐士，修道者；隐居 | |
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monks
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| n.修道士，僧侣( monk的名词复数 ) | |
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burrows
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| n.地洞( burrow的名词复数 )v.挖掘（洞穴），挖洞( burrow的第三人称单数 )；翻寻 | |
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darting
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| v.投掷，投射( dart的现在分词 )；向前冲，飞奔 | |
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hibernate
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| v.冬眠，蛰伏 | |
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subdued
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| adj. 屈服的，柔和的，减弱的 动词subdue的过去式和过去分词 | |
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noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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rodents
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| n.啮齿目动物( rodent的名词复数 ) | |
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skulls
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| 颅骨( skull的名词复数 )； 脑袋； 脑子； 脑瓜 | |
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detailed
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| adj.详细的，详尽的，极注意细节的，完全的 | |
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curiously
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| adv.有求知欲地；好问地；奇特地 | |
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51
aberrant
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| adj.畸变的，异常的，脱离常轨的 | |
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52
chestnut
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| n.栗树，栗子 | |
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53
badgers
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| n.獾( badger的名词复数 )；獾皮；（大写）獾州人（美国威斯康星州人的别称）；毛鼻袋熊 | |
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54
circumscribed
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| adj.[医]局限的：受限制或限于有限空间的v.在…周围划线( circumscribe的过去式和过去分词 )；划定…范围；限制；限定 | |
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55
dissection
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| n.分析；解剖 | |
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56
anatomy
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| n.解剖学，解剖；功能，结构，组织 | |
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57
hue
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| n.色度；色调；样子 | |
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58
beak
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| n.鸟嘴，茶壶嘴，钩形鼻 | |
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59
wary
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| adj.谨慎的，机警的，小心的 | |
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60
retrieved
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| v.取回( retrieve的过去式和过去分词 )；恢复；寻回；检索（储存的信息） | |
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61
pebbles
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| [复数]鹅卵石； 沙砾； 卵石，小圆石( pebble的名词复数 ) | |
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divested
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| v.剥夺( divest的过去式和过去分词 )；脱去（衣服）；2。从…取去…；1。（给某人）脱衣服 | |
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63
nether
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| adj.下部的，下面的；n.阴间；下层社会 | |
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waded
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| （从水、泥等）蹚，走过，跋( wade的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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torrent
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| n.激流，洪流；爆发，(话语等的)连发 | |
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solitary
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| adj.孤独的，独立的，荒凉的；n.隐士 | |
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67
previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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68
dense
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| a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的；密度大的 | |
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marshy
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| adj.沼泽的 | |
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furtive
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| adj.鬼鬼崇崇的，偷偷摸摸的 | |
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teeming
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| adj.丰富的v.充满( teem的现在分词 )；到处都是；（指水、雨等）暴降；倾注 | |
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72
finch
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| n.雀科鸣禽(如燕雀，金丝雀等) | |
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larks
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| n.百灵科鸟（尤指云雀）( lark的名词复数 )；一大早就起床；鸡鸣即起；（因太费力而不想干时说）算了v.百灵科鸟（尤指云雀）( lark的第三人称单数 )；一大早就起床；鸡鸣即起；（因太费力而不想干时说）算了 | |
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74
lark
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| n.云雀，百灵鸟；n.嬉戏，玩笑；vi.嬉戏 | |
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75
swarming
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| 密集( swarm的现在分词 )； 云集； 成群地移动； 蜜蜂或其他飞行昆虫成群地飞来飞去 | |
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dispersed
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| adj. 被驱散的, 被分散的, 散布的 | |
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condemn
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| vt.谴责，指责；宣判(罪犯)，判刑 | |
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celibate
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| adj.独身的，独身主义的；n.独身者 | |
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isles
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| 岛( isle的名词复数 ) | |
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80
pang
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| n.剧痛，悲痛，苦闷 | |
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81
crevice
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| n.(岩石、墙等)裂缝；缺口 | |
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82
alpine
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| adj.高山的；n.高山植物 | |
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ravens
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| n.低质煤；渡鸦( raven的名词复数 ) | |
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gale
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| n.大风，强风，一阵闹声（尤指笑声等） | |
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85
amity
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| n.友好关系 | |
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86
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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87
oblivious
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| adj.易忘的，遗忘的，忘却的，健忘的 | |
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lapse
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| n.过失，流逝，失效，抛弃信仰，间隔；vi.堕落，停止，失效，流逝；vt.使失效 | |
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burrowed
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| v.挖掘（洞穴），挖洞( burrow的过去式和过去分词 )；翻寻 | |
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scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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trench
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| n./v.(挖)沟，(挖)战壕 | |
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92
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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93
scuttled
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| v.使船沉没( scuttle的过去式和过去分词 )；快跑，急走 | |
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94
loathsome
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| adj.讨厌的，令人厌恶的 | |
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95
carrion
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| n.腐肉 | |
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96
swooped
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| 俯冲，猛冲( swoop的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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highland
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| n.(pl.)高地，山地 | |
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98
latitude
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| n.纬度，行动或言论的自由(范围)，(pl.)地区 | |
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99
flora
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| n.(某一地区的)植物群 | |
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100
fauna
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| n.(一个地区或时代的)所有动物，动物区系 | |
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101
plover
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| n.珩，珩科鸟，千鸟 | |
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102
prevailing
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| adj.盛行的；占优势的；主要的 | |
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103
reptilian
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| adj.（像）爬行动物的；（像）爬虫的；卑躬屈节的；卑鄙的n.两栖动物；卑劣的人 | |
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104
amphibian
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| n.两栖动物；水陆两用飞机和车辆 | |
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105
toad
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| n.蟾蜍，癞蛤蟆 | |
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106
remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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107
lizard
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| n.蜥蜴，壁虎 | |
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108
atrophy
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| n./v.萎缩，虚脱，衰退 | |
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109
followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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110
tarns
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| n.冰斗湖，山中小湖( tarn的名词复数 ) | |
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111
beetles
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| n.甲虫( beetle的名词复数 ) | |
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112
pal
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| n.朋友，伙伴，同志；vi.结为友 | |
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113
kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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114
essentially
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| adv.本质上，实质上，基本上 | |
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115
grasshopper
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| n.蚱蜢，蝗虫，蚂蚱 | |
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116
laborious
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| adj.吃力的，努力的，不流畅 | |
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117
corpse
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| n.尸体，死尸 | |
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118
upwards
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| adv.向上，在更高处...以上 | |
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119
pony
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| adj.小型的；n.小马 | |
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120
loathed
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| v.憎恨，厌恶( loathe的过去式和过去分词 )；极不喜欢 | |
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121
moths
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| n.蛾( moth的名词复数 ) | |
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122
lengthy
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| adj.漫长的，冗长的 | |
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123
scantiness
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| n.缺乏 | |
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