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APPENDIX C.
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The strict meaning of burh, appears to be fortified1 place or stronghold. It can therefore be applied2 to a single house or castle, as well as to a town. There is a softer form byrig, which in the sense of a town can hardly be distinguished3 from burh, but which, as far as I know, is never used to denote a single house or castle. Rome and Florence, and in general all large towns, are called Burh or Byrig. This is the widest term.
Port strictly4 means an enclosed place, for sale and purchase, a market: for “Portus est conclusus locus5, quo importantur merces, et inde exportantur. Est et statio conclusa et munita.” (Thorpe, i. p. 158.)
Wíc is originally vicus, a vill or village. It is strictly used to denote the country-houses of communities, kings or bishops7.
Ceaster seems universally derived8 from castrum, and denotes a place where there has been a Roman station. Now every one of these conditions may concur9 in one single place, and we accordingly find much looseness in the use of the terms: thus,
London is called Lundenwíc[1037], Hhoðh. § 16. Chron. 604: but Lundenburh or Lundenbyrig, Chron. 457, 872, 886, 896, 910, 994, 1009, 1013, 1016, 1052. And it was also a port, for we find its geréfa, a port-geréfa. Again York, sometimes Eoferwíc, sometimes Eoferwíc-ceaster (Chron. 971) is also said to be a burh, Chron. 1066. Dovor is called a burh, Chron. 1048; but a port, Chron. 1052. So again Hereford, in Chron. 1055, 1056, is called a port, but in Chron. 1055 also a burh. Nor do the Latin chroniclers
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help us out of the difficulty; on the contrary, they continually use the words oppidum, civitas, urbs and even arx to denote the same place.
The Saxon Chronicle mentions the undernamed cities:—
Ægeles byrig, now Aylesbury in Bucks10. Chron. Sax. 571, 921.
Acemannes ceaster or Baðan byrig, often called also Æt baðum or Æt hátum baðum, the Aquae Solis of the Romans and now Bath in Somerset. This town in the year 577 was taken from the British. The Chronicle calls it Baðanceaster: see also Chron. 973.
Ambresbyrig, now Amesbury, Wilts11. Chron. 995.
Andredesceaster. Anderida, sacked by Ælli. Chron. 495. Most probably near the site of the present Pevensey: see a very satisfactory paper by Mr. Hussey, Archæol. Journal, No. 15, Sept. 1847.
Baddanbyrig, now Badbury, Dorset. Chron. 901.
Badecanwyl, now Bakewell, Derby, fortified by Eádweard. Chron. 923. Florence says he built and garrisoned13 a town there: “urbem construxit, et in illa milites robustos posuit.” an. 921.
Banesingtún, now Bensington, Oxf. Chron. 571, 777.
Bebbanburh, now Bamborough in Northumberland. This place, we are told, was first surrounded with a hedge, and afterwards with a wall. Chron. 642, 926, 993. Florence calls it “urbs regia Bebbanbirig.” an. 926.
Bedanford, now Bedford. There was a burh here which Eádweard took in 919: he then built a second burh upon the other side of the Ouse. Chron. 919. Florence calls it “urbem.” an. 916.
Beranbyrig. Chron. 556.
Bremesbyrig. At this place Æðelflǽd built a burh. Chron. 910. Florence says “urbem.” an. 911: perhaps Bromsgrove in Worcestershire, the Æt Bremesgráfum of the Cod15. Dipl. Nos. 183, 186.
Brunanburh, Brunanbyrig, and sometimes Brunanfeld: the site of this place is unknown, but here Æðelstán and Eádmund defeated the Scots. Chron. 937.
Brycgnorð, Bridgenorth, Salop. Here Æðelflǽd built a burh. Chron. 912: “arcem munitam.” Flor. an. 913.
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Bucingahám, now Buckingham. Here Eádweard built two burhs, one on each side of the Ouse. Chron. 918. Florence calls them “munitiones.” an. 915.
Cantwarabyrig, the city of Canterbury. Dorobernia, ciuitas Doruuernensis, the metropolis16 of Æðelberht’s kingdom in 597. Beda, H. E. lib. i. c. 25. In the year 1011 Canterbury was sufficiently17 fortified to hold out for twenty days against the Danish army which had overrun all the eastern and midland counties, and was then only entered by treachery. Flor. Wig18. an. 1011. I have already noticed both king’s reeves and port-reeves, the ingang burhware and cnihta gyld of Canterbury. There can be little doubt that king, archbishop, abbot and corporation had all separate jurisdictions19 and rights in Canterbury: see Chron. 633, 655, 995, 1009, 1011.
Cirenceaster, now Cirencester in Gloucestershire, the ancient Durocornovum. Chron. 577, 628.
Cissanceaster, now Chichester, the Roman Regnum. Chron. 895.
Cledemúða. Here Eádweard built a burh. Chron. 921.
Colnceaster, now Colchester in Essex, the first Roman Colonia, destroyed by Boadicea. In 921 Colchester was sacked by Eádweard’s forces, and taken from the Danes, some of whom escaped over the wall. In the same year Eádweard repaired and fortified it. Chron. 921. “murum illius redintegravit, virosque in ea bellicosos cum stipendio posuit.” Flor. 918.
Coludesburh, Coldingham. Chron. 679.
Cyppanham, Chippenham, Wilts. Chron. 878.
Cyricbyrig, a city built by Æðelflǽd. Flor. 916. Cherbury.
Deóraby, Derby, one of the Five Burgs taken by Æðelflǽd from the Danes. Chron. 917, 941. A city with gates. Flor. 918. “civitas.” Flor. 942.
Dofera, Dover in Kent. Chron. 1048, 1052. There was a fortified castle on the cliff, which in 1051 was seized by the people of Eustace, count of Boulogne, against the town. Flor. Wig. 1051.
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Dorceceaster, Dorchester, Oxon. Chron. 954, 971. For some time a bishop6’s see, first for Wessex, which was afterwards removed to Winchester: afterwards for Leicester.
Dorceceaster, Dornwaraceaster, Dorchester, Dorset. Chron. 635, 636, 639.
Eádesbyrig, a place where Æðelflǽd built a burh. Chron. 914. Florence says a town. an. 915. Eddisbury, Cheshire?
Eligbyrig, Ely in Cambridgeshire. Chron. 1036.
Egonesham, now Eynesham, Oxon. Chron. 571.
Eoforwíc, Eoforwíc ceaster, now York; Kair Ebrauc, Eboracum; the seat of an archbishop, a bishop, and again an archbishop. It seems to have been always a considerable and important town. In the tenth century it was one of the seven confederated burgs, which Æðelflǽd reduced. The strength however which we should be inclined to look for in a city, which once boasted the name of altera Roma, is hardly consistent with Asser’s account of it. Describing the place in the year 867, he says: “Praedictus Paganorum exercitus ... ad Eboracum ciuitatem migravit, quae in aquilonari ripa Humbrensis fluminis[1038] sita est.” After stating that Ælla and Osberht, the pretenders to the Northumbrian crown, became reconciled in presence of the common danger, he continues: “Osbyrht et Ælla, adunatis viribus, congregatoque exercitu Eboracum oppidum adeunt, quibus advenientibus Pagani confestim fugam arripiunt, et intra urbis moenia se defendere procurant: quorum20 fugam et pavorem Christiani cernentes, etiam intra urbis moenia persequi, et murum frangere instituunt: quod et fecerunt, non enim tunc adhuc illa civitas firmos et stabilitos muros illis temporibus habebat. Cumque Christiani murum, ut proposuerant, fregissent, etc.[1039]” We may infer from Asser himself that the Saxon mode of fortification. was not strong: speaking of a place in Devonshire, called Cynuit (which he describes as arx), he says: “Cum Pagani arcem imparatam atque omnino immunitam, nisi quod moenia nostro more erecta solummodo haberet,
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cernerent, non enim effringere moliebantur, quia et ille locus situ terrarum tutissimus est ab omni parte, nisi ab orientali, sicut nos ipsi vidimus, obsidere eam coeperunt[1040].” York however continued to be an important town. It was retaken by Æðelflǽd who subdued21 the Danes there; and again by Eádred in 950. At this time it appears to have been principally ruled by its archbishop Wulfstán. For York, see Chron. 971, 1066, etc.
Exanceaster, now Exeter, the Isca Damnoniorum or Uxella, of the Romans. Chron. 876, 894, 1003. As the Saxon arms advanced westward22, Exeter became for a time the frontier town and market between the British and the men of Wessex: in the beginning of the tenth century there appears to have been a mixed population. But at that period[1041] Æðelstán expelled the British inhabitants, and fortified the town: he drove the Cornwealhas over the Tamar, and made that their boundary, as he had the Wye for the Bretwealas. William of Malmesbury tells us: “Illos (i. e. Cornewalenses) impigre adorsus, ab Excestra, quam ad id temporis aequo cum Anglis iure inhabitarunt, cedere compulit: terminum provinciae suae citra Tambram fluvium constituens, sicut aquilonalibus Britannis amnem Waiam limitem posuerat. Urbem igitur illam, quam contaminatae gentis repurgio defaecaverat, turribus munivit, muro ex quadratis lapidibus cinxit[1042]. Et licet solum illud, ieiunum et squalidum, vix steriles avenas, et plerumque folliculum inanem sine grano producat, tamen pro12 civitatis magnificentia, et incolarum opulentia, tum etiam convenarum frequentia, omne ibi adeo abundat mercimonium, ut nihil frustra desideres quod humano usui conducibile existimes[1043].” Thus situated23, about ten miles from the sea, Exanceaster could not fail to become an important commercial station; the Exa being navigable for ships of considerable burthen, till in 1284, Hugh Courtenay interrupted the traffic, by building a
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weir24 and quay25 at Topsham. It is probable that Æðelstán placed his own geréfa in the city. But in the year 1003, queen Emme Ælfgyfu seems to have been its lady; for it is recorded that through the treachery of a Frenchman Hugo, whom she had made her reeve there, the Danes under Svein sacked and destroyed the city, taking great plunder[1044]. It was afterwards restored by Cnut; but appears to have been still attached to the queens of England, for after the conquest we find it holding out against William, under Gýð, the mother of Harald.
Exanmúða, now Exmouth. Chron. 1001.
Genisburuh, now Gainsborough. Chron. 1013, 1014.
Glæstingaburh or Glæstingabyrig, now Glastonbury, Som. Urbs Glastoniae, Chron. 688, 943.
Gleawanceaster, now Gloucester; Kair glou, and the Roman Glevum. Urbs Gloverniae, Glocestriae. A fortified city of Mercia. Chron. 577, 918.
Hæstingas, now Hastings in Kent. A fortification, and probably at one time the town of a tribe so called. Chron. 1066. It was reduced by Offa, and probably ruined in the Danish wars of Ælfred and Æðelred.
Hagustaldes hám or Hagstealdeshám, now Hexham in Northumbria: the ancient seat of a bishopric. Chron. 685.
Hamtún, now Southampton. Chron. 837.
Hamtún, now Northampton, quod vide.
Heanbyrig, now Hanbury in Worcest. Chron. 675.
Heortford, now Hertford. Chron. 913. urbs. Flor. 913.
Hereford, now Hereford. Chron. 918, 1055, 1066.
Hrofesceaster, Durocobrevis, Hrofesbreta, now Rochester; a bishop’s see for West Kent, probably once the capital of the West Kentish kingdom: a strong fortress26. Chron. 604, 616, 633, 644. Asser. 884.
Huntena tún, now Huntingdon. Originally, as its name implies, a town or enclosed dwelling27 of hunters; but in process of time a city. Chron. 921. civitas. Flor. 918.
Judanbyrig, perhaps Jedburgh. Chron. 952.
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Legaceaster, Kairlegeon, now Chester, a Roman city. Chron. 607; deserted28, Chron. 894; restored, Chron. 907. Flor. 908.
Legraceaster, now Leicester. Chron. 918, 941, 943. civitas. Flor. 942.
Lindicoln, the ancient Lindum, now Lincoln, the capital city of the Lindissi; a bishop’s see: then one of the five or seven burhs. Chron. 941. civitas. Flor. 942.
Lundenbyrig, Lundenwíc, Londinium, now London. The principal city of the Cantii; then of the Trinobantes; Kair Lunden, Troynovant. Locally in Essex, but usually subject to Mercian sovereignty. Towards the time of the conquest more frequently the residence of the Saxon kings, and scene of their witena gemóts. A strongly fortified city with a fortified bridge over the Thames connecting it with Southwark, apparently29 its Tête de pont. Chron. 457, 604, 872, 886, 896, 910, 994, 1009, 1013, 1016, 1052.
Lygeanbyrig, now Leighton buzzard. Chron. 571.
Maidulfi urbs, Meldumesbyrig, now Malmesbury in Wilts. Flor. 940.
Mameceaster, now Manchester: “urbem restaurarent, et in ea fortes30 milites collocarent.” Flor. 920.
Mealdun, now Maldon in Essex. Chron. 920, 921. urbs; rebuilt and garrisoned by Eádweard. Flor. 917.
Medeshámstede: afterwards Burh, and from its wealth Gyldenburh: now Peterborough. Chron. 913.
Merantún, now Merton in Oxfordshire. Chron. 755.
Middeltún, Middleton in Essex, a fortress built by Hæsten the Dane. Chron. 893.
Norðhamtún, more frequently Hámtún only, now Northampton: a town or “Port,” burnt by the Danes under Svein. Chron. 1010.
Norðwíc, now Norwich, a burh, burned by Svein. Chron. 1004.
Oxnaford, Oxford31: a burh in Mercia, taken into his own hands by Eádweard on the death of Æðelflǽd. The burh was burnt by Svein. Chron. 1009.
Possentesbyrig. Chron. 661. ? Pontesbury, co. Salop.
Rædingas, now Reading: a royal vill, but, as many or all probably were, fortified. Asser. 871.
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Runcofa, now Runcorn, urbs, Flor. Wig. 916.
Sandwíc, now Sandwich, a royal vill, and harbour, whose tolls32 belonged to Canterbury. Chron. 851.
Scaroburh, now Salisbury, the ancient Kairkaradek. Chron. 552.
Scærgeat, now Scargate, built by Æðelflǽd. Chron. 912; arx munita, Flor. Wig. 913.
Sceaftesbyrig, Shaftsbury, the seat of a nunnery founded by Ælfred. Chron. 980, 982.
Sceobyrig, now Shoebury in Essex; a fort was built there in 894 by the Danes. Chron. 894.
Seletún, perhaps Silton in Yorkshire. Chron. 780.
Snotingahám, now Nottingham: the British Tinguobauc,or urbs speluncarum. Asser. 868; Chron. 868, 922, 923, 941. There were two towns here, one on each side the river. Flor. Wig. 919, 921; civitas, Flor. Wig. 942.
Soccabyrig, probably Sockburn in Durham. Chron. 780.
Stæfford, now Stafford, a vill of the Mercian kings, fortified by Æðelflǽd. Chron. 913; arx, Flor. Wig. 914.
Stamford in Lincolnshire. Chron. 922, 941; arx and civitas, Flor. Wig. 919, 942.
Sumertún, now Somerton in Oxfordshire, taken by Æðelbald of Mercia from Wessex. Chron. 733.
Súðbyrig, now Sudbury in Suffolk. Chron. 797.
Swanawíc, probably Swanwick, Hants. Chron. 877.
Temesford, Tempsford in Bedfordshire, a Danish fortress and town. Chron. 921.
Tofeceaster, Towchester in Northampton. Chron. 921; civitas, Flor. Wig. 918; walled with stone, Flor. ibid.
Tomaworðig, now Tamworth in Staffordshire; a favourite residence of the Mercian kings. Chron. 913, 922; fortified by Æðelflǽd; urbs, Flor. Wig. 914.
Wæringawíc, now Warwick. Chron. 914; urbs, Flor. Wig. 915.
Weardbyrig, now Warborough, Oxford; urbs, Flor. Wig. 916.
Wigingamere, probably in Hertfordshire. Chron. 951; urbs, Flor. Wig. 918; civitas, ibid.
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Wigornaceaster, Worcester, a fortified city. Chron. 922, 1041.
Wihtgarabyrig, now Carisbrook. Chron. 530, 544.
Wiltún, Wilton in Wiltshire. Chron. 1008.
Wintanceaster, Winchester, the capital of Wessex, a fortified city. Chron. 643, 648.
Withám, now Witham in Essex; a city and fortress. Chron. 913; Flor. Wig. 914.
Ðelweal, Thelwall in Cheshire, a fortress and garrison14 town. Chron. 923; Flor. Wig. 920.
Ðetford, now Thetford in Norfolk; a fortress and city. Chron. 952, 1004.
It is not to be imagined that this list nearly exhausts the number of fortresses33, towns and cities extant in the Saxon times. It is only given as a specimen34, and as an illustration of the averments in the text. The reader who wishes to pursue the subject, will find the most abundant materials in the Index Locorum appended to Vol. VI. of the “Codex Diplomaticus Aevi Saxonici;” and to this I must refer him for any ampler information.

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1 fortified fortified     
adj. 加强的
参考例句:
  • He fortified himself against the cold with a hot drink. 他喝了一杯热饮御寒。
  • The enemy drew back into a few fortified points. 敌人收缩到几个据点里。
2 applied Tz2zXA     
adj.应用的;v.应用,适用
参考例句:
  • She plans to take a course in applied linguistics.她打算学习应用语言学课程。
  • This cream is best applied to the face at night.这种乳霜最好晚上擦脸用。
3 distinguished wu9z3v     
adj.卓越的,杰出的,著名的
参考例句:
  • Elephants are distinguished from other animals by their long noses.大象以其长长的鼻子显示出与其他动物的不同。
  • A banquet was given in honor of the distinguished guests.宴会是为了向贵宾们致敬而举行的。
4 strictly GtNwe     
adv.严厉地,严格地;严密地
参考例句:
  • His doctor is dieting him strictly.他的医生严格规定他的饮食。
  • The guests were seated strictly in order of precedence.客人严格按照地位高低就座。
5 locus L0zxF     
n.中心
参考例句:
  • Barcelona is the locus of Spanish industry.巴塞罗那是西班牙工业中心。
  • Thereafter,the military remained the locus of real power.自此之后,军方一直掌握着实权。
6 bishop AtNzd     
n.主教,(国际象棋)象
参考例句:
  • He was a bishop who was held in reverence by all.他是一位被大家都尊敬的主教。
  • Two years after his death the bishop was canonised.主教逝世两年后被正式封为圣者。
7 bishops 391617e5d7bcaaf54a7c2ad3fc490348     
(基督教某些教派管辖大教区的)主教( bishop的名词复数 ); (国际象棋的)象
参考例句:
  • Each player has two bishops at the start of the game. 棋赛开始时,每名棋手有两只象。
  • "Only sheriffs and bishops and rich people and kings, and such like. “他劫富济贫,抢的都是郡长、主教、国王之类的富人。
8 derived 6cddb7353e699051a384686b6b3ff1e2     
vi.起源;由来;衍生;导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 );(从…中)得到获得;源于;(从…中)提取
参考例句:
  • Many English words are derived from Latin and Greek. 英语很多词源出于拉丁文和希腊文。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • He derived his enthusiasm for literature from his father. 他对文学的爱好是受他父亲的影响。 来自《简明英汉词典》
9 concur CnXyH     
v.同意,意见一致,互助,同时发生
参考例句:
  • Wealth and happiness do not always concur.财富与幸福并非总是并存的。
  • I concur with the speaker in condemning what has been done.我同意发言者对所做的事加以谴责。
10 bucks a391832ce78ebbcfc3ed483cc6d17634     
n.雄鹿( buck的名词复数 );钱;(英国十九世纪初的)花花公子;(用于某些表达方式)责任v.(马等)猛然弓背跃起( buck的第三人称单数 );抵制;猛然震荡;马等尥起后蹄跳跃
参考例句:
  • They cost ten bucks. 这些值十元钱。
  • They are hunting for bucks. 他们正在猎雄兔。 来自《简明英汉词典》
11 wilts fecb32ceb121b72a2dc58d87218665f8     
(使)凋谢,枯萎( wilt的第三人称单数 )
参考例句:
  • The bacteria may gain entry and develop internally as in wilts and stunts. 当植株产生萎蔫或矮化症时细菌可进入体内繁殖。
  • The bacteris may gain entry and develop internally as in wilts and stunts. 当植株产生萎蔫或矮化症时细菌进入体内繁殖。
12 pro tk3zvX     
n.赞成,赞成的意见,赞成者
参考例句:
  • The two debating teams argued the question pro and con.辩论的两组从赞成与反对两方面辩这一问题。
  • Are you pro or con nuclear disarmament?你是赞成还是反对核裁军?
13 garrisoned 4e6e6bbffd7a2b5431f9f4998431e0da     
卫戍部队守备( garrison的过去式和过去分词 ); 派部队驻防
参考例句:
  • The town was garrisoned with two regiments. 该镇有两团士兵驻守。
  • A hundred soldiers were garrisoned in the town. 派了一百名士兵在城里驻防。
14 garrison uhNxT     
n.卫戍部队;驻地,卫戍区;vt.派(兵)驻防
参考例句:
  • The troops came to the relief of the besieged garrison.军队来援救被围的守备军。
  • The German was moving to stiffen up the garrison in Sicily.德军正在加强西西里守军之力量。
15 cod nwizOF     
n.鳕鱼;v.愚弄;哄骗
参考例句:
  • They salt down cod for winter use.他们腌鳕鱼留着冬天吃。
  • Cod are found in the North Atlantic and the North Sea.北大西洋和北海有鳕鱼。
16 metropolis BCOxY     
n.首府;大城市
参考例句:
  • Shanghai is a metropolis in China.上海是中国的大都市。
  • He was dazzled by the gaiety and splendour of the metropolis.大都市的花花世界使他感到眼花缭乱。
17 sufficiently 0htzMB     
adv.足够地,充分地
参考例句:
  • It turned out he had not insured the house sufficiently.原来他没有给房屋投足保险。
  • The new policy was sufficiently elastic to accommodate both views.新政策充分灵活地适用两种观点。
18 wig 1gRwR     
n.假发
参考例句:
  • The actress wore a black wig over her blond hair.那个女演员戴一顶黑色假发罩住自己的金黄色头发。
  • He disguised himself with a wig and false beard.他用假发和假胡须来乔装。
19 jurisdictions 56c6bce4efb3de7be8c795d15d592c2c     
司法权( jurisdiction的名词复数 ); 裁判权; 管辖区域; 管辖范围
参考例句:
  • Butler entreated him to remember the act abolishing the heritable jurisdictions. 巴特勒提醒他注意废除世袭审判权的国会法令。
  • James I personally adjudicated between the two jurisdictions. 詹姆士一世亲自裁定双方纠纷。
20 quorum r0gzX     
n.法定人数
参考例句:
  • The meeting is adjourned since there is no quorum.因为没有法定人数会议休会。
  • Three members shall constitute a quorum.三名成员可组成法定人数。
21 subdued 76419335ce506a486af8913f13b8981d     
adj. 屈服的,柔和的,减弱的 动词subdue的过去式和过去分词
参考例句:
  • He seemed a bit subdued to me. 我觉得他当时有点闷闷不乐。
  • I felt strangely subdued when it was all over. 一切都结束的时候,我却有一种奇怪的压抑感。
22 westward XIvyz     
n.西方,西部;adj.西方的,向西的;adv.向西
参考例句:
  • We live on the westward slope of the hill.我们住在这座山的西山坡。
  • Explore westward or wherever.向西或到什么别的地方去勘探。
23 situated JiYzBH     
adj.坐落在...的,处于某种境地的
参考例句:
  • The village is situated at the margin of a forest.村子位于森林的边缘。
  • She is awkwardly situated.她的处境困难。
24 weir oe2zbK     
n.堰堤,拦河坝
参考例句:
  • The discharge from the weir opening should be free.从堰开口处的泻水应畅通。
  • Big Weir River,restraining tears,has departed!大堰河,含泪地去了!
25 quay uClyc     
n.码头,靠岸处
参考例句:
  • There are all kinds of ships in a quay.码头停泊各式各样的船。
  • The side of the boat hit the quay with a grinding jar.船舷撞到码头发出刺耳的声音。
26 fortress Mf2zz     
n.堡垒,防御工事
参考例句:
  • They made an attempt on a fortress.他们试图夺取这一要塞。
  • The soldier scaled the wall of the fortress by turret.士兵通过塔车攀登上了要塞的城墙。
27 dwelling auzzQk     
n.住宅,住所,寓所
参考例句:
  • Those two men are dwelling with us.那两个人跟我们住在一起。
  • He occupies a three-story dwelling place on the Park Street.他在派克街上有一幢3层楼的寓所。
28 deserted GukzoL     
adj.荒芜的,荒废的,无人的,被遗弃的
参考例句:
  • The deserted village was filled with a deathly silence.这个荒废的村庄死一般的寂静。
  • The enemy chieftain was opposed and deserted by his followers.敌人头目众叛亲离。
29 apparently tMmyQ     
adv.显然地;表面上,似乎
参考例句:
  • An apparently blind alley leads suddenly into an open space.山穷水尽,豁然开朗。
  • He was apparently much surprised at the news.他对那个消息显然感到十分惊异。
30 fortes 1f43d3d4c6d96c26d6777518d49160dd     
n.特长,专长,强项( forte的名词复数 );强音( fortis的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • Entouré de places-fortes protestantes (Ménerbes, Sivergues, Buoux), Apt demeure cependant fidèlement catholique dans sa grande majorité. 处于新教包围的地盘下(Menerbes,Sivergues,Buoux),当时APT在它的大部分地区都忠于天主教。 来自互联网
31 Oxford Wmmz0a     
n.牛津(英国城市)
参考例句:
  • At present he has become a Professor of Chemistry at Oxford.他现在已是牛津大学的化学教授了。
  • This is where the road to Oxford joins the road to London.这是去牛津的路与去伦敦的路的汇合处。
32 tolls 688e46effdf049725c7b7ccff16b14f3     
(缓慢而有规律的)钟声( toll的名词复数 ); 通行费; 损耗; (战争、灾难等造成的)毁坏
参考例句:
  • A man collected tolls at the gateway. 一个人在大门口收通行费。
  • The long-distance call tolls amount to quite a sum. 长途电话费数目相当可观。
33 fortresses 0431acf60619033fe5f4e5a0520d82d7     
堡垒,要塞( fortress的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • They will establish impregnable fortresses. 他们将建造坚不可摧的城堡。
  • Indra smashed through Vritra ninety-nine fortresses, and then came upon the dragon. 因陀罗摧毁了维他的九十九座城堡,然后与维他交手。 来自神话部分
34 specimen Xvtwm     
n.样本,标本
参考例句:
  • You'll need tweezers to hold up the specimen.你要用镊子来夹这标本。
  • This specimen is richly variegated in colour.这件标本上有很多颜色。


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