First Scandinavian Discoverer of America.—The Cabots.—Willoughby and Chancellor2 (1553–1554).—Stephen Burrough (1556).—Frobisher (1576–1578).—Davis (1585–1587).—Barentz, Cornelis, and Brant (1594).—Wintering of the Dutch Navigators in Nova Zembla (1596–1597).—John Knight3 (1606).—Murdered by the Esquimaux.—Henry Hudson (1607–1609).—Baffin (1616).
Long before Columbus sailed from the port of Palos (1492) on that ever-memorable4 voyage which changed the geography of the world, the Scandinavians had already found the way to North America. From Greenland, which was known to them as early as the ninth century, and which they began to colonize5 in the year 985, they sailed farther to the west, and gradually extended their discoveries from the coasts of Labrador, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland, to those of the present State of Rhode Island, which, from the wild vines they there found growing in abundance, they called the “good Vinland.”
But a long series of disasters destroyed their Greenland colonies about the end of the fourteenth century, and as Scandinavia itself had at that time but very little intercourse6 with the more civilized7 nations of Southern Europe, it is not to be wondered at that, despite the discoveries of Günnbjorn and Eric the Red, the great western continent remained unknown to the world in general.
One of the first consequences of the achievements of Columbus was the rediscovery of the northern part of America, for the English merchants longed to have a share of the commerce of India; and as the Pope had assigned the eastern route to the Portuguese8 and the western one to the Spaniards, they resolved to ascertain9 whether a third and shorter way to the Spice Islands, or to the fabulous10 golden regions of the east, might not be found by steering12 to the north-west. In pursuance of these views John and Sebastian Cabot sailed in 1497 from Bristol, at that time our first commercial port, and discovered the whole American coast from Labrador to Virginia. They failed indeed in the object of their mission, but they laid the first foundations of the future colonial greatness of England.
A second voyage, in 1498, by Sebastian Cabot alone, without the companionship of his father, had no important results, but in a third voyage which he undertook in search of a north-west passage, at Henry VIII.’s expense, in 1516 or 1517, it is tolerably certain that that great navigator discovered the two straits which now bear the names of Davis and Hudson.
The French expeditions of Verazzani (1523) and Jacques Cartier (1524), however memorable in other respects, having been as unsuccessful as those of Cortereal (1500) or Gomez (1524) in discovering the desired north-western passage, Sebastian Cabot, who in 1549 was created Grand Pilot of England, started in his old age another idea, which has become almost equally momentous13 in336 the history of Arctic discovery—the search for a north-eastern route to China. Accordingly, in the year 1553, a squadron of three small vessels14, under the command of Sir Hugh Willoughby, Chancellor, and Durfoorth, set sail from Ratcliffe, with the vain hope of reaching India by sailing round North Asia, the formation and vast extent of which were at that time totally unknown.
Off Senjan, an island on the Norwegian coast in lat. 69½°, the ships parted company in a stormy night, never to meet again. Willoughby and Durfoorth reached the coast of Nova Zembla, and ultimately sought a harbor in Lapland on the west side of the entrance into the White Sea, where the captain-general, officers, and crews of both ships were miserably16 frozen to death, as some Russian fishermen ascertained17 in the following spring. How long they sustained the severity of the weather is not known, but the journals and a will found on board the “Admiral” proved that Sir Hugh Willoughby and most of that ship’s company were alive in January, 1554. They died the victims of inexperience; for had they, as Sir John Richardson remarks, been skilled in hunting and clothing themselves, and taken the precaution moreover of laying in at the beginning of the winter a stock of mossy turf such as the country produces for fuel, and above all had they secured a few of the very many seals and belugæ which abounded18 in the sea around them, they might have preserved their lives and passed an endurable winter.
Chancellor was either more fortunate or more skillful, for after having long been buffeted19 about by stormy weather, he eventually reached St. Nicholas, in the White Sea. From thence he proceeded overland to Moscow, and delivered his credentials20 to the Czar, Ivan Vasilovitch, from whom he obtained many privileges for the company of merchants who had fitted out the expedition. In 1554 he returned to England, and shortly afterwards was sent back to Russia by Queen Mary for the purpose of negotiating a treaty of commerce between the two nations. Having satisfactorily accomplished21 his mission, he once more set sail from the White Sea, accompanied by a Muscovite ambassador. But this time the return voyage was extremely unfortunate, for Chancellor, after losing two of his vessels off the coast of Norway, was carried by a violent tempest into the Bay of Pitsligo, in Scotland, where his ship was wrecked22. He endeavored to save the ambassador and himself in a boat, but the small pinnace was upset; and although the Russian safely reached the strand23, the Englishman, after having escaped so many dangers in the Arctic Ocean, was drowned within sight of his native shores.
In 1556 the Muscovy Company fitted out the Serchthrift pinnace, under the command of Stephen Burrough, for discovery towards the River Obi and farther search for a north-east passage. This small vessel15 reached the strait between Nova Zembla and Vaigats, called by the Russians the Kara Gate, but the enormous masses of ice that came floating through the channel compelled it to return.
In spite of these repeated disappointments, the desire to discover a northern route to India was too great to allow an enterprising nation like the English to abandon the scheme as hopeless.
Thus in the days of Elizabeth the question of the north-west passage was337 again revived, and Martin Frobisher, who had solicited25 merchants and nobles during fifteen years for means to undertake “the only great thing left undone26 in the world,” sailed in the year 1576 with three small vessels of 35, 30, and 10 tons, on no less an errand than the circumnavigation of Northern America. The reader may smile at the ignorance which encouraged such efforts, but he can not fail to admire the iron-hearted man who ventured in such wretched nutshells to face the Arctic seas. The expedition safely reached the coasts of Greenland and Labrador, and brought home some glittering stones, the lustre27 of which was erroneously attributed to gold. This belief so inflamed28 the zeal29 for new expeditions to “Meta Incognita,” as Frobisher had named the coasts he had discovered, that he found no difficulty in equipping three ships of a much larger size, that they might be able to hold more of the anticipated treasure. At the entrance of the straits which still bear his name, he was prevented by the gales30 and drift-ice from forcing a passage to the sea beyond, but having secured about 200 tons of the supposed golden ore, the expedition was considered eminently31 successful. A large squadron of fifteen vessels was consequently fitted out in 1578 for a third voyage, and commissioned not only to bring back an untold32 amount of treasure, but also to take out materials and men to establish a colony on those desolate33 shores. But this grand expedition, which sailed with such extravagant34 hopes, was to end in disappointment. One of the largest vessels was crushed by an iceberg35 at the entrance of the strait, and the others were so beaten about by storms and obstructed36 by fogs that they were at length glad to return to England without having done any thing for the advancement37 of geographical38 knowledge. The utter worthlessness of the glittering stones having meanwhile been discovered, Frobisher relinquished39 all further attempts to push his fortunes in the northern regions, and sought new laurels40 in a sunnier clime. He accompanied Drake to the West Indies, commanded subsequently one of the largest vessels opposed to the Spanish Armada, and ended his heroic life while attacking a small French fort in behalf of Henry IV. during the war with the League.
The discovery of the North-western Passage was, however, still the great enterprise of the day, and thus sundry41 London merchants again “cast in their adventure,” and sent out John Davis, in 1585, with his two ships, “Sunshine” and “Moonshine,” carrying, besides their more necessary equipments, a band of music “to cheer and recreate the spirits of the natives.” Davis arrived in sight of the south-western coast of Greenland, where he saw a high mountain (Sukkertoppen) towering like a cone42 of silver over the fog which veiled the dismal43 shore. The voyagers were glad to turn from the gloomy scene, and to steer11 through the open water to the north-west, where, on August 6, they discovered land in latitude44 66° 40´ altogether free from “the pesters45 of ice, and ankered in a very fair rode.” A friendly understanding was established with the Esquimaux, and a lively traffic opened, the natives eagerly giving their skins and furs for beads46 and knives, until a brisk wind separated the strange visitants from their simple-minded friends. The remainder of the season was spent in exploring Cumberland Sound and the entrance to Frobisher’s and Hudson’s Straits.
338 In the following year Davis undertook a second voyage to the north-west, for which the “Sunshine” and “Moonshine” were again engaged, with two other vessels. On June 29, 1586, he landed on the coast of Greenland, in latitude 64°, and soon after steered47 to the west. The enormous ice-floes which, as is well known, come drifting from Baffin’s Bay until the season is far advanced, opposed his progress. For some days he coasted these floating islands, when a fog came on, during which ropes, sails, and cordage were alike fast frozen, and the seamen49, hopeless of accomplishing the passage, warned their commander that “by his over-boldness he might cause their widows and fatherless children to give him bitter curses.”
Touched by this appeal, Davis ordered two of his ships to return home, and pushing on in the “Moonshine” with the boldest of his followers50, he reached the American shore, which he coasted from 67° to 57° of latitude. Off the coast of Labrador two of his sailors were killed by the natives, and September being ushered51 in by violent gales, he gave up further attempts for the year, and returned to England.
On June 16, 1587, we once more find him on the coast of Greenland, in his old tried bark the “Sunshine,” in company with the “Elizabeth” and a pinnace. The supplies for this third voyage being furnished under the express condition that the expenses should be lightened as much as possible by fishing at all suitable times, the two larger ships were stationed for the purpose near the part of the coast which they had formerly52 visited, while Davis steered forward in the small and ill-conditioned vessel which alone remained at his disposal. He first sailed along the Greenland coast as far as 72° lat., where, having fairly entered Baffin’s Bay, he named the point at which he touched Sanderson’s Hope, in honor of his chief patron, and then steered to the west, until he once more fell in with the ice-barrier which had prevented his progress the year before. Time and perseverance53, however, overcame all obstacles, and by July 19 he had crossed to the opposite side of the strait which bears his name. He then sailed for two days up Cumberland Strait—which, it will be remembered, he discovered on his first expedition—but believing this passage to be an inclosed gulf54, he returned, and again passing the entrance to Hudson’s Bay without an effort to investigate it, repaired to the rendezvous55 appointed for the two whaling-vessels to meet him on their way to England. But who can paint his astonishment56 and consternation57 when he found that his companions had sailed away, leaving him to find his way home in his miserable58 pinnace, which, however, landed him safely on his native shores? This was the last of the Arctic voyages of that great navigator, for the spirit of the nation was chilled by his three successive disappointments; and all the zeal with which he pleaded for a fourth expedition proved fruitless.
He subsequently made five voyages to the East Indies, and was killed on December 27, 1605, on the coast of Malacca, in a fight with the Malays.
Seven years after Davis’s last Arctic voyage the Dutch made their first appearance on the scene of northern discovery. This persevering59 people had just then succeeded in casting off the Spanish yoke60, and was now striving to gain, by the development of his maritime61 trade, a position among the neighboring339 states, which the smallness of its territory seemed to deny to it. All the known avenues to the treasures of the south were at that time too well guarded by the fleets of Portugal and Spain to admit of any rivalry62; but if fortune favored them in finding the yet unexplored northern passage to India, they might still hope to secure a lion’s share in that most lucrative63 of trades.
Animated64 by this laudable spirit of enterprise, the merchants of Amsterdam, Enkhuizen, and Middelburg fitted out in 1594 an expedition in quest of the north-eastern passage, which they intrusted to the command of Cornelius Corneliszoon, Brant Ysbrantzoon, and William Barentz, one of the most experienced seamen of the day. The three vessels sailed from the Texel on June 6, and having reached the coast of Lapland, separated into two divisions; Barentz choosing the bolder course of coasting the west side of Nova Zembla as far as the islands of Orange, the most northerly points of the archipelago; while his less adventurous65 comrades were contented66 to sail along the Russian coast until they reached a strait, to which they gave the very appropriate name of Vaigats, or “Wind-hole.” Forcing their way through the ice, which almost constantly blocks up the entrance to the Kara Sea, they saw, on rounding a promontory67 at the other end of the strait, a clear expanse of blue open sea, stretching onward68 as far as the eye could reach, while the continent trended away rapidly towards the south-east. They now no longer doubted that they had sailed round the famous Cape24 Tabin—a fabulous headland, which, according to Pliny (an indisputable authority in those times of geographical ignorance), formed the northern extremity69 of Asia, from whence the voyage was supposed to be easy to its eastern and southern shores. Little did Brant and Cornelius dream that within the Arctic Circle the Asiatic coast still stretched 120° to the east; and fully70 trusting their erroneous impressions, they started in full sail for Holland, eager to bring to their countrymen the news of their imaginary success. Off Russian Lapland they fell in with Barentz, who, having arrived at the northern extremity of Nova Zembla—a higher latitude than any navigator is recorded to have reached before—had turned back before strong opposing winds and floating ice, and the three vessels returned together to Texel.
Such were the hopes raised by the discovery of the imaginary Cape Tabin that, losing sight of their habitual71 caution, the merchants of Middelburg, Enkhuizen, Rotterdam, and Amsterdam immediately fitted out a fleet of six ships, laden73 with all sorts of merchandise fit for the Indian market. A little yacht was added, which was to accompany the fleet as far as that promontory, and thence to return with the good news that the squadron had been left steering with a favorable wind right off to India. But, as may well be supposed, these sanguine74 hopes, built on the unsubstantial fabric75 of a vision, were doomed76 to a woful disappointment, for the “Wind-hole Strait,” doing full justice to its name, did not allow the vessels to pass; and after fruitless efforts to force their way through the ice-blocks which obstructed that inhospitable channel, they returned crestfallen77 to the port whence they had sailed a few months before with such brilliant expectations.
Although great disappointment was felt at this failure, the scheme of sailing340 round Cape Tabin to India was, however, not abandoned by the persevering Amsterdamers; and, on May 16, 1596, Heemskerk, Barentz, and Cornelis Ryp once more started for the north-east. Bear Island and Spitzbergen were discovered, whereupon the ships separated, Cornelis and Heemskerk returning to Holland, while Barentz, slowly making his way through the fog and ice, advanced to the most northern point of Nova Zembla, the crew being encouraged by the tidings that from the high cliffs of Orange Island clear open water had been seen to the south-east. The effort to reach this inviting78 channel was frustrated79 by the ice, which gathered about the ship as it lay near shore, and gradually collecting under and around it, raised it far above the level of the sea. All hope of return before the next summer now vanished, but these brave sailors submitted with resignation to their fate, “though much grieved,” says Gerrit de Veer80, who was himself an eye-witness of all the incidents he relates, “to live there all that cold winter, which we knew would fall out to be extremely bitter.” Fortunately a quantity of drift-wood was found on the strand, which served the Dutchmen both for the construction of a small hut and for fuel.
As early as September the ground was frozen so hard that they tried in vain to dig a grave for a dead comrade, and their cramped81 fingers could hardly build the hut, which was the more necessary, as the vessel, cracking under the pressure of the ice, gave signs of speedily breaking up altogether. By the middle of October the rude dwelling82 was completed, and though its accommodation was scanty83, they were glad to take up their abode84 in it at once. The best place by the central fire was assigned to a sick comrade, while all the rest arranged their beds as best they could on shelves which had been built round the walls. An examination into the state of their provisions showed the necessity of reducing their daily rations85 of bread, cheese, and wine, but by setting traps they caught a good many Arctic foxes, which gave them an occasional supply of fresh food. The sun had now entirely86 taken his departure, and the long winter night of the 75° 43´ of latitude set in, during which snowdrifts and impetuous winds confined them to their miserable hut.
“We looked pitifully one upon the other,” says De Veer, “being in great fear that if the extremity of the cold grew to be more and more, we should all die there of cold, for that what fire soever we made would not warm us.”
The ice was now two inches thick upon the walls, and even on the sides of their sleeping cots and the very clothes they wore were whitened with frost. Yet in the midst of all their sufferings these brave men maintained cheerful hearts; and so great was their elasticity87 of spirit that, remembering January 5 was Twelfth Eve, they resolved to celebrate it as best they might. “And then,” says the old chronicler, “we prayed our Maister that we might be merry that night, and said that we were content to spend some of the wine that night which we had spared, and which was our share (one glass) every second day, and whereof for certaine days we had not dranke, and so that night we made merry and drew for king. And therewith we had two pounds of meal, whereof we made pancakes with oyle, and every man had a white biscuit which we sopt in the wine. And so supposing that we were in our owne country and341 amongst our friends, it comforted us well as if we had made a great banquet in our owne house. And we also made trinkets, and our gunner was king of Novaya Zemlya, which is at least 800 miles long and lyeth between two seas.”
On January 24 the edge of the sun appeared above the horizon, and the sight was a joyful88 one indeed. Now also the furious snow-storm ceased, and though the severity of the cold continued unabated, they were better able to brave the outer air and to recruit their strength by exercise. With the return of daylight the bears came again about the house, and some being shot, afforded a very seasonable supply of grease, so that they were able to burn lamps and pass the time in reading.
When summer returned it was found impossible to disengage the ice-bound vessel, and the only hopes of escaping from this dreary89 prison now rested on two small boats, in which they finally quitted the scene of so much suffering on June 14, 1596. On the fourth day of their voyage their barks became surrounded by enormous masses of floating ice, which so crushed and injured them that the crews, giving up all hope, took a solemn leave of each other. But in this desperate crisis they owed their preservation90 to the presence of mind and agility91 of De Veer, who, with a well-secured rope, leaped from one ice-block to another till he reached a larger floe48, on which first the sick, then the stores, the crews, and finally the boats themselves were fairly landed. Here they were obliged to remain while the boats underwent the necessary repairs, and during this detention92 upon a floating ice raft the gallant93 Barentz closed the eventful voyage of his life. He died as he had lived, calmly and bravely, thinking less of himself than of the welfare of his fellow-sufferers, for his last words were directions as to the course in which they were to steer. His death was bitterly mourned by the rough men under his command, and even the prospect94 of a return to their homes could not console them for the loss of their beloved leader. After a most tedious passage (for by July 28 they had only reached the southern extremity of Nova Zembla) they at length, at the end of August, arrived at Kola, in Russian Lapland, where, to their glad surprise, they found their old comrade, John Cornelison Ryp, with whom they returned to Amsterdam.
Meanwhile the spirit of discovery had once more recovered in England from the chill thrown upon it by so many previous disappointments. In 1602, Weymouth, while attempting to sail up the promising95 inlet, now so well-known as the entrance to Hudson’s Bay, was repulsed96 by a violent storm, and in 1606 a melancholy97 issue awaited the next expedition to the north-west, which sailed under the command of John Knight, a brave and experienced sailor. Driven by stormy weather among the drift-ice on the coast of Labrador, Knight was fain to take shelter in the first cove1 that presented itself, and lost no time in ordering his damaged ship of forty tons to be drawn98 high up on the dry sand beyond the tide mark, where she might undergo the necessary repairs.
This position, however, not proving satisfactory, he manned his boat next day, and while the rest of the crew were busy at work, sailed across to the other side of the inlet to seek for some more convenient anchorage. Leaving two men in charge of the boat, he landed with his mate and three of his men to342 explore the strange coast. They climbed the steep acclivity of the shore, lingered for a moment on the summit of the cliffs, and before disappearing on the other side exchanged greetings of farewell with their messmates in the boat, who little imagined that it was a parting forever. Evening came on, and then darkened into night; muskets99 were fired and trumpets100 sounded, but no answer was made, and eleven o’clock arriving without any sign or signal of the missing party, the men who had tarried on shore mournfully returned to the ship with the dismal tidings of the loss of their brave commander and his comrades.
During this melancholy night, passed in alternate lamentations and plans for search and rescue, the ice had so accumulated in the channel which the unfortunate Knight crossed the day before, that though the boat was speedily rigged for the expedition, and the party who occupied it were one and all uncontrollably eager to start, the morning light convinced the most sanguine of the utter impossibility of forcing their way across the gulf. Thus passed two wretched days of uncertainty101, rendered doubly miserable by the inactivity to which they were condemned102, when on the night of the second day the little encampment was attacked by a large party of natives, whose hostility103 left no doubt about the fate which had befallen their missing friends. A volley of musketry soon dispersed104 the savages105, but fearing future attacks, the crew, now only eight in number, at once resolved to put to sea in their crazy bark, which, though deprived of its rudder, and so leaky that the pumps were obliged to be constantly at work, safely carried them to Newfoundland.
In the year 1607 Henry Hudson made the first attempt to sail across the North Pole, a plan started in 1527 by Robert Thorne, but not yet acted upon by any one during the eighty years that had since passed. He reached the east coast of Greenland in 73° of latitude, and then proceeded to the northern extremity of Spitzbergen, but all his efforts to launch forth106 into the unknown ocean beyond were baffled by the ice-fields that opposed his progress.
In his next voyage (1608) he vainly tried for the north-east passage, but his third voyage (1609), which he performed in the service of the Dutch, led to the discovery of the magnificent river which still bears his name, and at whose mouth the “Empire City” of the great American republic has arisen.
In April, 1610, we find him setting sail on the last and most celebrated107 of his voyages. In all but its commander, this expedition was miserably inadequate108 to the object of its mission, for it consisted only of one vessel of fifty-five tons provisioned for six months, and manned by a crew who speedily proved themselves to be utterly109 unworthy of their leader. On entering Hudson’s Straits, the large masses of ice which encumbered110 the surface of the water and the thickness of the constant fogs made them lose all courage, and they earnestly begged their commander to return at once to England. But Hudson pressed on until at last his little bark emerged into a vast open water rippling111 and sparkling in the morning sunshine. Hudson’s Bay expanded before him, and the enraptured112 discoverer was fully convinced that the north-western route to India now lay open to the mariners113 of England.
It was the beginning of August, and the dastardly crew considering the passage effected, urged an immediate72 return; but Hudson was determined114 on343 completing the adventure, and wintering, if possible, on the sunny shores of India. For three months he continued tracking the south coasts of that vast northern Mediterranean115, but all his hopes of finding a new channel opening to the south proved vain, until at length the ship was frozen in on November 10 in the south-east corner of James’s Bay. A dreary winter awaited the ice-bound seamen, with almost exhausted116 provisions, and unfortunately without that heroic patience and concord117 which had sustained the courage of Barentz and his companions under trials far more severe. But spring came at last, and revived the spirits of their leader. His ship was once more afloat, once more his fancy indulged in visions of the sunny East, when, as he stepped on deck on the morning of June 21, his arms were suddenly pinioned118, and he found himself in the power of three of his men.
Inquiry119, remonstrance120, entreaty121, command, all failed to draw a word from the stubborn mutineers, and Hudson resigned himself bravely to his fate, and, with the quiet dignity of a noble nature, looked on calmly at the ominous122 preparations going forward. A small open boat was in waiting, and into this Hudson—his hands being previously123 tied behind his back—was lowered; some powder and shot and the carpenter’s box came next, followed by the carpenter himself, John King, whose name ought to be held in honorable remembrance, as he alone among the crew remained true to his master. Six invalids124 were also forced into the boat, which was then cut adrift, and the vessel sailed onward on its homeward course. Nothing more was ever heard of Hudson; but the ringleaders of that dark conspiracy125 soon paid a terrible penalty. Some fell in a fight with the Esquimaux, and others died on the homeward voyage, during which they suffered from the extremest famine.
The account of the great expanse of sea which had been reached gave new vigor126 to the spirit of discovery, and new expeditions sallied forth (Sir Thomas Button, 1612, Gibbons, 1614, Bylot, 1615), to seek along the western shores of Hudson’s Bay the passage which was to open the way to India. All efforts in this direction were of course doomed to disappointment, but Baffin, who sailed in 1616, with directions to try his fortune beyond Davis’s Straits, enriched geography with a new and important conquest by sailing round the enormous bay which still bears his name. During this voyage he discovered the entrances of Smith’s, Jones’s, and Lancaster Sounds, without attempting to investigate these broad highways to fields of later exploration. He believed them to be mere127 inclosed gulfs, and this belief became so firmly grounded in the public mind that two full centuries elapsed before any new attempt was made to seek for a western passage in this direction, while Jens Munk, a Dane, sent out in 1619 with two good vessels, under the patronage128 of his king, Christian129 IV.; Fox and James (1631–1632), Knight and Barlow (1719), Middleton (1741), Moor130 and Smith (1746), confined their efforts to Hudson’s Bay, and, by their repeated disappointments, made all expeditions in quest of a north-western passage appear well-nigh as chimerical131 as those of the knight-errants of romance.
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cove
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| n.小海湾，小峡谷 | |
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chancellor
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| n.(英)大臣；法官；(德、奥)总理；大学校长 | |
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knight
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| n.骑士，武士；爵士 | |
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memorable
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| adj.值得回忆的，难忘的，特别的，显著的 | |
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colonize
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| v.建立殖民地，拓殖；定居，居于 | |
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intercourse
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civilized
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Portuguese
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ascertain
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| vt.发现，确定，查明，弄清 | |
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fabulous
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| adj.极好的；极为巨大的；寓言中的，传说中的 | |
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steer
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| vt.驾驶，为…操舵；引导；vi.驾驶 | |
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steering
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momentous
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vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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vessel
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miserably
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| adv.痛苦地；悲惨地；糟糕地；极度地 | |
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ascertained
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| v.弄清，确定，查明( ascertain的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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abounded
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| v.大量存在，充满，富于( abound的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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buffeted
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credentials
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accomplished
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wrecked
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23
strand
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| vt.使（船）搁浅，使（某人）困于（某地） | |
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24
cape
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| n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风 | |
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25
solicited
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| v.恳求( solicit的过去式和过去分词 )；（指娼妇）拉客；索求；征求 | |
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26
undone
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| a.未做完的，未完成的 | |
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27
lustre
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| n.光亮，光泽；荣誉 | |
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28
inflamed
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| adj.发炎的，红肿的v.（使）变红，发怒，过热( inflame的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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29
zeal
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| n.热心，热情，热忱 | |
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30
gales
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| 龙猫 | |
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31
eminently
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| adv.突出地；显著地；不寻常地 | |
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32
untold
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| adj.数不清的，无数的 | |
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33
desolate
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| adj.荒凉的，荒芜的；孤独的，凄凉的；v.使荒芜，使孤寂 | |
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34
extravagant
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| adj.奢侈的；过分的；(言行等)放肆的 | |
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35
iceberg
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| n.冰山，流冰，冷冰冰的人 | |
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36
obstructed
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| 阻塞( obstruct的过去式和过去分词 )； 堵塞； 阻碍； 阻止 | |
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37
advancement
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| n.前进，促进，提升 | |
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38
geographical
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| adj.地理的；地区(性)的 | |
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39
relinquished
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| 交出，让给( relinquish的过去式和过去分词 )； 放弃 | |
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40
laurels
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| n.桂冠，荣誉 | |
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41
sundry
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| adj.各式各样的，种种的 | |
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42
cone
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| n.圆锥体，圆锥形东西，球果 | |
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43
dismal
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| adj.阴沉的，凄凉的，令人忧郁的，差劲的 | |
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44
latitude
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| n.纬度，行动或言论的自由(范围)，(pl.)地区 | |
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45
pesters
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| 使烦恼，纠缠( pester的第三人称单数 ) | |
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46
beads
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| n.（空心）小珠子( bead的名词复数 )；水珠；珠子项链 | |
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47
steered
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| v.驾驶( steer的过去式和过去分词 )；操纵；控制；引导 | |
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48
floe
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| n.大片浮冰 | |
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49
seamen
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| n.海员 | |
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50
followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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51
ushered
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| v.引，领，陪同( usher的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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52
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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53
perseverance
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| n.坚持不懈，不屈不挠 | |
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54
gulf
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| n.海湾；深渊，鸿沟；分歧，隔阂 | |
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55
rendezvous
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| n.约会，约会地点，汇合点；vi.汇合，集合；vt.使汇合，使在汇合地点相遇 | |
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56
astonishment
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| n.惊奇，惊异 | |
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57
consternation
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| n.大为吃惊，惊骇 | |
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58
miserable
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| adj.悲惨的，痛苦的；可怜的，糟糕的 | |
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59
persevering
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| a.坚忍不拔的 | |
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60
yoke
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| n.轭；支配；v.给...上轭，连接，使成配偶 | |
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61
maritime
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| adj.海的，海事的，航海的，近海的，沿海的 | |
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62
rivalry
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| n.竞争，竞赛，对抗 | |
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63
lucrative
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| adj.赚钱的，可获利的 | |
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64
animated
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| adj.生气勃勃的，活跃的，愉快的 | |
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65
adventurous
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| adj.爱冒险的；惊心动魄的，惊险的，刺激的 | |
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66
contented
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| adj.满意的，安心的，知足的 | |
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67
promontory
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| n.海角；岬 | |
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68
onward
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| adj.向前的，前进的；adv.向前，前进，在先 | |
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69
extremity
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| n.末端，尽头；尽力；终极；极度 | |
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70
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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71
habitual
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| adj.习惯性的；通常的，惯常的 | |
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72
immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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73
laden
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| adj.装满了的；充满了的；负了重担的；苦恼的 | |
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74
sanguine
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| adj.充满希望的，乐观的，血红色的 | |
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75
fabric
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| n.织物，织品，布；构造，结构，组织 | |
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76
doomed
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| 命定的 | |
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77
crestfallen
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| adj. 挫败的，失望的，沮丧的 | |
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78
inviting
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| adj.诱人的，引人注目的 | |
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79
frustrated
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| adj.挫败的，失意的，泄气的v.使不成功( frustrate的过去式和过去分词 )；挫败；使受挫折；令人沮丧 | |
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80
veer
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| vt.转向，顺时针转，改变；n.转向 | |
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81
cramped
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| a.狭窄的 | |
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82
dwelling
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| n.住宅，住所，寓所 | |
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83
scanty
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| adj.缺乏的，仅有的，节省的，狭小的，不够的 | |
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84
abode
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| n.住处，住所 | |
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85
rations
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| 定量( ration的名词复数 )； 配给量； 正常量； 合理的量 | |
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86
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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87
elasticity
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| n.弹性，伸缩力 | |
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88
joyful
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| adj.欢乐的，令人欢欣的 | |
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89
dreary
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| adj.令人沮丧的，沉闷的，单调乏味的 | |
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90
preservation
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| n.保护，维护，保存，保留，保持 | |
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91
agility
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| n.敏捷，活泼 | |
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92
detention
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| n.滞留，停留；拘留，扣留；(教育)留下 | |
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93
gallant
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| adj.英勇的，豪侠的；(向女人)献殷勤的 | |
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94
prospect
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| n.前景，前途；景色，视野 | |
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95
promising
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| adj.有希望的，有前途的 | |
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96
repulsed
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| v.击退( repulse的过去式和过去分词 )；驳斥；拒绝 | |
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97
melancholy
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| n.忧郁，愁思；adj.令人感伤（沮丧）的，忧郁的 | |
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98
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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99
muskets
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| n.火枪，（尤指）滑膛枪( musket的名词复数 ) | |
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100
trumpets
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| 喇叭( trumpet的名词复数 )； 小号； 喇叭形物； （尤指）绽开的水仙花 | |
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101
uncertainty
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| n.易变，靠不住，不确知，不确定的事物 | |
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102
condemned
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| adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词 | |
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103
hostility
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| n.敌对，敌意；抵制［pl.］交战，战争 | |
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104
dispersed
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| adj. 被驱散的, 被分散的, 散布的 | |
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105
savages
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| 未开化的人，野蛮人( savage的名词复数 ) | |
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106
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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107
celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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108
inadequate
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| adj.(for,to)不充足的，不适当的 | |
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109
utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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110
encumbered
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| v.妨碍，阻碍，拖累( encumber的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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111
rippling
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| 起涟漪的，潺潺流水般声音的 | |
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112
enraptured
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| v.使狂喜( enrapture的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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113
mariners
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| 海员，水手（mariner的复数形式） | |
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114
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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115
Mediterranean
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| adj.地中海的；地中海沿岸的 | |
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116
exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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117
concord
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| n.和谐；协调 | |
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118
pinioned
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| v.抓住[捆住]（双臂）( pinion的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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119
inquiry
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| n.打听，询问，调查，查问 | |
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120
remonstrance
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| n抗议，抱怨 | |
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121
entreaty
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| n.恳求，哀求 | |
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122
ominous
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| adj.不祥的，不吉的，预兆的，预示的 | |
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123
previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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124
invalids
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| 病人，残疾者( invalid的名词复数 ) | |
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125
conspiracy
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| n.阴谋，密谋，共谋 | |
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126
vigor
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| n.活力，精力，元气 | |
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127
mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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128
patronage
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| n.赞助，支援，援助；光顾，捧场 | |
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129
Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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130
moor
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| n.荒野，沼泽；vt.(使)停泊；vi.停泊 | |
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131
chimerical
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| adj.荒诞不经的，梦幻的 | |
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