Recent contributions to the literature of spirit photography are not very numerous. I may first mention the very thorough exposure by Dr. Walter Prince of the Keeler-Lee-Bocock photographs; this appeared in the Proceedings1 of the American Society for Psychical2 Research, vol. xiii., part II, March, 1920. Keeler is a photographic medium who has practised in the United States for a number of years. For the benefit of Mrs. Lee he produced, at a price, a long series of “spirit” photographs purporting4 to represent the deceased Mr. Bocock in a variety of situations. Test conditions were either wholly absent or absurdly inadequate5, and the photographs are, on internal evidence alone, so palpably fraudulent that it is surprising that they were ever accepted at all. The most obvious indication of fraud is the fact that through a whole long series of photographs Mr. Bocock’s facial angle remains6 the same and identical with that of one of the only two extant photographs of him, no matter what his posture7 may be or on what occupation he may be represented as engaged. This circumstance clearly points to the use of a single photograph of Mr. Bocock as the basis of all the fakes. The case is not of sufficient importance to be worth discussing at length, but it is an interesting example of the art of critically studying internal evidence and of the almost incredible effrontery8 of fraudulent mediums.
More important is Mr. Edward Bush’s “Spirit Photography Exposed,” a small pamphlet published by the author as a contribution to the “Nehushtan Crusade.” The object of the latter movement, of which one gathers that Mr. Bush is the leading spirit, is to show that all the physical phenomena9 of Spiritualism are fraudulent and to
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expose dishonest mediums. This last object, at least, is admirable, and Mr. Bush is certainly entitled to consider himself “one up” on Hope in the matter of spirit photographs.
Briefly10, Mr. Bush laid a trap for Hope by writing to the latter under an assumed name and enclosing a photograph of a living person which he represented as that of his deceased son. Hope returned the photograph and gave Mr. Bush an appointment for a séance, which he attended, still under his assumed name (Wood). He duly received an “extra” in the form of the face portrayed11 in the photograph which he had sent,[13] together with a “psychograph” beginning “Dear friend Wood”! Any reasonable person will say that Mr. Bush has proved his case, that he laid a trap for Hope and that Hope fell into it as completely as possible. But an apologetic will doubtless be forthcoming from those to whom Hope’s integrity is a cardinal12 article of faith.
Mr. Bush appears, I may add, to be almost wholly ignorant of fraudulent methods, but he has successfully made good his deficiency in this case by the exercise of a little diplomacy13.
Finally, I must touch on certain articles which have recently appeared in the well-known spiritualist paper, Light. It is with considerable reluctance14 that I do so, partly because the candid15 expression of my opinion cannot fail to bring me into sharp conflict with a number of people whom I respect and with whom I would much prefer to remain in harmony, and partly because exigencies16 of space compel me to adopt a brief and almost dogmatic mode of treatment which is likely to provoke accusations17 of superficiality and prejudice. To thrash the matter out thoroughly18 would necessitate19 an interminable discussion to which circumstances do not lend themselves and which would certainly be fruitless.
For there is an attitude of resolute20 credulity which is quite proof against reason. I do not for a moment suggest that spiritualists enjoy a monopoly of this quality; they do not, for it is equally to be found in other quarters, among materialistic21 scientists and party politicians, for example, who constantly ignore the plain implications of evidence if the latter happens to conflict with their cherished beliefs.
But however hopeless the task may be, it seems none the less to be a duty to protest from time to time against this state of mind, of which several striking examples are to be found in the articles in question.
The conviction of the genuineness of spirit photographs is a conviction which is founded on purely22 negative evidence (namely, that
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on very many occasions no fraud has been actually discovered), and held in the face of definite positive evidence (namely, the occasional actual discovery of fraud, as by Mr. Bush). But once formed it seems impossible to shake it, and just as always happens when emotion rather than reason is responsible for an opinion, every adverse23 indication is distorted into an additional corroboration24. Just as a lover distorts the faults of his mistress into virtues—frivolity being regarded as gaiety, dulness as profundity25 and intransigeance as strength of mind—so the plain indications of fraud which leap to the eyes of the unbiassed student are gravely put forward as evidence of the wonderful ways in which the spirits work.
Thus in Light for January 29th I find advanced as “most evidential” the fact that whereas a plate which had been in the possession of the medium for several days showed an “extra,” others, simultaneously26 exposed, which had not been in her possession, did not. (Note.—I am well aware that the plates sent to the medium for “impregnation by the psychic3 influence” were in a sealed packet which was certified27 intact when returned. But as anyone who has studied the subject of sealing knows, it is extremely difficult to devise a really fraud-proof method. Certainly no ordinary arrangement of strings28 and knots is reliable.)[14] Mr. Barlow, who writes the article, correctly argues that this result indicates that the lens of the camera used “had nothing to do with the formation of the psychic images which appear to have been printed on the photographic plate.” But instead of drawing the obvious conclusion that, in spite of the sealing, the plate which showed the “extra” had been tampered29 with, he adopts the view that a “psychic transparency” is used, that this is at some period applied30 to the sensitised surface of the plate by spirit agency and exposed to spirit light! Comment is needless.
This theory of the psychic transparency is very popular just now and is being freely invoked31 to account for the obvious indications of fraud which even a superficial study of spirit photographs reveals. It is expounded33 at some length by the Rev32. Chas. L. Tweedale (Light, January 22nd, 1921), who carefully describes the various indications which show clearly that the extra is often produced by a transparency of some kind, in terms which could be used almost without alteration34 as proof of the fraudulent nature of the productions. Thus the edges of the “psychic” transparency are said to be clearly visible on many of Hope’s negatives, and we are told that “in some cases when ‘the cotton-wool effect’ is introduced, this ring of nebulous whiteness probably forms the edge of the transparency and ... may conceal35 its use.” Most astonishing of all, perhaps, is this author’s credulity in accepting as genuine a spirit photograph showing two portraits of
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the late Mr. Stead of which one was an exact duplicate of the other, but larger, and clearly showed the “screen effect” of small dots which one can observe in any printed reproduction of a photograph.[15]
Certainly there is ample evidence to show that some kind of transparency is frequently used in the production of extras (Cf. p. 18 above), especially by Hope, but there seems no reason to suppose that it is in any way “psychic.” On the contrary, a friend of mine who enjoyed the privilege of a sitting with this artist not long ago tells me that when he went to focus the camera (as one is frequently invited to do), he clearly saw a wholly gratuitous36 face already projected on the ground-glass! Now either there was some kind of an objective apparition37 present in the camera’s field of view which reflected light which only became visible after passing through the lens (which is absurd), or there was a transparency of some kind between the lens and the ground-glass. Of course it may have been a psychic transparency born before its time—one cannot possibly say definitely that it was not, but the more mundane38 inference seems very much the more probable. In fact, all this talk of The Problems of Psychic Photography is no more than an orgy of hypothetising from a mass of utterly39 unreliable data.
If only believers in spirit photographs would take the trouble to learn a little more about fraud and tighten40 up their control accordingly, instead of inventing strange hypotheses to bolster41 up their imperfect observations, we should hear less of photographic mediums and fewer people would be duped in this deplorable fashion.
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1
proceedings
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| n.进程，过程，议程；诉讼(程序)；公报 | |
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psychical
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| adj.有关特异功能现象的；有关特异功能官能的；灵魂的；心灵的 | |
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psychic
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| n.对超自然力敏感的人；adj.有超自然力的 | |
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purporting
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| v.声称是…，（装得）像是…的样子( purport的现在分词 ) | |
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inadequate
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| adj.(for,to)不充足的，不适当的 | |
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6
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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7
posture
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| n.姿势，姿态，心态，态度；v.作出某种姿势 | |
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8
effrontery
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| n.厚颜无耻 | |
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phenomena
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| n.现象 | |
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briefly
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| adv.简单地，简短地 | |
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portrayed
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| v.画像( portray的过去式和过去分词 )；描述；描绘；描画 | |
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12
cardinal
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| n.(天主教的)红衣主教；adj.首要的，基本的 | |
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diplomacy
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| n.外交；外交手腕，交际手腕 | |
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reluctance
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| n.厌恶，讨厌，勉强，不情愿 | |
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candid
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| adj.公正的，正直的；坦率的 | |
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exigencies
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| n.急切需要 | |
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17
accusations
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| n.指责( accusation的名词复数 )；指控；控告；（被告发、控告的）罪名 | |
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18
thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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necessitate
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| v.使成为必要，需要 | |
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resolute
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| adj.坚决的，果敢的 | |
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materialistic
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| a.唯物主义的，物质享乐主义的 | |
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purely
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| adv.纯粹地，完全地 | |
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adverse
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| adj.不利的；有害的；敌对的，不友好的 | |
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corroboration
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| n.进一步的证实，进一步的证据 | |
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profundity
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| n.渊博；深奥，深刻 | |
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simultaneously
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| adv.同时发生地，同时进行地 | |
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certified
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| a.经证明合格的；具有证明文件的 | |
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strings
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| n.弦 | |
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tampered
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| v.窜改( tamper的过去式 )；篡改；（用不正当手段）影响；瞎摆弄 | |
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applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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invoked
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| v.援引( invoke的过去式和过去分词 )；行使（权利等）；祈求救助；恳求 | |
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rev
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| v.发动机旋转，加快速度 | |
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expounded
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| 论述，详细讲解( expound的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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alteration
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| n.变更，改变；蚀变 | |
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conceal
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| v.隐藏，隐瞒，隐蔽 | |
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gratuitous
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| adj.无偿的，免费的；无缘无故的，不必要的 | |
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apparition
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| n.幽灵，神奇的现象 | |
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mundane
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| adj.平凡的；尘世的；宇宙的 | |
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utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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tighten
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| v.(使)变紧；(使)绷紧 | |
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bolster
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| n.枕垫；v.支持，鼓励 | |
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