he captain of the company in which I served being in want of a servant, I had the honour of being engaged in that capacity. My place, however, was no sinecure4, and often amounted to a rather dangerous distinction. The duties enjoined5 were heavy, and contributed not a little to increase the severity of general military service. When my master dismounted from his horse, I had to hold the animal, or lead him by the bridle6 along roads through which it was difficult to drag myself; and the horse, chafed7 by rough usage and deficient8 feed, was frequently so restive9 that my employment was both irksome and laborious10. This horse became an eventual11 favourite. Having been placed for a short time at large, he thought proper to escape, and accordingly scoured13 away over hill and dale, with the saddle and accoutrements of his master, including a pair of pistols in the holster and change of clothing behind. He was observed by a party of French, who tried to secure him, but, strange to say, he was determined14 they should not. By a kind of instinct, to me an entire enigma15, the horse chose the road in which he apparently16 knew his old associates were to follow; and when we had crossed the bridge, to my surprise, he was there 105beforehand, and waiting our arrival. A rare and unpleasant circumstance took place here. The discipline and good order of the 43rd were proverbial. The matter was therefore so much the more vexatious. Being placed for a brief period in the vicinity of a village, the landlady18 of a Spanish house of entertainment had broached19 a puncheon of wine, which she retailed20 at a stipulated21 price. One of our men, with more wit than wisdom, got behind the cask unperceived by the lady, and having pierced the hinder end with his bayonet, drew away both for himself and friends. In an evil hour the unlucky wight was detected, and next morning was punished in presence of the regiment22. That the man did wrong, is clear; but being a good soldier, and of an excellent temper withal, the event excited great regret, and the humiliating spectacle was witnessed with reluctance23.
One day a bullock was killed for our use, and afforded a luxurious24 repast; but we were obliged to make haste about it. Scarcely had we finished a hasty meal, when the advance of the enemy was announced. The men were unwilling25 to lose even a fragment of viands26 so scarce; and several were afterwards observed collecting bundles of the long dry grass and making a fire, over which they frizzled pieces of meat, impaled27 on the end of a ramrod. The hardships we endured in the prosecution28 of this retreat were increasingly severe. Personal comforts were out of the question. No change of linen29 could be procured30, and as to a pair of stockings, the luxury was not to be thought of. As mine were worn to tatters, I contented32 myself without a new supply. Snatches of broken slumber33 were all we could obtain, though, ready to stumble with weariness. The physical energies both of myself and comrades have, since that period, often appeared wonderful, even to myself. Many a time I have marched eight or ten miles on the nourishment34 afforded by a little water; and even then, with a pipe and good company, we talked away dull care, and were able with three 106cheers to face about, and with a determined volley warn away the following foe35. We were much hurt by exposure to extremes. After the exhaustion36 arising from a forced march, pursued for hours, during the meridian37 heat of this burning climate, we lay down to rest for the night; and on the following morning such was the copiousness38 of the fallen dew, that our blankets appeared as if dipped in water. Rising from the ground in such a condition, it will be easily imagined that our sensations were not of an enviable cast. Even then I thought of my native land; of its rivers and vales, all so peaceful and beauteous, and they arose fairer than ever. And I thought of my mother, who so often had cared and watched for me! But these meditations39 were dismissed. Had they been long indulged, my heart would have melted within me; and the time was at hand when the sterner faculties40 were likely to be tried to the uttermost.
A sad disaster happened at this period. Almeida was besieged41 by Masséna in person, at the head of a powerful army. The place, though regularly constructed with six bastions, ravelines, an excellent ditch and covered way, was extremely defective42. With the exception of some damp casemates in one of the bastions, there was no magazine for the powder. The garrison43 consisted of about four thousand men. On the 18th of July the trenches44 were begun, and on the morning of the 26th, the second parallel being commenced, sixty-five pieces of artillery45, mounted on ten batteries, threw in their fire. Many houses were soon in flames, and the garrison was unable to extinguish them; the counter fire was, however, briskly maintained, little military damage was sustained, and towards evening the cannonade slackened on both sides; but just after dark, the ground suddenly trembled, the castle burst into a thousand pieces, and gave vent12 to a column of smoke and fire. Presently the whole town sank into a shapeless mass of ruin. Treason or accident 107had caused the magazine to explode, and the devastation46 was incredible. Five hundred persons were struck dead on the instant; only six houses remained standing47; and the surviving garrison, aghast at the terrible commotion48, disregarded all exhortations49 to rally. An immediate50 surrender was the necessary result.
The invasion of Portugal by the French now assumed a most serious aspect. Masséna’s command extended from the banks of the Tagus to the Bay of Biscay, and the number of his troops exceeded a hundred and ten thousand men. The view was discouraging, and was so felt by the British ministry51 at home. Masséna could bring sixty thousand veterans into the field, while the British force was scarcely fifty thousand, more than half of which consisted of untried men. The Sierra Busaco was the place on which Lord Wellington fixed52 for his position. A succession of ascending53 ridges54 lead to this mountain, which is separated from the last by a chasm55 so profound, that the unassisted eye could hardly distinguish the movement of troops in the bottom. When this formidable position was chosen, some officers expressed their fears that Masséna would not assail56 it. ‘But if he do, I shall beat him,’ was the reply of the English leader, who was well assured that the prince would attack. Masséna was in fact anxious for a battle, and indulged in a vision in which he beheld57 the allies fly before his face.
On the 22nd of September we fell back exactly a league, and encamped in a pine wood. One night there happened among us an extraordinary panic, for which none of us, either then or since, could assign any reasonable cause. No enemy was near, nor was any alarm given, yet suddenly large bodies of the troops started from sleep, as if seized with a frenzy58, and dispersed59 in every direction; some climbed the trees, they knew not why; nor was there any possibility of allaying60 this strange terror, until some person 108called out that the enemy’s cavalry61 were among them, when the soldiers mechanically fell into something like order, and the illusion instantly vanished. On the 25th the enemy’s cavalry were seen gathering62 in front, and the heads of the three infantry63 columns were visible on the tableland above Mortagas, coming on abreast64, and at a most impetuous pace; while heavy clouds of dust, rising and loading the atmosphere for miles behind, showed that the whole French army was in full march to attack. The cavalry skirmishers were already exchanging pistol shots, when Lord Wellington, suddenly arriving, ordered the division to retire, and, taking the personal direction, covered the retreat with the 52nd and other troops. Nor was there a moment to lose; the enemy with great rapidity brought up both infantry and guns, and fell on so briskly, that all the skill of the general and the readiness of the rearguard, where I was placed, could scarcely prevent the division from being seriously engaged. Before three o’clock, forty thousand French infantry were in position on the two points, and the sharp musketry of the skirmishers arose from the gloomy chasms66 beneath. The allies had now taken their stand; and along the whole of their front skirmishers were thrown out on the mountain side, and about fifty pieces of artillery disposed upon the salient points. In the evening, in order to facilitate the approaching attack, the light French troops were observed stealing by twos and threes into the lowest parts of the valley, endeavouring to make their way up the wooded dells and hollows, and to establish themselves unseen close to the piquets of the light division. Some companies of rifle corps67 and cacadores checked this; but similar attempts made with more or less success at different points of the position seemed to indicate a night attack, and excited all the vigilance of the troops. Had it not been so, none but veterans tired of war could have slept. The weather was calm and fine, 109and the dark mountain masses rising on either side were crowned with innumerable watch-fires, around which more than a hundred thousand brave men were gathered.
The attack began on the following morning before day-break. Three columns were led by Ney and two by Reynier, the points being about three miles asunder69. The resistance was spirited, and six guns played along the slope with grape; but in less than half an hour the French were close upon the summit, so swiftly did they scale the mountain, overthrowing70 everything that opposed their progress. The leading battalions72 immediately established themselves upon the higher rocks, and a confused mass wheeled to the right, intending to sweep the summit of the sierra; but at that moment Lord Wellington directed two guns to open with grape upon their flank, while a heavy musketry was poured into their front; and in a little time the 45th and 88th regiments73 charged so furiously that even fresh men could not have withstood them. The French, quite spent with their previous exertion74, opened a straggling fire, and both parties, mingling75 together, went down the mountain side with mighty76 clamour and confusion; the dead and dying strewing77 the way, even to the bottom of the valley. Meanwhile the French who had first gained the summit had reformed their ranks, with the right resting upon a precipice78 overhanging the reverse side of the sierra; and thus the position was in fact gained, if any reserve had been at hand; but just then General Leith, who saw what had taken place, came on rapidly. Keeping the Royals in reserve, he directed the 38th to turn the right of the French; but the precipice prevented this; and meanwhile Colonel Cameron, informed by a staff officer of the critical state of affairs, formed the 9th regiment in line under a violent fire, and without returning a single shot ran in upon and drove the Grenadiers from the rocks with irresistible79 bravery and yet with excellent discipline; refraining from pursuit, 110lest the crest80 of the position should be again lost, for the mountain was so rugged81 that it was impossible to judge clearly of the general state of the action.
On that side, however, the victory was secure. Ney’s attack was equally unsuccessful. From the abutment of the mountain on which the light division was placed, the lower parts of the valley could be discerned. The tableland was sufficiently82 hollow to conceal83 the 43rd and 52nd regiments, drawn84 up in a line; and a quarter of a mile behind them, but on higher ground, and close to the convent, a brigade of German infantry appeared to be the only solid line of resistance on this part of the position. In front of the two British regiments, some rocks overhanging the descent furnished natural embrasures, in which the guns of the division were placed, and the whole face of the hill was planted with the skirmishers of the rifle corps and of the two Portuguese85 cacadore battalions. While it was yet dark, on listening attentively86, we heard a straggling musketry in the deep hollows separating the armies; and when the light broke, the three divisions of the 6th corps were observed entering the woods below, and throwing forward a profusion87 of skirmishers soon afterwards. The French ascended88 with wonderful cheerfulness, and though the light troops plied89 them unceasingly with musketry, and the artillery bullets swept through their ranks, the order of advance was never disturbed. Ross’ guns were worked with incredible swiftness, yet their range was contracted every round, and the enemy’s shot came singing up in a sharper key, until the skirmishers, breathless and begrimed with powder, rushed over the edge of the ascent90, when the artillery suddenly drew back, and the victorious91 cries of the French were heard within a few yards of the summit. Crauford, who, standing alone on one of the rocks, had been intently watching the progress of the attack, then turned and in a quick, shrill92 tone desired the two regiments 111in reserve to charge. The next moment eighteen hundred British bayonets went over the hill. Our shouts startled the French column; and yet so truly brave were the hostile leaders, that each man of the first section raised his musket65, and two officers and ten men fell before them, so unerring was their aim. They could do no more; we were on them with resistless impetuosity. The head of their column was violently overturned, and driven upon the rear; both flanks were lapped over by our wings; and three terrible discharges at five yards’ distance completed the rout93. In a few minutes a long line of carcases and broken arms indicated the line of retreat. The main body of the British stood fast, but several companies followed in pursuit down the mountain. Before two o’clock, Crauford having assented94 to a momentary95 truce96, parties of both armies were mixed amicably97 together, searching for the wounded men. Towards evening, however, a French company having impudently98 seized a village within half musket-shot of our division, and refusing to retire, it so incensed99 Crauford, that, turning twelve guns on the village, he overwhelmed it with bullets for half an hour. A company of the 43rd was then sent down, who cleared the place in a few minutes.
112
BATTLE OF BUSACO.
113An affecting incident, contrasting strongly with the savage100 character of the preceding events, added to the interest of the day. A poor orphan101 Portuguese girl, about seventeen years of age and very handsome, was seen coming down the mountain, and driving an ass1 loaded with all her property through the midst of the French army. She had abandoned her dwelling102 in obedience103 to the proclamation; and now passed over the field of battle with simplicity104 which told she was unconscious of her perilous105 situation, and scarcely understanding which were the hostile and which the friendly troops, for no man on either side was so brutal106 as to molest107 her. In this Battle of Busaco, the French after astonishing acts of valour, were repulsed108. General Graind’orge, and about eight hundred men were slain109, besides nearly five thousand wounded; while the loss of the allies did not exceed thirteen hundred. After this trial, Masséna judged the position of Busaco impregnable, and to turn it by the Mondego impossible, as the allies could pass that river quicker than himself. But a peasant informed him of the road leading from Mortagas to Boyalva, and he resolved to turn Lord Wellington’s left. To cover this movement the skirmishing was renewed with such vigour110 on the 28th, that many thought a general battle would take place; and yet the disappearance111 of baggage and the throwing up of intrenchments on the hill covering the roads to Mortagas indicated some other design. It was not till evening, when the enemy’s masses in front being sensibly diminished, and his cavalry descried112 winding113 over the distant mountains, that the project became quite apparent.
On the 1st of October our outposts were attacked; but the French, on entering the plain of Coimbra, suffered some loss from a cannonade; and the British cavalry were drawn up in line, but with no serious intention of fighting, and were soon after withdrawn114 across the Mondego. The light division then marched hastily to gain the defiles115 of Condeixa, which commences at the end of the bridge. At this juncture117 all the inhabitants of the place rushed simultaneously118 out, who had not before quitted the place, each with what could be caught up in the hand, and driving before them a number of animals loaded with sick people or children. At the entrance to the bridge the press was so great that the troops halted for a few moments, just under the prison. The jailer had fled with the keys; the prisoners, crowding to the windows, were endeavouring to tear down the bars with their hands, and even with their teeth; some were shouting in the most frantic119 manner, while the bitter 114lamentations of the multitude increased, and the pistol-shots of the cavalry, engaged at the fords below, were distinctly heard. Captain William Campbell burst the prison doors, and released the wretched inmates120, while the troops forced their way over the bridge; yet at the other end, the uphill road, passing between high rocks, was so crowded, that no effort, even of the artillery, could make way. At last some of the infantry opened a passage on the right flank, and by great exertions121 the road was cleared for the guns; but it was not until after dusk that the division reached Condeixa, although the distance was less than eight miles. Hitherto the marches had been easy, the weather fine, and provisions abundant; nevertheless, the usual mischievous122 disorders124 of a retreat had shown themselves. In Coimbra, a quantity of harness and intrenching tools lay scattered125 in the streets; at Leiria, the magazines were plundered126 by the troops and camp followers127; and at Condeixa a magazine of tents, shoes, spirits, and salt meat was destroyed or abandoned to the enemy; and the streets were flowing ankle-deep with wasted rum, while the Portuguese division, only a quarter of a mile distant, could receive only half the usual supply of liquor.
It is with some regret I reflect, that at this period, though exposed to dangers so imminent128, I was carried away in some degree with the torrent129 of prevailing130 dissipation. Not that during any period of my active service I ever suffered the pleasure of conviviality131, so called, to interfere132 with my duty. I was indeed often astonished to notice the reckless gaiety of my companions in arms, many of whom would crowd around the evening card-table, though aware that by dawn of day they might be engaged in mortal combat. In the midst of examples so contaminating, certain principles of morality, aided perhaps by a little natural gravity, were never totally subverted133; and, under the blessing134 of God, preserved me from the grosser 115vices. Had I been favoured with an able and enlightened Christian135 teacher, it is probable, even then, that my mind might have received the light of Gospel truth. Insensible and ungrateful indeed I must have been not to have perceived and felt the mercies of Divine Providence136; for during the entire period of my active service, though exposed to perils137 almost unnumbered, I was, not only preserved alive, but had been exempted138 from sickness, and therefore able, without a single exception, to maintain my place in the division.
Masséna resumed his march on the 4th. Leaving his sick and wounded with a slender guard at Coimbra, amounting altogether to four thousand seven hundred men, he resumed his march by Condeixa and Leiria. His hospital was established at the convent of Santa Clara, on the left bank of the river; and all the inhabitants who were unable to reach the lines came down from their hiding-places in the mountains. But scarcely had the prince left the city, when Trant, Miller139, and Wilson, with nearly ten thousand militia140, closed upon his rear, occupying the sierras on both sides the Mondego, and cutting off all communication with Almeida. The English army retreated; the right by Thomar and Santarem, the centre by Batalha and Rio Mayor, the left by Olobaca and Obidos; and at the same time a native force under Colonel Blunt was thrown into Peniché. Masséna followed in one column, by the way of Rio Mayor; but meanwhile a capital exploit, performed by a partisan141 officer, convicted the prince of bad generalship, and shook his plan of invasion to the base. Colonel Trant reached Milheada, and, believing that his arrival was unknown at Coimbra, he resolved to attack the French in that city. Having surprised a small post at Fornos, early in the morning of the 7th he sent his cavalry at full gallop142 through the streets of Coimbra, with orders to pass the bridge and cut off all 116communications with the French army. Meantime, his infantry penetrated143 at different points into the principal parts of the town; and the enemy, astounded144, made little or no resistance. The convent of St. Clara surrendered at discretion145; and thus, on the third day after the Prince of Essling had quitted the Mondego, his dep?ts and hospitals, with nearly five thousand prisoners, wounded and unwounded, among which there was a company of the marines of the Imperial Guard, fell into the hands of a small militia force.
But Crauford, who had reached Alemguer on the 9th, was still there at three o’clock on the afternoon of the 10th. The weather being stormy, we were placed under cover, and no indication of marching was given. The cavalry had already filed into the lines; yet no guards were posted, no patrols sent forward, nor any precautions taken against surprise, although the town, situated146 in a deep ravine, was peculiarly favourable147 for such an attempt. It was clear to me and others that our officers were uneasy at this posture148 of affairs; the height in front was anxiously watched, and about four o’clock some French dragoons on the summit were observed. The alarm was given, and the regiments got under arms; but the posts of assembly had been marked on an open space very much exposed, and from whence the road led through an ancient gateway149 to the top of the mountain behind. The enemy’s numbers increased every moment, and they endeavoured to create a belief that their artillery was come up: this feint was easily seen through, but the general desired the regiments to break, and reform on the other side of the archway, out of gun-range; and immediately all was disorder123. The baggage animals were still loading, the streets were crowded with the followers of the division, and the whole in one confused mass rushed or were driven headlong to the archway. Several were crushed, and 117with worse troops general panic must have ensued; but the greater number of the soldiers, ashamed of the order, stood firm in their ranks until the confusion abated150. Nevertheless the mischief151 was sufficiently great; and the enemy’s infantry, descending152 the heights, endeavoured, some to turn the town on the left, while others pushed directly through the streets in pursuit; and thus, with our front in disorder and our rear skirmishing, the retreat was commenced. The weather was, however, so boisterous153 that the firing soon ceased, and a few wounded, with the loss of some baggage, was all the hurt sustained. I was on this occasion on the verge154 of considerable personal danger. Having been ordered by an officer to procure31 forage155 for his horse, I incautiously ventured too near the enemy; and being further tempted by some clusters of fine grapes, accidentally noticed, I remained some little time to discuss them. On a sudden I found that the last column of the British was out of sight, while imperceptibly to myself the advanced horsemen of the French had nearly hemmed156 me in. Fully157 aware of my danger, which I felt conscious had been increased by my agreeable but untimely repast, I was aroused to instant exertion, and was happy enough to elude158 the surrounding scouts159 and reach my division. Having, however, exceeded my commission, by taking care of myself as well as the horse, and exposed both to extreme jeopardy160, I was glad to resign the animal to its owner, and resume my musket and place in the ranks without notice; and had no objection to perceive that my error had been unnoticed both by foes161 and friends.
The captain of the company in whose service I had engaged myself, like many others, had not much time to spare. When an alarm was given of the enemy’s approach, we were preparing for dinner. Three or four officers messed together; and on that day another or two were 118expected, by way of a small party. Culinary preparations on a moderate scale were going on, and I had just opened the captain’s trunk, and taken out some table-linen, when, lo! the well-known bugle162 sounded to arms. Aware that something unexpected had happened, I ran upstairs, and on looking out at a back window I saw the enemy on the brow of a mountain, a column of whom were rapidly descending into the town. Coming down in haste, I found the dinner ready; but there is many a slip between the cup and the lip; and, reaching across the table, which was ready garnished163, I swept the whole—utensils, food, and all—into the orifice of a large travelling-bag, and made my way with it into the street. Confusion and disorder are terms too weak to describe the condition of the public thoroughfare. This time, thought I, we shall be surely taken. The captain clamoured for his horse; I was as urgent for a mule164 to carry the baggage; every minute of delay seemed an hour. At length, by uncommon165 effort, we cleared the town, and though the roads were bad, reached a small village within the lines before midnight. I was billeted, with several officers, in a gentleman’s house. It was well furnished; but I regret to add, that in a few days most of the moveables were destroyed. The proprietor166, it would appear, had a presentiment167 of approaching injury; for previous to our actual entrance on the premises168, he and his family had decamped.
I have already made some allusion169 to the lines of Torres Vedras, thrown up for the defence of Lisbon by Lord Wellington. These lines consisted of three distinct ranges of defence. The first, extending from Alhandra on the Tagus to the mouth of the Zizandre on the sea-coast, was, following the inflections of the hills, twenty-nine miles long. The second, traced at a distance varying from six to ten miles in rear of the first, stretched from Quintella, on the Tagus, to the mouth of the St. Lorenzo, being 119twenty-four miles in length. The third, intended to cover a forced embarkation170, should it become necessary, extended from Passo d’Arcos, on the Tagus, to the tower of Junquera, on the coast. Here an outer line, constructed on an opening of three thousand yards, enclosed an entrenched171 camp, designed to cover the embarkation with fewer troops, should the operation be delayed by bad weather; and within this second camp, Fort St. Julian’s, whose high ramparts and deep ditches defied an escalade, was armed and strengthened to enable a rearguard to protect both itself and the army. Of these stupendous lines, the second, whether regarded for its strength or importance, was the principal, and the others only appendages172; the one as a final place of refuge, the other as an advanced work to stem the violence of the enemy, and to enable the army to take up its ground on the second line without hurry or pressure. The aim and scope of all the works were to bar those passes, and to strengthen the favourable fighting positions between them, without impeding173 the movements of the army. The fortifications extended to the space of fifty miles; there were one hundred and fifty forts, and not fewer than six hundred pieces of artillery mounted within them, while the river was protected by gunboats manned with British marines.
Masséna was astonished at the extent and strength of works, the existence of which had only become known to him five days before he came upon them. He employed several days in examining their nature, and was as much at a loss at the end of his inspection174 as at the beginning. The heights of Alhandra he judged unattackable; but the valleys of Calandrix and Aruda attracted his attention. There were here frequent skirmishes with the light division to oblige Crauford to show his force; but by making Aruda an advanced post, he rendered it impossible to discover his true position without a serious affair; and in a 120short time the division, with prodigious175 labour, secured the position in a manner which was spoken of with admiration176. Across the ravine on the left, a loose stone wall, sixteen feet thick and forty feet high, was raised, and across the great valley of Aruda a double line of abattis was drawn; not composed, as is usual, of the limbs of trees, but of full-grown oaks and chestnuts177, dug up with all their roots and branches, dragged by main force for several hundred yards, and then reset178 and crossed, so that no human strength could break through. Breastworks at convenient distances to defend this line of trees were then cast up; and along the summit of the mountain, for the space of nearly three miles, including the salient points, other stone walls, six feet high and four in thickness, with banquettes, were built, so that a good defence might have been made against the attacks of twenty thousand men.
The increased strength of the works in general soon convinced Masséna that it was impracticable to force the lines without great reinforcements; and towards the end of October the hospitals, stores, and other encumbrances179 of the French army were removed to Santarem. On the 31st of the month two thousand men forded the Zezere above Punheta, to cover the construction of a bridge; and a remarkable181 exploit was performed by a sergeant182 of the 16th Dragoons, named Baxter. This man, having only five troopers, came suddenly upon a piquet of fifty men, who were cooking. The Frenchmen ran to their arms, and killed one of the dragoons; but the rest broke in amongst them so strongly, that Baxter with the assistance of some countrymen made forty-two captives. On the 19th the light division entered the plain between the Rio Mayor and the Tagus, and advanced against the heights by a sedgy marsh183. The columns on our side were formed for attack, and the skirmishers of the light division were exchanging shots with the enemy, when it was found that 121the guns belonging to Pack’s brigade had not arrived; and Lord Wellington, not quite satisfied with the appearance of his adversary’s force after three hours’ demonstrations184, ordered the troops to retire to their former ground. It was indeed evident that the French were resolved to maintain their position. Every advantageous185 spot of ground was fully occupied, the most advanced sentinels boldly returned the fire of the skirmishers, large bodies of reserve were descried, some in arms, others cooking; the strokes of the hatchet186 and the fall of trees resounded187 from the woods upon the hills; and the commencement of a triple line of abattis, and the fresh earth of entrenchments, were discernible in many places. Our active light division was, however, again in motion. General Crauford thought that the hostile troops who had shown themselves amounted merely to a rearguard of the enemy. His eager spirit could not bear to be restrained; and seizing a musket, he advanced in the night along the causeway, followed only by a sergeant, and commenced a personal skirmish with the French piquets, from whose fire he escaped by miracle, convinced at last that the enemy were not in flight.
Lord Wellington judged it best to remain on the defensive188, and strengthen the lines. With this view the light division, supported by a brigade of cavalry, occupied Valle and the heights overlooking the marsh and inundation189; the bridge at the end of the causeway was mined; a sugarloaf shaped hill, looking straight down the approach, was crowned with embrasures for artillery, and laced in front with a zig-zag covered way, capable of containing five hundred infantry. Thus the causeway being blocked, the French could not, while the inundation was maintained, make any sudden irruption from Santarem. About this period a column of French, six thousand strong, scoured all the country beyond the Zezere, and contrived190 to secrete191 a quantity of food near Pedragoa, while other detachments 122arriving on the Mondego, below Coimbra, even passed that river, and carried off four hundred oxen and two thousand sheep intended for the allies. These excursions gave rise to horrible excesses, which broke down the discipline of the French army, and were not always executed with impunity192. The British cavalry at various times redeemed193 many cattle, and brought in a considerable number of prisoners.
Finding the drudgery194 of servitude, when added to my customary military duty, greater than I could well sustain, I requested permission to resign my situation with the captain; and we parted, mutually satisfied with past acquaintance, and on the fairest terms. While in the vicinity of Santarem, the unarmed French and English soldiers, while procuring195 wine for the respective forces, were frequently intermingled in the same cellar, when there seemed to exist a tacit understanding that all animosity was suspended. The liquor was, however, sometimes too powerful; and one of our men, who had been a good soldier, after a sad debauch196 relapsed into a fit of despondency. The inordinate197 cup was then resorted to, but, as usual, it lifted him up only to throw him into lower depths of misery198. He then deserted199; and when taken, seized an opportunity of placing the muzzle200 of a musket to his mouth, and setting his foot upon the trigger, blew his head to atoms.
The French in their retreat from Santarem had either consumed or destroyed every particle of food that came within their reach, so that the country was a spacious201 desert. During a sharp day’s march in pursuit, a horrible calamity202 was unexpectedly disclosed. While passing over a desolate203 mountain, a large house standing alone, and apparently deserted, was discovered near the line of our route. Prompted by curiosity, several men turned aside to inspect the interior, where they found a number of famished204 wretches205 crowded together, for no other conceivable 123purpose but to die in company. Thirty women and children had perished for want of food, and lay dead upon the floor; while about half that number of survivors206 sat watching the remains207 of those who had fallen. Of those who thus perished the bodies were not much emaciated208, but the muscles of the face were invariably drawn transversely, giving the appearance of a smile, and presenting the most ghastly sight imaginable. Most of the living were unable to move; and it had been by great exertion that they had crawled to a little distance from the group of death. The soldiers offered some refreshment209 to these unfortunate persons; but one man only had sufficient strength to eat. The women seemed patient and resigned, and even in this distress210 had arranged the bodies of those who first died with decency211 and care.
The blockade of Cadiz was now prosecuted212 with unusual vigour by the French forces. The chain of forts they had built was perfected. The batteries at the Troccaderos were powerful, and the flotillas ready for action. Soult repaired in person to San Lucar; and in the last night of October thirty pinnaces and gunboats slipped out of the Guadalquivir, eluded213 the allied214 fleet, passed along the coast to Rota, and from thence, aided by shore-batteries, fought their way to Santa Maria and the San Pedro. The flotilla was afterwards transported over-land; and in the ensuing month one hundred and thirty armed vessels215 and transports were assembled in the Troccadero Canal. At that celebrated216 point there were immense batteries and some notable pieces of ordnance217, called cannon-mortars, or Villantroys, after the inventor. These huge engines were cast in Seville, and, being placed in slings218, threw shells with such prodigious force as to range over Cadiz, a distance of more than five thousand yards; but to obtain this flight, the shells were partly filled with lead, so that the charge of powder was proportionately of less 124effective explosion. While Cadiz was thus begirt, a furious engagement took place at Cerra de Puerco, called by the English the heights of Barossa, about four miles from the sea-mouth of the Santa Petri. Barossa is a low ridge17 creeping in from the coast about a mile and a half, and overlooking a high and broken plain of small extent.
Graham, who commanded the British, was extremely desirous of holding the Barossa height, as the key both to offensive and defensive movements. Our Spanish allies on this occasion behaved scandalously; indeed, nothing but the unflinching firmness and courage of the English troops could have saved the army from entire ruin. Major Brown, seeing the general confusion arising from the defeat of the Spaniards, and being unable to stem the torrent, slowly retired219 into the plain, sending notice of what was passing to Graham, and demanding orders. That general, being then near Bermeja, answered that he was to fight; and instantly facing about himself, regained220 the plains with the greatest celerity, when, to his surprise, he beheld the Spanish rearguard and baggage flying in confusion, the French cavalry between the summit and the sea, and Laval close on his own left flank. In this desperate situation he felt that to retreat upon Bermeja, and thus bring the enemy pell-mell with the allies on that narrow bridge, must be disastrous221; hence, without a moment’s hesitation222, he resolved to attack, although the key of the field of battle was already in the enemy’s possession. Ten guns, under Major Duncan, instantly opened a terrific fire against Laval’s column, while Colonel Barnard, with the riflemen and the Portuguese companies, running out to the left, commenced the fight. The remainder of the British troops, without any attention to regiments or brigades, so sudden was the affair, formed two masses, one of which, under General Dilkes, marched hastily against Ruffin, and the other, under Colonel Wheatley, against Laval. Duncan’s guns 125ravaged the French ranks; Laval’s artillery replied with spirit; Ruffin’s batteries took Wheatley’s columns in flank; and the infantry on both sides pressed forward eagerly and with a pealing223 musketry; and when near together, a fierce, rapid, prolonged charge of the British overthrew224 the first line of the French, and, notwithstanding its extreme valour, drove it in confusion over a narrow dip of ground upon the second, which was almost immediately broken in the same manner, and only the chosen battalion71, hitherto posted on the right, remained to cover the retreat. Meanwhile Brown, receiving his orders, had marched headlong against Ruffin. Nearly half of his detachment went down under the enemy’s last fire; yet he maintained the fight until Dilkes’ column, which had crossed a deep hollow and never stopped even to reform the regiments, came up, with little order indeed, but in a fierce mood, when the whole ran up towards the summit. There was no slackness on any side, and at the very edge of the ascent their opponents met them. A dreadful and for some time a doubtful fight ensued. Ruffin and Chaudron Rousseau, commanding the chosen Grenadiers, both fell, mortally wounded. The English bore strongly onward225; and their incessant226, slaughtering227 fire forced the French from the hill, with the loss of three guns and many brave men. The defeated divisions retired concentrically, and having soon met, they endeavoured with great energy to reform and renew the action; but the fire of Duncan’s guns, close, rapid, and destructive, rendered the attempt vain. Victor was soon in full retreat; and the British, having been twenty-four hours under arms, were too exhausted228 to pursue. In this brief but desperate fight upwards229 of twelve hundred British soldiers, and more than two thousand Frenchmen, were killed or wounded; from the latter, six guns, an eagle, and two generals, both mortally wounded, were taken, together with four hundred other prisoners.
126The activities of this spirited campaign were maintained in other places. Badajos was sorely pressed by the French. Early in March, the second parallel being completed, and the Pardaleras taken into the works, the approaches were carried by sap to the covered way; mines were also prepared to blow in the counterscarp, and yet Rafael Menacho, the governor, was not dismayed. His sallies were frequent and vigorous; he constructed new entrenchments where necessary; and everything went on prosperously till the evening of the 2nd, when in a sally, in which the nearest French batteries were carried, the guns spiked230, and trenches partly ruined, Menacho was killed, and the command fell to Imas, a man so unworthy that a worse could not be found. At once the spirit of the garrison died away, for cowardice231 is often contagious232. The besiegers’ works rapidly advanced, the ditch was passed, a lodgment was made on one of the ravelines, the rampart was breached233, and the fire of the besieged being nearly silenced, on the 10th of March the place was summoned in a peremptory235 manner. Not that there was the least need to surrender. A strong body of British and Portuguese were in full march for the relief of the place. This information had been communicated by telegraph, besides which Imas had been informed by a confidential236 messenger that Masséna was in full retreat. The breach234 was not practicable, provisions were plentiful237, the garrison above eight thousand strong, the French army reduced by sickness and the previous operations to fewer than fourteen thousand men. Imas, however, instantly surrendered, but he also demanded that his Grenadiers should march out of the breach. This was granted, and he was obliged to enlarge the opening before they could do so. Yet this man, so overwhelmed with opprobrium238, was never punished.
Masséna continued to retreat; and a skirmish, attended with some loss on both sides, unexpectedly took place at 127Pombal. The commander just named was so closely followed by our division, that, the streets being still encumbered239, Ney drew up a rearguard on a height behind the town, and threw a detachment into the old castle. He had, however, waited too long. The French army was moving in some confusion, and in an extended column of march, by a narrow defile116 between the mountains and the Soire river, which was fordable, while the British divisions were in rapid motion on the left bank, with the design of crossing lower down, and cutting Masséna’s line of retreat; but darkness came on, and the operation terminated in a sharp conflict at Pombal, whence the 95th and the 3rd Cacadores drove the French from the castle and town with such vigour, that the latter could not destroy the bridge, though it was mined for the purpose. Daybreak on the 12th saw both armies in movement, and eight miles of march brought the head of the British into a hollow way leading to a high tableland, on which Ney had disposed five thousand infantry, a few squadrons of cavalry, and some light guns. His centre was opposite to the hollow road, his wings were covered by the woody heights which he occupied with light troops. Behind him arose the village of Redhina, situated on low ground, in front of which were posted a division of infantry, a regiment of cavalry, and a battery of heavy guns, all so skilfully240 disposed as to give the appearance of considerable force.
After examining the enemy’s position for a short time, Lord Wellington first directed the light division to attack the wooded slopes covering Ney’s right; and in less than an hour these orders were executed. The woods were presently cleared, and our skirmishers advanced even to the open plain beyond. Just then, the French battalions, supported by four guns, opened a heavy rolling fire, and at the same moment Colonel Farrière, of the 3rd French Hussars, charged and took fourteen prisoners. This officer, during 128the whole campaign, had never failed to break in upon the skirmishers in the most critical moments, sometimes with a squadron, sometimes with only a few men; he was, however, sure to be found in the right place. The British light division, commanded by Sir William Erskine, consisted of five battalions of infantry and six guns, and was formed so that it outflanked the French right. It was also reinforced with two regiments of dragoons. Meanwhile Picton seized the woody heights protecting the French left, and thus Ney’s position was exposed. Nevertheless, that marshal, observing that Lord Wellington, deceived as to his real numbers, was bringing the mass of the allied troops into line, far from retreating, even charged Picton’s skirmishers, and continued to hold his ground with astonishing confidence. In this posture both sides remained for about an hour, when three shots were fired from the British centre as a signal for a forward movement, and a most splendid spectacle of war was exhibited. The woods seemed alive with troops, and in a few moments thirty thousand men, forming three gorgeous lines of battle, were stretched across the plain, but bending on a gentle curve, and moving majestically241 forward, while horsemen and guns springing simultaneously onward from the centre and left wing, charged under a volley from the French battalions. The latter were instantly hidden by the smoke; and when that cleared away, no enemy was to be seen. Ney keenly watched the progress of this grand formation, and having opposed Picton’s foremost skirmishers with his left, withdrew the rest of his people with such rapidity that he gained the village before the cavalry could touch him. The utmost efforts of Picton’s skirmishers and of the horse artillery scarcely enabled them to gall3 the hindmost of the French. One howitzer was, indeed, dismounted close to the bridge, but the village of Redhina was in flames. The marshal was hard pressed, for the British were thundering at his rear, 129and the light troops of the 3rd division, chasing like heated bloodhounds, passed the river almost at the same time with the French. Ney at length fell back upon the main body at Condeixa.
The mind is sometimes impressed by trifling242 occurrences, especially when they take place unexpectedly, or are at all out of the common way. I remember that in the midst of the clangor and firing just described, a hare emerged from the woods, and for some time amused herself by sundry243 doubles and evolutions between the hostile lines; at length, as if satisfied that enough had been seen, she suddenly disappeared. The other event is, that the tallest man I ever saw had been a private in the French ranks at Redhina. He was lying dead on the road side.
Our forces continued to drive the enemy. Masséna, in repairing to Fonte Coberta, had left orders to fire Condeixa at a certain hour. These gentlemen left nothing willingly behind them, but ruin and desolation. In a few days we came up with the rear. Picton contrived to wind round the bluff244 side of a mountain about eight miles distant. As he was already beyond the French left, instant confusion pervaded245 their camp. The British immediately pushed forward; their advance was extremely rapid, and it is affirmed that the Prince of Essling, who was on the road, only escaped capture by taking the feathers out of his hat, and riding through some of the light troops. Condeixa being thus evacuated246, the British cavalry pushed towards Coimbra, and cutting off Montbrun, captured part of his horsemen. The rest of the army kindled248 their fires, and the light division, in which, as usual, I was stationed, planted piquets close up to the enemy; but about ten at night the French divisions, whose presence was unknown to Lord Wellington, stole out, and passing along the front of the British posts, made for Miranda de Corvo. The noise of their march was heard, but the night was dark; it was imagined to be 130the moving of the French to the rear, and being so reported to Sir William Erskine, that officer put the light division in march at daylight on the 14th. Our movements partook of extraordinary rashness, and, what increased the danger, we were insensible of it. The morning was so obscured that nothing could be distinguished249 at the distance of a hundred feet, but the sound of a great multitude was heard on the hills in front, and it being evident that the French were there in force, many officers represented the impropriety of thus advancing without orders, and in such a fog. But Erskine, with what is deemed astounding250 negligence251, sent the 52nd forward in a simple column of sections, without a vanguard or other precaution, and even before the piquets had come in from their posts. The road dipped suddenly, descending into a valley, and the regiment was immediately lost in the mist, which was so thick that the troops, unconsciously passing the enemy’s outposts, had nearly captured Ney himself, whose bivouac was close to the piquets. The riflemen followed in a few moments, and the rest of the division was about to plunge252 into the same gulf253, when the rattling254 of musketry and the booming of round shot was heard, and when the vapour slowly rose, the 52nd were seen on the slopes of the opposite mountain engaged, without support, in the midst of the enemy’s army. At this moment Lord Wellington arrived, and the whole of the light division were pushed forward to sustain the 52nd. The enemy’s ground was so extensive, and his skirmishers so thick and so easily supported, that in a little time the division was necessarily stretched out in one thin thread, and closely engaged in every part without any reserve; nor could it even thus present an equal front, until Picton sent the riflemen of the 60th to prolong the line. The fight was vigorously maintained amidst the numerous stone enclosures on the mountain side; some advantages were gained, and the right of the enemy was partially255 turned, 131yet the main position could not be shaken until Picton and Cole had turned it by the left. Ney then commenced his retreat, retiring from ridge to ridge with admirable precision, and for a long time without confusion and with very little loss. Towards the middle of the day, however, the British guns and the skirmishers got within range of his masses, and the retreat became more rapid and less orderly; yet he finally gained the strong pass of Miranda de Corvo, which was secured by the main body of the French. The loss in the light division this day was eleven officers and a hundred and fifty men, and about a hundred prisoners were taken.
On the 15th the weather was so obscure that the allies could not reach the Ceira before four o’clock in the afternoon, and the troops as they came up proceeded to kindle247 fires for the night. The French right rested on some thick and wooded ground, and their left on the village of Fons d’Aronce; but Lord Wellington, having cast a rapid glance over it, directed the light division, who were seldom forgotten when honour was to be obtained, to hold the right in play, and at the same moment the horse artillery, galloping256 forward to a rising ground, opened with great and sudden effect. Ney’s left wing, being surprised and overthrown257 by the first charge, dispersed in a panic, and fled in such confusion towards the river that some, missing the fords, were drowned, and others, crowding on the bridge, were crushed to death. On the right the ground was so rugged and close that the action resolved itself into a skirmish; and thus Ney was able to use some battalions to check the pursuit of his left; but meanwhile darkness came on, and the French troops in their disorder fired upon each other. Only four officers and sixty men fell on the side of the British; the enemy’s loss was not less than five hundred, of which one-half were drowned, and an eagle was afterwards found in the bed of the river when the waters had subsided258.
132Ney maintained the left bank of the Ceira until every encumbrance180 bad passed, and then, blowing up seventy feet of the bridge, sent his corps on. Thus terminated the first part of the retreat from Santarem, in which, though the ability of the French commander was conspicuous259, it revealed much that savoured of a harsh and ruthless spirit. Almost every horror that could make war hideous260 attended this dreadful march. Death was dealt out in all modes. Unpitying vengeance261 seemed to steel every breast. Lives were lost by wounds, by fatigue262, by fire, by water, besides the numerous victims of famine. One of my comrades going out at dusk in search of provisions, on turning a corner stumbled over the body of a recently murdered man. The natives were of course excited to retaliate263, and Colonel Napier once saw a peasant cheering on his dog to devour264 the dead and dying; the spirit of cruelty once unchained smote265 even the brute266 creation. On the 15th, the French general, in order to diminish the encumbrances on his march, ordered a number of beasts of burden to be destroyed. The inhuman267 fellow charged with the execution, who, if known, would have long since been hooted268 from society, ham-stringed five hundred asses68, and left them to starve; and thus they were found by the British army. The acute but deep expression of pain visible in these poor creatures’ looks wonderfully aroused the fury of the soldiers; and so little weight has reason with the multitude, when opposed by momentary sensation, that had prisoners been taken at that moment, no quarter most assuredly would have been given.
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1
ass
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| n.驴；傻瓜，蠢笨的人 | |
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tempted
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| v.怂恿（某人）干不正当的事；冒…的险（tempt的过去分词） | |
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gall
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| v.使烦恼，使焦躁，难堪；n.磨难 | |
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sinecure
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| n.闲差事，挂名职务 | |
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enjoined
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| v.命令( enjoin的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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bridle
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| n.笼头，束缚；vt.抑制，约束；动怒 | |
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7
chafed
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| v.擦热（尤指皮肤）( chafe的过去式 )；擦痛；发怒；惹怒 | |
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8
deficient
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| adj.不足的，不充份的，有缺陷的 | |
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restive
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| adj.不安宁的，不安静的 | |
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laborious
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| adj.吃力的，努力的，不流畅 | |
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eventual
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| adj.最后的，结局的，最终的 | |
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vent
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| n.通风口，排放口；开衩；vt.表达，发泄 | |
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scoured
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| 走遍（某地）搜寻（人或物）( scour的过去式和过去分词 )； （用力）刷； 擦净； 擦亮 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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enigma
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| n.谜，谜一样的人或事 | |
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apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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ridge
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| n.山脊；鼻梁；分水岭 | |
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landlady
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| n.女房东，女地主 | |
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broached
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| v.谈起( broach的过去式和过去分词 )；打开并开始用；用凿子扩大（或修光）；（在桶上）钻孔取液体 | |
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retailed
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| vt.零售（retail的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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stipulated
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| vt.& vi.规定；约定adj.[法]合同规定的 | |
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regiment
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| n.团，多数，管理；v.组织，编成团，统制 | |
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reluctance
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| n.厌恶，讨厌，勉强，不情愿 | |
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luxurious
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| adj.精美而昂贵的；豪华的 | |
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unwilling
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| adj.不情愿的 | |
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viands
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| n.食品，食物 | |
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impaled
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| 钉在尖桩上( impale的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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prosecution
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| n.起诉，告发，检举，执行，经营 | |
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linen
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| n.亚麻布，亚麻线，亚麻制品；adj.亚麻布制的，亚麻的 | |
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procured
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| v.（努力）取得， （设法）获得( procure的过去式和过去分词 )；拉皮条 | |
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procure
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| vt.获得，取得，促成；vi.拉皮条 | |
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contented
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| adj.满意的，安心的，知足的 | |
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slumber
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| n.睡眠，沉睡状态 | |
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nourishment
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| n.食物，营养品；营养情况 | |
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foe
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| n.敌人，仇敌 | |
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exhaustion
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| n.耗尽枯竭，疲惫，筋疲力尽，竭尽，详尽无遗的论述 | |
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meridian
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| adj.子午线的；全盛期的 | |
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copiousness
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| n.丰裕，旺盛 | |
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meditations
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| 默想( meditation的名词复数 )； 默念； 沉思； 冥想 | |
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faculties
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| n.能力( faculty的名词复数 )；全体教职员；技巧；院 | |
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besieged
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| 包围，围困，围攻( besiege的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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defective
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| adj.有毛病的，有问题的，有瑕疵的 | |
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garrison
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| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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trenches
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| 深沟，地沟( trench的名词复数 )； 战壕 | |
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artillery
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| n.(军)火炮，大炮；炮兵(部队) | |
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devastation
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| n.毁坏；荒废；极度震惊或悲伤 | |
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standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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commotion
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| n.骚动，动乱 | |
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exhortations
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| n.敦促( exhortation的名词复数 )；极力推荐；（正式的）演讲；（宗教仪式中的）劝诫 | |
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immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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ministry
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| n.(政府的)部；牧师 | |
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fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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ascending
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| adj.上升的，向上的 | |
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ridges
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| n.脊( ridge的名词复数 )；山脊；脊状突起；大气层的)高压脊 | |
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chasm
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| n.深坑，断层，裂口，大分岐，利害冲突 | |
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56
assail
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| v.猛烈攻击，抨击，痛斥 | |
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57
beheld
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| v.看，注视( behold的过去式和过去分词 )；瞧；看呀；（叙述中用于引出某人意外的出现）哎哟 | |
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58
frenzy
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| n.疯狂，狂热，极度的激动 | |
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59
dispersed
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| adj. 被驱散的, 被分散的, 散布的 | |
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60
allaying
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| v.减轻，缓和( allay的现在分词 ) | |
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61
cavalry
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| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
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62
gathering
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| n.集会，聚会，聚集 | |
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63
infantry
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| n.[总称]步兵(部队) | |
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64
abreast
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| adv.并排地；跟上(时代)的步伐，与…并进地 | |
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65
musket
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| n.滑膛枪 | |
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66
chasms
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| 裂缝( chasm的名词复数 )； 裂口； 分歧； 差别 | |
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67
corps
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| n.(通信等兵种的)部队；(同类作的)一组 | |
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68
asses
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| n. 驴，愚蠢的人，臀部 adv. (常用作后置)用于贬损或骂人 | |
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69
asunder
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| adj.分离的，化为碎片 | |
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70
overthrowing
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| v.打倒，推翻( overthrow的现在分词 )；使终止 | |
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71
battalion
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| n.营；部队；大队(的人) | |
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72
battalions
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| n.（陆军的）一营（大约有一千兵士）( battalion的名词复数 )；协同作战的部队；军队；（组织在一起工作的）队伍 | |
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73
regiments
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| （军队的）团( regiment的名词复数 )； 大量的人或物 | |
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74
exertion
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| n.尽力，努力 | |
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75
mingling
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| adj.混合的 | |
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76
mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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77
strewing
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| v.撒在…上( strew的现在分词 )；散落于；点缀；撒满 | |
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78
precipice
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| n.悬崖，危急的处境 | |
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79
irresistible
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| adj.非常诱人的，无法拒绝的，无法抗拒的 | |
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80
crest
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| n.顶点；饰章；羽冠；vt.达到顶点；vi.形成浪尖 | |
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81
rugged
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| adj.高低不平的，粗糙的，粗壮的，强健的 | |
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82
sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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83
conceal
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| v.隐藏，隐瞒，隐蔽 | |
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84
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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85
Portuguese
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| n.葡萄牙人；葡萄牙语 | |
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86
attentively
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| adv.聚精会神地；周到地；谛；凝神 | |
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87
profusion
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| n.挥霍；丰富 | |
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88
ascended
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| v.上升，攀登( ascend的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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89
plied
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| v.使用（工具）( ply的过去式和过去分词 )；经常供应（食物、饮料）；固定往来；经营生意 | |
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90
ascent
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| n.(声望或地位)提高；上升，升高；登高 | |
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91
victorious
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| adj.胜利的，得胜的 | |
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92
shrill
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| adj.尖声的；刺耳的；v尖叫 | |
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93
rout
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| n.溃退，溃败；v.击溃，打垮 | |
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94
assented
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| 同意，赞成( assent的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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95
momentary
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| adj.片刻的，瞬息的；短暂的 | |
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96
truce
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| n.休战，(争执，烦恼等的)缓和；v.以停战结束 | |
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97
amicably
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| adv.友善地 | |
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98
impudently
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99
incensed
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| 盛怒的 | |
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100
savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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101
orphan
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| n.孤儿；adj.无父母的 | |
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102
dwelling
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| n.住宅，住所，寓所 | |
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103
obedience
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| n.服从，顺从 | |
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104
simplicity
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| n.简单，简易；朴素；直率，单纯 | |
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105
perilous
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| adj.危险的，冒险的 | |
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106
brutal
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| adj.残忍的，野蛮的，不讲理的 | |
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107
molest
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| vt.骚扰，干扰，调戏 | |
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108
repulsed
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| v.击退( repulse的过去式和过去分词 )；驳斥；拒绝 | |
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109
slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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110
vigour
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| （=vigor）n.智力，体力，精力 | |
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111
disappearance
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| n.消失，消散，失踪 | |
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112
descried
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| adj.被注意到的，被发现的，被看到的 | |
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113
winding
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| n.绕，缠，绕组，线圈 | |
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114
withdrawn
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| vt.收回；使退出；vi.撤退，退出 | |
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115
defiles
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| v.玷污( defile的第三人称单数 )；污染；弄脏；纵列行进 | |
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116
defile
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| v.弄污，弄脏；n.(山间)小道 | |
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117
juncture
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| n.时刻，关键时刻，紧要关头 | |
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118
simultaneously
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| adv.同时发生地，同时进行地 | |
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119
frantic
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| adj.狂乱的，错乱的，激昂的 | |
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120
inmates
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| n.囚犯( inmate的名词复数 ) | |
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121
exertions
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| n.努力( exertion的名词复数 )；费力；（能力、权力等的）运用；行使 | |
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122
mischievous
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|
| adj.调皮的，恶作剧的，有害的，伤人的 | |
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123
disorder
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| n.紊乱，混乱；骚动，骚乱；疾病，失调 | |
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124
disorders
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| n.混乱( disorder的名词复数 )；凌乱；骚乱；（身心、机能）失调 | |
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125
scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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126
plundered
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| 掠夺，抢劫( plunder的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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127
followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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128
imminent
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| adj.即将发生的，临近的，逼近的 | |
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129
torrent
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| n.激流，洪流；爆发，(话语等的)连发 | |
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130
prevailing
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| adj.盛行的；占优势的；主要的 | |
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131
conviviality
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| n.欢宴，高兴，欢乐 | |
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132
interfere
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| v.(in)干涉，干预；(with)妨碍，打扰 | |
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133
subverted
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| v.颠覆，破坏（政治制度、宗教信仰等）( subvert的过去式和过去分词 )；使（某人）道德败坏或不忠 | |
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134
blessing
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| n.祈神赐福；祷告；祝福，祝愿 | |
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135
Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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136
providence
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| n.深谋远虑，天道，天意；远见；节约；上帝 | |
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137
perils
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| 极大危险( peril的名词复数 )； 危险的事（或环境） | |
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138
exempted
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| 使免除[豁免]( exempt的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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139
miller
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| n.磨坊主 | |
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140
militia
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| n.民兵，民兵组织 | |
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141
partisan
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| adj.党派性的；游击队的；n.游击队员；党徒 | |
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142
gallop
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| v./n.(马或骑马等)飞奔；飞速发展 | |
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143
penetrated
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| adj. 击穿的，鞭辟入里的 动词penetrate的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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144
astounded
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| v.使震惊(astound的过去式和过去分词)；愕然；愕；惊讶 | |
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145
discretion
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| n.谨慎；随意处理 | |
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146
situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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147
favourable
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| adj.赞成的，称赞的，有利的，良好的，顺利的 | |
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148
posture
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| n.姿势，姿态，心态，态度；v.作出某种姿势 | |
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149
gateway
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| n.大门口，出入口，途径，方法 | |
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150
abated
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| 减少( abate的过去式和过去分词 )； 减去； 降价； 撤消（诉讼） | |
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151
mischief
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| n.损害，伤害，危害；恶作剧，捣蛋，胡闹 | |
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152
descending
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| n. 下行 adj. 下降的 | |
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153
boisterous
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| adj.喧闹的，欢闹的 | |
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154
verge
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| n.边，边缘；v.接近，濒临 | |
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155
forage
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| n.(牛马的)饲料，粮草；v.搜寻，翻寻 | |
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156
hemmed
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| 缝…的褶边( hem的过去式和过去分词 )； 包围 | |
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157
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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158
elude
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| v.躲避，困惑 | |
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159
scouts
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| 侦察员[机，舰]( scout的名词复数 )； 童子军； 搜索； 童子军成员 | |
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160
jeopardy
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| n.危险；危难 | |
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161
foes
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| 敌人，仇敌( foe的名词复数 ) | |
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162
bugle
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| n.军号，号角，喇叭；v.吹号，吹号召集 | |
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163
garnished
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| v.给（上餐桌的食物）加装饰( garnish的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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164
mule
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| n.骡子，杂种，执拗的人 | |
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165
uncommon
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| adj.罕见的，非凡的，不平常的 | |
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166
proprietor
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| n.所有人；业主；经营者 | |
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167
presentiment
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| n.预感，预觉 | |
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168
premises
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| n.建筑物，房屋 | |
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169
allusion
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| n.暗示，间接提示 | |
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170
embarkation
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| n. 乘船, 搭机, 开船 | |
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171
entrenched
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| adj.确立的，不容易改的(风俗习惯) | |
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172
appendages
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| n.附属物( appendage的名词复数 )；依附的人；附属器官；附属肢体（如臂、腿、尾等） | |
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173
impeding
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| a.(尤指坏事)即将发生的，临近的 | |
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174
inspection
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| n.检查，审查，检阅 | |
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175
prodigious
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| adj.惊人的，奇妙的；异常的；巨大的；庞大的 | |
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176
admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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177
chestnuts
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| n.栗子( chestnut的名词复数 )；栗色；栗树；栗色马 | |
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178
reset
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| v.重新安排，复位；n.重新放置；重放之物 | |
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179
encumbrances
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| n.负担( encumbrance的名词复数 )；累赘；妨碍；阻碍 | |
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180
encumbrance
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| n.妨碍物，累赘 | |
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181
remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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182
sergeant
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| n.警官，中士 | |
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183
marsh
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| n.沼泽，湿地 | |
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184
demonstrations
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| 证明( demonstration的名词复数 )； 表明； 表达； 游行示威 | |
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185
advantageous
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|
| adj.有利的；有帮助的 | |
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186
hatchet
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| n.短柄小斧；v.扼杀 | |
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187
resounded
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| v.（指声音等）回荡于某处( resound的过去式和过去分词 )；产生回响；（指某处）回荡着声音 | |
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188
defensive
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| adj.防御的；防卫的；防守的 | |
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189
inundation
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| n.the act or fact of overflowing | |
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190
contrived
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| adj.不自然的，做作的；虚构的 | |
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191
secrete
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| vt.分泌；隐匿，使隐秘 | |
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192
impunity
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| n.(惩罚、损失、伤害等的)免除 | |
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193
redeemed
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| adj. 可赎回的，可救赎的 动词redeem的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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194
drudgery
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| n.苦工，重活，单调乏味的工作 | |
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195
procuring
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| v.（努力）取得， （设法）获得( procure的现在分词 )；拉皮条 | |
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196
debauch
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| v.使堕落，放纵 | |
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197
inordinate
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| adj.无节制的；过度的 | |
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198
misery
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| n.痛苦，苦恼，苦难；悲惨的境遇，贫苦 | |
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199
deserted
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| adj.荒芜的，荒废的，无人的，被遗弃的 | |
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200
muzzle
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| n.鼻口部；口套；枪(炮)口；vt.使缄默 | |
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201
spacious
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| adj.广阔的，宽敞的 | |
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202
calamity
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| n.灾害，祸患，不幸事件 | |
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203
desolate
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| adj.荒凉的，荒芜的；孤独的，凄凉的；v.使荒芜，使孤寂 | |
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204
famished
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| adj.饥饿的 | |
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205
wretches
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| n.不幸的人( wretch的名词复数 )；可怜的人；恶棍；坏蛋 | |
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206
survivors
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| 幸存者，残存者，生还者( survivor的名词复数 ) | |
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207
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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208
emaciated
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| adj.衰弱的，消瘦的 | |
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209
refreshment
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| n.恢复，精神爽快，提神之事物；（复数）refreshments:点心，茶点 | |
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210
distress
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| n.苦恼，痛苦，不舒适；不幸；vt.使悲痛 | |
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211
decency
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| n.体面，得体，合宜，正派，庄重 | |
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212
prosecuted
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| a.被起诉的 | |
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213
eluded
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| v.（尤指机敏地）避开( elude的过去式和过去分词 )；逃避；躲避；使达不到 | |
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214
allied
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| adj.协约国的；同盟国的 | |
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215
vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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216
celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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217
ordnance
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| n.大炮，军械 | |
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218
slings
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| 抛( sling的第三人称单数 )； 吊挂； 遣送； 押往 | |
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retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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regained
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| 复得( regain的过去式和过去分词 )； 赢回； 重回； 复至某地 | |
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221
disastrous
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| adj.灾难性的，造成灾害的；极坏的，很糟的 | |
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222
hesitation
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| n.犹豫，踌躇 | |
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223
pealing
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| v.（使）（钟等）鸣响，（雷等）发出隆隆声( peal的现在分词 ) | |
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224
overthrew
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| overthrow的过去式 | |
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225
onward
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| adj.向前的，前进的；adv.向前，前进，在先 | |
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226
incessant
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| adj.不停的，连续的 | |
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227
slaughtering
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| v.屠杀，杀戮，屠宰( slaughter的现在分词 ) | |
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228
exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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229
upwards
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| adv.向上，在更高处...以上 | |
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230
spiked
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| adj.有穗的；成锥形的；有尖顶的 | |
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231
cowardice
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| n.胆小，怯懦 | |
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232
contagious
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| adj.传染性的，有感染力的 | |
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233
breached
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| 攻破( breach的现在分词 )； 破坏，违反 | |
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234
breach
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| n.违反，不履行；破裂；vt.冲破，攻破 | |
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235
peremptory
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| adj.紧急的，专横的，断然的 | |
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236
confidential
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| adj.秘（机）密的，表示信任的，担任机密工作的 | |
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237
plentiful
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| adj.富裕的，丰富的 | |
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238
opprobrium
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| n.耻辱，责难 | |
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239
encumbered
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| v.妨碍，阻碍，拖累( encumber的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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240
skilfully
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| adv. (美skillfully)熟练地 | |
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241
majestically
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| 雄伟地； 庄重地； 威严地； 崇高地 | |
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242
trifling
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| adj.微不足道的；没什么价值的 | |
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243
sundry
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| adj.各式各样的，种种的 | |
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244
bluff
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| v.虚张声势，用假象骗人；n.虚张声势，欺骗 | |
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245
pervaded
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| v.遍及，弥漫( pervade的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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246
evacuated
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| 撤退者的 | |
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247
kindle
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| v.点燃，着火 | |
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248
kindled
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| （使某物）燃烧，着火( kindle的过去式和过去分词 )； 激起（感情等）； 发亮，放光 | |
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249
distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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250
astounding
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| adj.使人震惊的vt.使震惊，使大吃一惊astound的现在分词) | |
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251
negligence
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| n.疏忽，玩忽，粗心大意 | |
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252
plunge
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| v.跳入，(使)投入，(使)陷入；猛冲 | |
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253
gulf
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| n.海湾；深渊，鸿沟；分歧，隔阂 | |
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254
rattling
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| adj. 格格作响的, 活泼的, 很好的 adv. 极其, 很, 非常 动词rattle的现在分词 | |
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255
partially
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| adv.部分地，从某些方面讲 | |
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256
galloping
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| adj. 飞驰的, 急性的 动词gallop的现在分词形式 | |
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257
overthrown
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| adj. 打翻的，推倒的，倾覆的 动词overthrow的过去分词 | |
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258
subsided
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| v.（土地）下陷（因在地下采矿）( subside的过去式和过去分词 )；减弱；下降至较低或正常水平；一下子坐在椅子等上 | |
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259
conspicuous
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| adj.明眼的，惹人注目的；炫耀的，摆阔气的 | |
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260
hideous
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| adj.丑陋的，可憎的，可怕的，恐怖的 | |
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261
vengeance
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| n.报复，报仇，复仇 | |
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262
fatigue
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| n.疲劳，劳累 | |
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263
retaliate
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| v.报复，反击 | |
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264
devour
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| v.吞没；贪婪地注视或谛听，贪读；使着迷 | |
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265
smote
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| v.猛打，重击，打击( smite的过去式 ) | |
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266
brute
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| n.野兽，兽性 | |
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267
inhuman
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| adj.残忍的，不人道的，无人性的 | |
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268
hooted
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| （使）作汽笛声响，作汽车喇叭声( hoot的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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