Buchan and Franklin.—Ross and Parry (1818).—Discovery of Melville Island.—Winter Harbor (1819–1820).—Franklin’s first land Journey.—Dreadful Sufferings.—Parry’s second Voyage (1821–1823).—Higliuk.—Lyon (1824).—Parry’s third Voyage (1824).—Franklin’s second land Journey to the Shores of the Polar Sea.—Beechey.—Parry’s sledge1 Journey towards the Pole.—Sir John Ross’s second Journey.—Five Years in the Arctic Ocean.—Back’s Discovery of Great Fish River.—Dease and Simpson (1837–1839).—Franklin and Crozier’s last Voyage (1845).—Searching Expeditions.—Richardson and Rae.—Sir James Ross.—Austin.—Penny.—De Haven2.—Franklin’s first Winter-quarters discovered by Ommaney.—Kennedy and Bellot.—Inglefield.—Sir E. Belcher.—Kellett.—M’Clure’s Discovery of the North-west Passage.—Collinson.—Bellot’s Death.—Dr. Rae learns the Death of the Crews of the “Erebus” and “Terror.”—Sir Leopold M’Clintock.
The failure of Captain Phipps (afterwards Lord Mulgrave) in the Spitzbergen seas (1773), and that of the illustrious Cook (1776), in his attempt to circumnavigate the northern shores of America or Asia by way of the Straits of Bering, entirely3 damped, for the next forty years, the spirit of Arctic discovery; but hope revived when it became known that Captain Scoresby, on a whaling expedition in the Greenland seas (1806), had attained4 81° 30´ N. lat., and thus approached the pole to within 540 miles. No previous navigator had ever reached so far to the north; an open sea lay temptingly before him, and the absence of the ice-blink proved that for miles beyond the visible horizon no ice-field or snow-covered land opposed his onward6 course; but as the object of Scoresby’s voyage was strictly7 commercial, and he himself answerable to the owners of his vessel8, he felt obliged to sacrifice his inclinations9 to his duty, and to steer10 again to the south.
During the Continental11 war, indeed, England had but little leisure to prosecute12 discoveries in the Arctic Ocean; but not long after the conclusion of peace, four stout13 vessels14 (1818) were sent out on that mission by Government. Two of these, the “Dorothea,” Captain Buchan, and the “Trent,” Commander Lieutenant15 John Franklin, were destined16 to proceed northward17 by way of Spitzbergen, and to endeavor to cross the Polar Sea. After unnumbered difficulties, the expedition was battling with the ice to the north-west of that wintry archipelago, when, on July 30, a sudden gale18 compelled the commander, as the only chance of safety, to “take the ice”—that is, to thrust the ships into an opening among the moving masses that could be perceived. In this very hazardous19 operation, the “Dorothea”—having received so much injury that she was in danger of sinking—was therefore turned homeward as soon as the storm subsided20, and the “Trent” of necessity accompanied her.
The other two ships, which sailed in the same year, the “Isabella,” commanded by Captain John Ross, and the “Alexander,” by Lieutenant William Edward Parry, had been ordered to proceed up the middle of Davis’s Strait to a345 high northern latitude21, and then to stretch across to the westward22, in the hope of being able to pass the northern extremity23 of America, and reach Bering’s Strait by that route. As respects the purposes for which it was sent out, this expedition likewise ended in disappointment; for though Ross defined more clearly the Greenland coast to the north of the Danish possessions between Cape24 Melville and Smith’s Sound, he was satisfied with making a very cursory25 examination of all the great channels leading from Baffin’s Bay into the Polar Sea. After sailing for some little distance up Lancaster Sound, he was arrested by the atmospheric26 deception27 of a range of mountains, extending right across the passage, and concluding it useless to persevere28, he at once—to the great astonishment29 and mortification30 of his officers—abandoned a course which was to render his successor illustrious. As may easily be imagined, the manner in which Ross had conducted this expedition failed to satisfy the authorities at home; and thus, in the following year, the “Hecla” and “Griper” were commissioned for the purpose of exploring the sound, whose entrance only had been seen by Baffin and Ross. The former ship was placed under the Command of Parry, and the latter under that of Lieutenant Matthew Liddon.
With this brilliant voyage, the epoch31 of modern discoveries in the Arctic Ocean may properly be said to begin. Sailing right through Lancaster Sound, over the site of Ross’s imaginary Croker Mountains, Parry passed Barrow’s Strait, and after exploring Prince Regent Inlet, whence the ice compelled him to return to the main channel, he discovered Wellington Channel (August 22), and soon after had the satisfaction of announcing to his men that, having reached 110° W. long., they were entitled to the king’s bounty32 of £5000, secured by order of council to “such of His Majesty’s subjects as might succeed in penetrating33 thus far to the west within the Arctic Circle.” After passing and naming Melville Island, a little progress was still made westward; but the ice was now rapidly gathering34, the vessels were soon beset35, and, after getting free with great difficulty, Parry was only too glad to turn back and settle down in Winter Harbor. It was no easy task to attain5 this dreary36 port, as a canal, two miles and a third in length, had first to be cut through solid ice of seven inches average thickness; yet such was the energy of the men that the herculean labor37 was executed in three days. The two vessels were immediately unrigged, the decks housed over, a heating apparatus39 arranged, and every thing made as comfortable as possible. To relieve the monotony of the long winter’s night, plays were acted every fortnight, a school established, and a newspaper set on foot—certainly the first periodical ever issued in so high a latitude. During the day the men were employed for exercise in banking40 up the ships with snow or making excursions within a certain distance; and when the weather forbade their leaving shelter, they were obliged to run round the decks to the tune41 of a barrel-organ.
In January the cold became more and more intense. On the 12th it was 51° below zero in the open air, and on the 14th the thermometer fell to 54°. On February 24 a fire broke out in a small house which had been built near the ships, to serve as an observatory42 for Captain Sabine, who accompanied the expedition as astronomer43. All hands rushed to the spot to endeavor to subdue346 the flames, but having only snow to throw on it, it was found impossible to extinguish it. The snow, however, covered the astronomical44 instruments, and secured them from the fire. The thermometer was at the time 44° below zero, and the faces of nearly the whole party grew white and frost-bitten after five minutes’ exposure, so that the surgeon and two or three assistants were busily employed in rubbing the faces of their comrades with snow, while the latter were working might and main to extinguish the flames. One poor fellow, in his anxiety to save the dipping-needle, carried it out without putting on his gloves; his hands were so benumbed in consequence, that when plunged45 into a basin of cold water it instantly froze, from the intense coldness imparted to it, and it was found necessary to resort, some time after, to the amputation46 of a part of four fingers on one hand and three on the other.
February 3 was a memorable47 day—the sun being visible from the maintop of the “Hecla,” from whence it was last seen on November 11. The weather got considerably48 milder in March; on the 6th the thermometer rose to zero, for the first time since December 17, and on April 30 it stood at the freezing-point, which it had not done since September 12.
At length May appeared, bringing the long summer’s day of the high northern latitudes49; but as many a week must still pass before the vessels could move out of their ice-bound harbor, Parry started on June 1 to explore the interior of the island, which at this early period of the season still wore a very dreary aspect. But such was the rapidity of vegetation, that by the end of the month the land, now completely clear of snow, was covered with the purple-colored saxifrage in blossom, with mosses50, and with sorrel, and the grass was from two to three inches long. The pasturage appeared to be excellent in the valleys, and, to judge by the numerous tracks of musk-oxen and reindeer51, there was no lack of animals to enjoy its abundance.
It was not before August 1 that the ships were released from their ten months’ blockade in Winter Harbor, when Parry once more stood boldly for the west; but no amount of skill or patience could penetrate52 the obstinate53 masses of ice that blocked the passage, or insure the safety of the vessels under the repeated shocks sustained from them. Finding the barriers insuperable, he gave way, and steering54 homeward, reached London on November 3, 1820, where, as may well be imagined, his reception was most enthusiastic.
While Parry was engaged on this wonderful voyage, Lieutenant Franklin and Dr. Richardson, accompanied by two midshipmen, George Back and Robert Hood55, and a sailor, John Hepburn, to whom were added during the course of the journey a troop of Canadians and Indians, were penetrating by land to the mouth of the Coppermine River for the purpose of examining the unexplored shores of the Polar Sea to the east. An idea of the difficulties of this undertaking56 may be formed, when I mention that the travellers started from Fort York, Hudson’s Bay, on August 30, 1819, and after a boat voyage of 700 miles up the Saskatchewan arrived before winter at Fort Cumberland. The next winter found them 700 miles farther on their journey, established during the extreme cold at Fort Enterprise, as they called a log-house built by them on Winter Lake, where they spent ten months, depending upon fishing and the347 success of their Indian hunters. During the summer of 1821 they accomplished57 the remaining 334 miles to the mouth of the Coppermine, and on July 21 Franklin and his party embarked58 in two birch-bark canoes on their voyage of exploration. In these frail60 shallops they skirted the desolate61 coast of the American continent 555 miles to the east of the Coppermine as far as Point Turnagain, when the rapid decrease of their provisions and the shattered state of the canoes imperatively62 compelled their return (August 22). And now began a dreadful land-journey of two months, accompanied by all the horrors of cold, famine, and fatigue63. An esculent lichen64 (tripe de roche), with an occasional ptarmigan, formed their scanty65 food, but on very many days even this poor supply could not be obtained, and their appetites became ravenous66. Sometimes they had the good-fortune to pick up pieces of skin, and a few bones of deer which had been devoured67 by the wolves in the previous spring. The bones were rendered friable68 by burning, and now and then their old shoes were added to the repast. On reaching the Coppermine, a raft had to be framed, a task accomplished with the utmost difficulty by the exhausted69 party. One or two of the Canadians had already fallen behind, and never rejoined their comrades, and now Hood and three or four more of the party broke down and could proceed no farther, Dr. Richardson kindly70 volunteering to remain with them, while Back, with the most vigorous of the men, pushed on to send succor71 from Fort Enterprise, and Franklin followed more slowly with the others. On reaching the log house this last party found that wretched tenement72 desolate, with no deposit of provisions and no trace of the Indians whom they had expected to meet there. “It would be impossible,” says Franklin, “to describe our sensations after entering this miserable73 abode74 and discovering how we had been neglected; the whole party shed tears, not so much for our own fate as for that of our friends in the rear, whose lives depended entirely on our sending immediate38 relief from this place.” Their only consolation75 was a gleam of hope afforded them by a note from Back, stating that he had reached the deserted76 hut two days before, and was going in search of the Indians. The fortunate discovery of some cast-off deer-skins and of a heap of acrid77 bones, a provision worthy78 of the place, sustained their flickering79 life-flame, and after eighteen miserable days they were joined by Dr. Richardson and Hepburn, the sole survivors80 of their party, Lieutenant Hood, a young officer of great promise, having been murdered by a treacherous81 Canadian, whom Richardson was afterwards obliged to shoot through the head in self-defense.
“Upon entering the desolate dwelling82,” says Richardson, “we had the satisfaction of embracing Captain Franklin, but no words can convey an idea of the filth83 and wretchedness that met our eyes on looking around. Our own misery84 had stolen upon us by degrees, and we were accustomed to the contemplation of each other’s emaciated85 figures; but the ghastly countenances86, dilated87 eyeballs, and sepulchral88 voices of Captain Franklin and those with him were more than we could at first bear.” At length, on November 7, when the few survivors of the ill-fated expedition (for most of the voyagers died from sheer exhaustion) were on the point of sinking under their sufferings, three Indians sent by Back, whose exertions89 to procure91 them relief had been beyond all praise,348 brought them the succor they had so long been waiting for. The eagerness with which they feasted on dried meat and excellent tongues may well be imagined; but severe pains in the stomach soon warned them that after so long an abstinence they must be exceedingly careful in the quantity of food taken. In a fortnight’s time they had sufficiently92 recruited their strength to be able to join Back at Moose Deer Island, and in the following year they returned to England.
Parry’s second voyage of discovery (1821–1823) was undertaken for the purpose of ascertaining94 whether a communication might be found between Regent’s Inlet and Rowe’s Welcome, or through Repulse95 Bay and thence to the north-western shores of America. The first summer (1821) was spent in the vain attempt of forcing a way through Frozen Strait, Repulse Bay, the large masses of ice in these waters holding the ships helplessly in their grasp, and often carrying them back in a few days to the very spot which they had left a month before. Owing to these rebuffs, the season came to an end while their enterprise was yet scarcely begun, and the ships took up their quarters in an open roadstead at Winter Island to the south of Melville Peninsula. Besides the winter amusements and occupations of the first voyage, the monotony of the winter was pleasantly broken during February by friendly visits from a party of Esquimaux. Among these a young woman, Higliuk, distinguished96 herself by her talents. Her love for music amounted to a passion, and her quickness of comprehension was such that she soon became an established interpreter between her own people and the English. The nature of a map having been explained to her, she readily sketched97 with chalk upon the deck the outlines of the adjoining coast, and continuing it farther, delineated the whole eastern shore of Melville Peninsula, rounding its northern extremity by a large island and a strait of sufficient magnitude to afford a safe passage for the ships. This information greatly encouraged the whole party, whose sanguine99 anticipations100 already fancied the worst part of their voyage overcome, and its truth was eagerly tested as soon as the ships could once more be set afloat, which was not till July 2.
After running the greatest dangers from the ice, they at length reached the small island of Igloolik, near the entrance of the channel, the situation of which had been accurately101 laid down by the Esquimaux woman. But all their efforts to force a passage through the narrow strait proved vain, for after struggling sixty-five days to get forward, they had only in that time reached forty miles to the westward of Igloolik. The vessels were therefore again placed in winter-quarters in a channel between Igloolik and the land; but having ascertained102 by boat excursions the termination of the strait, Parry thought it so promising103 for the ensuing summer that he at once named it the “Hecla and Fury Strait.” But his hopes were once more doomed104 to disappointment by the ice-obstructed105 channel, and he found it utterly106 impossible to pass through it with his ships. His return to England with his crews in health, after two winters in the high latitudes, was another triumph of judgment107 and discipline.
In the following year two new expeditions set sail for Polar America. Captain Lyon was sent out in the “Griper,” with orders to land at Wager108 River349 off Repulse Bay, and thence to cross Melville Peninsula, and proceed overland to Point Turnagain, where Franklin’s journey ended. But a succession of dreadful storms so crippled the “Griper,” while endeavoring to proceed onward up Rowe’s Welcome, that it became necessary to return at once to England.
Such was the esteem109 and affection Parry had acquired among the companions of his two former voyages, that when he took the command of a third expedition, with the intention of seeking a passage through Prince Regent’s Inlet, they all volunteered to accompany him. From the middle of July till nearly the middle of September (1824), the “Hecla” and the “Fury” had to contend with the enormous ice-masses of Baffin’s Bay, which would infallibly have crushed vessels less stoutly110 ribbed; and thus it was not before September 10 that they entered Lancaster Sound, which they found clear of ice, except here and there a solitary111 berg. But new ice now began to form, which, increasing daily in thickness, beset the ship, and carried them once more back again into Baffin’s Bay. By perseverance112, however, and the aid of a strong easterly breeze, Parry regained113 the lost ground, and on September 27 reached the entrance of Port Bowen, on the eastern shore of Prince Regent’s Inlet, where he passed the winter. By July 19 the vessels were again free, and Parry now sailed across the inlet to examine the coast of North Somerset; but the floating ice so injured the “Fury” that it was found necessary to abandon her. Her crew and valuables were therefore received on board the “Hecla;” the provisions, stores, and boats were landed, and safely housed on Fury Point, off North Somerset, for the relief of any wandering Esquimaux, or future Arctic explorers who might chance to visit the spot, and the crippled ship was given up to the mercy of the relentless114 ice, while her companion made the best of her way to England.
In spite of the dreadful sufferings of Franklin, Richardson, and Back during their first land journey, we find these heroes once more setting forth115 in 1825, determined116 to resume the survey of the Arctic coasts of the American continent. A far more adequate preparation was made for the necessities of their journey than before; and before they settled down for the winter at “Fort Franklin,” on the shores of Great Bear Lake, a journey of investigation117 down the Mackenzie River to the sea had been brought to a successful end. As soon as the ice broke in the following summer, they set out in four boats, and separated at the point where the river divides into two main branches, Franklin and Back proposing to survey the coast-line to the westward, while Richardson set out in an easterly direction to the mouth of the Coppermine River. Franklin arrived at the mouth of the Mackenzie on July 7, where a large tribe of Esquimaux pillaged118 his boats, and it was only by great prudence119 and forbearance that the whole party were not massacred. A full month was now spent in the tedious survey of 374 miles of coast, as far as Return Reef, more than 1000 miles distant from their winter-quarters on Great Bear Lake. The return journey to Fort Franklin was safely accomplished, and they arrived at their house on September 21, where they had the pleasure of finding Dr. Richardson and Lieutenant Kendall, who, on their part, had reached the Coppermine, thus connecting350 Sir John Franklin’s former discoveries to the eastward120 in Coronation Gulf121 with those made by him on this occasion to the westward of the Mackenzie. The cold during the second winter at Fort Franklin was intense, the thermometer standing122 at one time at 58° below zero; but the comfort they now enjoyed formed a most pleasing contrast to the squalid misery of Fort Enterprise.
When Franklin left England to proceed on this expedition, his first wife was then lying at the point of death, and indeed expired the day after his departure. But with heroic fortitude123 she urged him to set out on the very day appointed, entreating125 him, as he valued her peace and his own glory, not to delay a moment on her account. His feelings may be imagined when he raised on Garry Island a silk flag which she had made and given him as a parting gift, with the instruction that he was only to hoist126 it on reaching the Polar Sea.
While Parry and Franklin were thus severally employed in searching for a western passage, a sea expedition under the command of Captain Beechey had been sent to Bering’s Straits to co-operate with them, so as to furnish provisions to the former and a conveyance127 home to the latter—a task more easily planned than executed; and thus we can not wonder that when the “Blossom” reached the appointed place of rendezvous128 at Chamisso Island, in Kotzebue Sound (July 25, 1826), she found neither Parry (who had long since returned to England) nor Franklin. Yet the barge129 of the “Blossom”—which was dispatched to the eastward under charge of Mr. Elson—narrowly missed meeting the latter; for when she was stopped by the ice at Point Barrow, she was only about 150 miles from Return Reef, the limit of his discoveries to the westward of the Mackenzie.
In the year 1827 the indefatigable130 Parry undertook one of the most extraordinary voyages ever performed by man; being no less than an attempt to reach the North Pole by boat and sledge travelling over the ice. His hopes of success were founded on Crosby’s authority, who reports having seen ice-fields so free from either fissure131 or hummock132, that had they not been covered with snow, a coach might have been driven many leagues over them in a direct line; but when Parry reached the ice-fields to the north of Spitzbergen, he found them of a very different nature, composed of loose, rugged133 masses, intermixed with pools of water, which rendered travelling over them extremely arduous134 and slow. The strong flat-bottomed boats, specially135 prepared for an amphibious journey, with a runner attached to each side of the keel, so as to adapt them for sledging136, had thus frequently to be laden137 and unladen, in order to be raised over the hummocks138, and repeated journeys backward and forward over the same ground were the necessary consequence. Frequently the crew had to go on hands and knees to secure a footing. Heavy showers of rain often rendered the surface of the ice a mass of slush, and in some places the ice took the form of sharp-pointed124 crystals, which cut the boots like penknives. But in spite of all these obstacles, they toiled139 cheerfully on, until at length, after thirty-five days of incessant141 drudgery142, the discovery was made that, while they were apparently143 advancing towards the pole, the ice-field on which they were travelling was drifting to the south, and thus rendering144 all their exertions fruitless. Yet, though disappointed in his hope of planting his country’s standard on the northern351 axis145 of the globe, Parry had the glory of reaching the highest authenticated146 latitude ever yet attained (82° 40´ 30´´). On their return to the “Hecla,” which awaited them under Captain Forester in Treurenberg Bay, on the northern coast of Spitzbergen, the boats encountered a dreadful storm on the open sea, which obliged them to bear up for Walden Island—one of the most northerly rocks of the archipelago—where, fortunately, a reserve supply of provisions had been deposited. “Every thing belonging to us,” says Sir Edward Parry, “was now completely drenched147 by the spray and snow; we had been fifty-six hours without rest, and forty-eight at work in the boats, so that by the time they were unloaded we had barely strength to haul them up on the rocks. However, by dint148 of great exertion90, we managed to get the boats above the surf, after which, a hot supper, a blazing fire of drift-wood, and a few hours’ quiet rest restored us.” He who laments149 over the degeneracy of the human race, and supposes it to have been more vigorous or endowed with greater powers of endurance in ancient times, may perhaps come to a different opinion when reading of Parry and his companions.
Thus ended the last of this great navigator’s Arctic voyages. Born in the year 1790, of a family of seamen150, Parry at an early age devoted151 himself, heart and soul, to the profession in which his father had grown old. In his twenty-eighth year he discovered Melville Island, and his subsequent expedition confirmed the excellent reputation he had acquired by his first brilliant success. From the years 1829 to 1834 we find him in New South Wales, as Resident Commissioner152 of the Australian Agricultural Company. In the year 1837 he was appointed to organize the mail-packet service, then transferred to the Admiralty, and after filling the post of Captain Superintendent153 of the Royal Naval154 Hospital at Haslar, was finally appointed Governor of Greenwich Hospital. He died in the summer of 1855 at Ems.
Ten years had elapsed since Captain John Ross’s first unsuccessful voyage, when the veteran seaman155, anxious to obliterate156 the reproach of former failure by some worthy achievement, was enabled, through the munificence157 of Sir Felix Booth, to accomplish his wishes. A small Liverpool steamer, bearing the rather presumptuous158 name of the “Victory,” was purchased for the voyage, a rather unfortunate selection, for surely nothing can be more unpractical than paddle-boxes among ice-blocks; but to make amends159 for this error, the commander of the expedition was fortunate in being accompanied by his nephew, Commander James Ross, who, with every quality of the seaman, united the zeal160 of an able naturalist161. He it was who, by his well-executed sledge journeys, made the chief discoveries of the expedition; but the voyage of the “Victory” is far less remarkable162 for successes achieved than for its unexampled protraction during a period of five years.
The first season ended well. On August 10, 1829, the “Victory” entered Prince Regent’s Inlet, and reached on the 13th the spot where Parry, on his third voyage, had been obliged to abandon the “Fury.” The ship itself had been swept away; but all her sails, stores, and provisions on land were found untouched. The hermetically sealed tin canisters in which the flour, meat, bread, wine, spirits, sugar, etc., were packed had preserved them from the attacks of352 the white bears, and they were found as good after four years as they had been on the day when the “Fury” started on her voyage. It was to this discovery that the crew of the “Victory” owed their subsequent preservation163, for how else could they have passed four winters in the Arctic wastes?
On August 15 Cape Garry was attained, the most southern point of the inlet which Parry had reached on his third voyage. Fogs and drift-ice greatly retarded164 the progress of the expedition, but Ross moved on, though slowly, so that about the middle of September the map of the northern regions was enriched by some 500 miles of newly-discovered coast. But now, at the beginning of winter, the “Victory” was obliged to take refuge in Felix Harbor, where the useless steam-engine was thrown overboard as a nuisance, and the usual preparations made for spending the cold season as pleasantly as possible.
The following spring (from May 17 to June 13) was employed by James Ross on a sledge journey, which led to the discovery of King William’s Sound and King William’s Land, and during which that courageous165 mariner166 penetrated167 so far to the west that he had only ten days’ provisions—scantily measured out—for a return voyage of 200 miles through an empty wilderness168.
After twelve months’ imprisonment169, the “Victory” was released from the ice on September 17, and proceeded once more on her discoveries. But the period of her liberty was short, for, after advancing three miles in one continual battle against the currents and the drift-ice, she again froze fast on the 27th of the same month.
In the following spring we again see the indefatigable James Ross extending the circle of his sledge excursions, and planting the British flag on the site of the Northern Magnetic Pole—which, however, is not invariably fixed170 to one spot, as was then believed, but moves from place to place within the glacial zone.
On August 28, 1831, the “Victory”—after a second imprisonment of eleven months—was warped171 into open water; but after spending a whole month to advance four miles, she was encompassed172 by the ice on September 27, and once more fettered173 in the dreary wilderness.
As there seemed no prospect174 of extricating175 her next summer, they resolved to abandon her and travel over the ice to Fury Beach, there to avail themselves of the boats, provisions, and stores, which would assist them in reaching Davis’s Straits. Accordingly, on May 29, 1832, the colors of the “Victory” were hoisted176 and nailed to the mast, and after drinking a parting glass to the ship with the crew, and having seen every man out in the evening, the captain took his own leave of her. “It was the first vessel,” says Ross, “that I had ever been obliged to abandon, after having served in thirty-six, during a period of forty-two years. It was like the last parting with an old friend, and I did not pass the point where she ceased to be visible without stopping to take a sketch98 of this melancholy177 desert, rendered more melancholy by the solitary, abandoned, helpless home of our past years, fixed in immovable ice, till time should perform on her his usual work.”
After having, with incredible difficulty, reached Fury Beach, where, thanks to the forethought of Sir Edward Parry, they fortunately found a sufficient number353 of boats left for their purpose, and all the provisions in good condition, they set out on August 1—a considerable extent of open sea being visible—and after much buffeting178 among the ice, reached the north of the inlet by the end of the month. But here they were doomed to disappointment, for, after several fruitless attempts to run along Barrow’s Strait, the ice obliged them to haul their boats on shore and pitch their tents. Day after day they lingered till the third week in September, but the strait continuing one impenetrable mass of ice, it was unanimously agreed that their only resource was to fall back again on the stores at Fury Beach, and there spend a fourth long winter within the Arctic Circle. They were only able to get half the distance in the boats, which were hauled on shore in Batty Bay on September 24, and performed the rest of their journey on foot, the provisions being dragged in sledges180. On October 7 they once more reached the canvas hut, dignified181 with the name of “Somerset House,” which they had erected182 in July on the scene of the “Fury’s” wreck183, and which they had vainly hoped never to see again.
They now set about building a snow-wall four feet thick round their dwelling, and strengthening the roof with spars, for the purpose of covering it with snow, and by means of this shelter, and an additional stove, made themselves tolerably comfortable, until the increasing severity of the cold and the furious gales184 confined them within-doors, and sorely tried their patience. Scurvy185 now began to appear, and several of the men fell victims to the scourge186. At the same time, cares for the future darkened the gloom of their situation; for, should they be disappointed in their hopes of escaping in the ensuing summer, their failing strength and diminishing stores gave them but little hope of surviving another year.
It may easily be imagined how anxiously the movements of the ice were watched when the next season opened, and with what beating hearts they embarked at Batty Bay on August 15. Making their way slowly among the masses of ice with which the inlet was encumbered187, they to their great joy found, on the 17th, the wide expanse of Barrow’s Strait open to navigation.
Pushing on with renewed spirits, Cape York soon lay behind them, and, alternately rowing and sailing, on the night of the 25th they rested in a good harbor on the eastern shore of Navy Board Inlet. At 4 o’clock on the following morning they were roused from their slumber188 by the joyful189 intelligence of a ship being in sight, and never did men more hurriedly and energetically set out; but the elements were against them, and the ship disappeared in the distant haze190.
After a few hours’ suspense191, the sight of another vessel lying to in a calm relieved their despair. This time their exertions were successful, and, strange to say, the ship which took them on board was the same “Isabella”—now reduced to the rank of a private whaler—in which Ross had made his first voyage to the Arctic Seas.
The seamen of the “Isabella” told him of his own death—of which all England was persuaded—and could hardly believe that it was really he and his party who now stood before them. But when all doubts were cleared away, the rigging was instantly manned to do them honor, and thundering cheers welcomed354 Ross and his gallant192 band on board! The scene that now followed can not be better told than in Ross’s own words.
“Though we had not been supported by our names and characters, we should not the less have claimed from charity the attentions that we received; for never was seen a more miserable set of wretches193. Unshaven since I know not when, dirty, dressed in rags of wild beasts, and starved to the very bones, our gaunt and grim looks, when contrasted with those of the well-dressed and well-fed men around us, made us all feel (I believe for the first time) what we really were, as well as what we seemed to others. But the ludicrous soon took the place of all other feelings; in such a crowd and such confusion, all serious thought was impossible, while the new buoyancy of our spirits made us abundantly willing to be amused by the scene which now opened. Every man was hungry, and was to be fed; all were ragged179, and were to be clothed; there was not one to whom washing was not indispensable, nor one whom his beard did not deprive of all human semblance194. All, every thing too, was to be done at once: it was washing, dressing195, shaving, eating, all intermingled: it was all the materials of each jumbled196 together, while in the midst of all there were interminable questions to be asked and answered on both sides; the adventures of the ‘Victory,’ our own escapes, the politics of England, and the news, which was now four years old. But all subsided into peace at last. The sick were accommodated, the seamen disposed of, and all was done for us which care and kindness could perform. Night at length brought quiet and serious thoughts, and I trust there was not a man among us who did not then express where it was due his gratitude197 for that interposition which had raised us all from a despair which none could now forget, and had brought us from the borders of a most distant grave to life, and friends, and civilization. Long accustomed, however, to a cold bed on the hard snow or the bare rocks, few could sleep amidst the comfort of our new accommodations. I was myself compelled to leave the bed which had been kindly assigned me, and take my abode in a chair for the night; nor did it fare much better with the rest. It was for time to reconcile us to this sudden and violent change, to break through what had become habit, and to inure198 us once more to the usages of our former days.”
The “Isabella” remained some time longer in Baffin’s Bay to prosecute the fishery, and thus our Arctic voyagers did not return to England before October 15, 1833, when they were received as men risen from the grave. Wherever Ross appeared, he was met and escorted by a crowd of sympathizers; orders, medals, and diplomas from foreign states and learned societies rained down upon him. London, Liverpool, Bristol, and Hull199 presented him with the freedom of their respective cities; he received the honor of knighthood; and, though last, not least, Parliament granted him £5000 as a remuneration for his pecuniary200 outlay201 and privations.
It may easily be imagined that his long-protracted absence had not been allowed to pass without awakening202 a strong desire to bring him aid and assistance. Thus, when Captain (afterwards Rear-admiral Sir George) Back, that noble Paladin of Arctic research, volunteered to lead a land expedition in quest of Ross to the northern shore of America, £4000 were immediately raised by355 public subscription203 to defray expenses. While deep in the American wilds, Back was gratified with the intelligence that the object of his search had safely arrived in England; but, instead of returning home, the indefatigable explorer resolved to trace the unknown course of the Thlu-it-scho, or Great Fish River, down to the distant outlet204 where it pours its waters into the Polar Seas.
It would take a volume to relate his adventures in this expedition, the numberless falls, cascades205, and rapids that obstructed his progress; the storms and snow-drifts, the horrors of the deserts through which he forced his way, until he finally (July 28) reached the mouth of the Thlu-it-scho, or, rather, the broad estuary206 through which it disembogues itself into the Polar Sea. His intention was to proceed to Point Turnagain, but the obstacles were insurmountable, even by him. For ten days the exploring party had a continuation of wet, chilly207, foggy weather, and the only vegetation (fern and moss) was so damp that it would not burn; being thus without fuel, they had only during this time one hot meal. Almost without water, without any means of warmth, and sinking knee-deep as they proceeded on land, in the soft slush and snow, no wonder that some of the best men, benumbed in their limbs, and dispirited by the prospect before them, broke out for a moment in murmuring at the hardness of their duty.
On August 15, seeing the impossibility of proceeding208 even a single mile farther, Back assembled the men around him, and unfurling the British flag, which was saluted209 with three cheers, he announced to them his determination to return. The difficulties of the river were of course doubled in the ascent210, from having to go against the stream. All the obstacles of rocks, rapids, sand-banks, and long portages had to be faced. They found, as they went on, that many of the deposits of provisions, on which they relied, had been destroyed by wolves. After thus toiling211 on for six weeks, they were ultimately stopped by one most formidable perpendicular212 fall, which obliged them to abandon their boat; and proceeding on foot—each laden with a pack of about 75 lbs. weight—they ultimately arrived at their old habitation, Fort Reliance, after an absence of nearly four months, exhausted and worn out, but justly proud of having accomplished so difficult and dangerous a voyage.
The Fish River has since been named Back’s River, in honor of its discoverer; and surely no geographical213 distinction has ever been more justly merited.
This indefatigable explorer had scarcely returned to England (Sept. 8, 1835), when he once more set out on his way to the Arctic regions; but his ship, the “Terror,” was so disabled by the ice that she was scarcely able to accomplish the return voyage across the Atlantic, without allowing her to make any new discoveries.
The land expedition sent out by the Hudson’s Bay Company (1837–39), under the direction of Peter Warren Dease, one of their chief factors, and Mr. Thomas Simpson, proved far more successful. Descending214 the Mackenzie to the sea, they surveyed, in July, 1837, that part of the northern coast of America which had been left unexamined by Franklin and Elson in 1825, from Return Reef to Cape Barrow.
Although it was the height of summer, the ground was found frozen several356 inches below the surface, and the spray froze on the oars215 and rigging of their boats, which the drift-ice along the shore ultimately obliged them to leave behind.
As they went onward on foot, heavily laden, the frequent necessity of wading216 up to the middle in the ice-cold water of the inlets, together with the constant fogs and the sharp north wind, tried their powers of endurance to the utmost; but Simpson, the hero of the expedition, was not to be deterred217 by any thing short of absolute impossibility; nor did he stop till he had reached Point Barrow. Indeed, no man could be more fit than he to lead an expedition like this, for he had once before travelled 2000 miles on foot in the middle of winter from York Factory to Athabasca, walking sometimes not less than fifty miles in one day, and without any protection against the cold but an ordinary cloth mantle218.
After wintering at Fort Confidence, on Great Bear Lake, the next season was profitably employed in descending the Coppermine River, and tracing nearly 140 miles of new coast beyond Cape Turnagain, the limit of Franklin’s survey in 1821. The third season (1839) was still more favored by fortune, for Simpson succeeded in discovering the whole coast beyond Cape Turnagain as far as Castor and Pollux River (August 20, 1839), on the eastern side of the vast arm of the sea which receives the waters of the Great Fish River. On his return voyage, he traced sixty miles of the south coast of King William’s Island, and a considerable part of the high, bold shores of Victoria Land, and reached Fort Confidence on September 24, after one of the longest and most successful boat voyages ever performed in the Polar waters, having traversed more than 1600 miles of sea.
Unfortunately he was not destined to reap the rewards of his labor, for in the following year, while travelling from the Red River to the Mississippi, where he intended to embark59 for England, he was assassinated219 by his Indian guides; and thus died, in the thirty-sixth year of his age, one of the best men that have ever served the cause of science in the frozen north.
On May 26, 1845, Sir John Franklin, now in the sixtieth year of his age, and Captain Crozier, sailed from England, to make a new attempt at the north-west passage. Never did stouter220 vessels than the “Erebus” and “Terror,” well-tried in the Antarctic Seas, carry a finer or more ably commanded crew; never before had human foresight221 so strained all her resources to insure success; and thus, when the commander’s last dispatches from the Whalefish Islands, Baffin’s Bay (July 12), previous to his sailing to Lancaster Sound, arrived in England no one doubted but that he was about to add a new and brilliant chapter to the history of Arctic discovery.
His return was confidently expected towards the end of 1847; but when the winter passed and still no tidings came, the anxiety at his prolonged absence became general, and the early part of 1848 witnessed the beginning of a series of searching expeditions fitted out at the public cost or by private munificence, on a scale exceeding all former examples. The “Plover” and the “Herald” (1848) were sent to Bering’s Straits to meet Franklin with supplies, should he succeed in getting thither222. In spring Sir John Richardson hurried to the shores357 of the Polar Sea, anxious to find the traces of his lost friend. He was accompanied by Dr. Rae, who had just returned from the memorable land expedition (1846–47), during which, after crossing the isthmus223 which joins Melville Peninsula to the mainland, he traced the shores of Committee Bay and the east coast of Boothia as far as the Lord Mayor’s Bay of Sir John Ross, thus proving that desolate land to be likewise a vast peninsula.
But in vain did Rae and Richardson explore all the coasts between the Mackenzie and the Coppermine. The desert remained mute; and Sir James Ross (“Enterprise”) and Captain Bird (“Investigator”), who set sail in June, 1848, three months after Dr. Richardson’s departure, and minutely examined all the shores near Barrow Strait, proved equally unsuccessful.
Three years had now passed since Franklin had been expected home, and even the most sanguine began to despair; but to remove all doubts, it was resolved to explore once more all the gulfs and channels of the Polar Sea. Thus in the year 1850 no less than twelve ships sailed forth, some to Bering’s Straits, some to the sounds leading from Baffin’s Bay.16 Other expeditions followed in 1852 and 1853, and though none of them succeeded in the object of their search, yet they enriched the geography of the Arctic World with many interesting discoveries, the most important of which I will now briefly224 mention.
Overcoming the ice of Baffin’s Bay by the aid of their powerful steam-tugs, Austin, Ommaney, and Penny reached the entrance of Lancaster Sound. Here they separated, and while the “Resolute” remained behind to examine the neighborhood of Pond’s Bay, Ommaney found at Cape Riley (North Devon) the first traces of the lost expedition. He was soon joined by Ross, Austin, Penny, and the Americans, and a minute investigation soon proved that Cape Spencer and Beechey Island, at the entrance of Wellington Channel, had been the site of Franklin’s first winter-quarters, distinctly marked by the remains225 of a large storehouse, staves of casks, empty pemmican-tins, and, most touching226 relic227 of all, a little garden shaped into a neat oval by some flower-loving sailor, and filled with the few hardy228 plants which that bleak229 clime can nourish. Meanwhile winter approached, and little more could be done that season; so all the vessels which had entered Barrow’s Strait now took up their winter-quarters at the southern extremity of Cornwallis Land; with the exception of the “Prince Albert,” which set sail for England before winter set in, and of the Americans,358 who, perceiving the impolicy of so many ships pressing to the westward on one parallel, turned back, but were soon shut up in the pack-ice, which for eight long months kept them prisoners. The “Rescue” and “Advance” were drifted backward and forward in Wellington Channel until in December a terrific storm drove them into Barrow’s Strait, and still farther on into Lancaster Sound. Several times during this dreadful passage they were in danger from the ice opening round them and closing suddenly again, and only escaped being “nipped” by their small size and strong build, which enabled them to rise above the opposing edges instead of being crushed between them. Even on their arrival in Baffin’s Bay the ice did not release them from its hold, and it was not till June 9, 1851, that they reached the Danish settlement at Disco. After recruiting his exhausted crew, the gallant De Haven determined to return and prosecute the search during the remainder of the season; but the discouraging reports of the whalers induced him to change his purpose, and the ships and crews reached New York at the beginning of October, having passed through perils230 such as few have endured and still fewer have lived to recount.
Meanwhile the English searching expeditions had not remained inactive. As soon as spring came, well-organized sledge expeditions were dispatched in all directions, but they all returned with the same invariable tale of disappointment.
As soon as Wellington Channel opened, Penny boldly entered the ice-lanes with a boat, and, after a series of adventures and difficulties, penetrated up Queen’s Channel as far as Baring Island and Cape Beecher, where, most reluctantly, he was compelled to turn back.
A fine open sea stretched invitingly231 away to the north, but his fragile boat was ill-equipped for a voyage of discovery. Fully140 persuaded that Franklin must have followed this route, he failed, however, in convincing Captain Austin of the truth of his theory, and as, without that officer’s co-operation, nothing could be effected, he was compelled to follow the course pointed out by the Admiralty squadron, which, after two ineffectual attempts to enter Smith’s and Jones’s Sounds, returned to England.
The “Prince Albert” having brought home in 1850 the intelligence of the discoveries at Beechey Island, it was resolved to prosecute the search during the next season, and no time was lost to refit the little vessel and send her once more on her noble errand, under the command of William Kennedy (1851–52), to examine Prince Regent’s Inlet, on the coast of North Somerset. Finding the passage obstructed by a barrier of ice, Kennedy was obliged to take a temporary refuge in Port Bowen, on the eastern shore of the inlet. As it was very undesirable232, however, to winter on the opposite coast to that along which lay their line of search, Kennedy, with four of his men, crossed to Port Leopold, amid masses of ice, to ascertain93 whether any documents had been left at this point by previous searching parties. None having been found, they prepared to return; but to their dismay they now found the inlet so blocked with ice as to render it absolutely impossible to reach the vessel either by boat or on foot. Darkness was fast closing round them, the ice-floe233 on which they stood threatened every instant to be shivered in fragments by the contending ice-blocks which359 crashed furiously against it: unless they instantly returned to shore, any moment might prove their last. A bitter cold night (September 10, 1851), with no shelter but their boat, under which each man in turn took an hour’s rest—the others, fatigued234 as they were, seeking safety in brisk exercise—was spent on this inhospitable shore, and on the following morning they discovered that the ship had disappeared. The drift-ice had carried her away, leaving Kennedy and his companions to brave the winter as well as they could, and to endeavor in the spring to rejoin their vessel, which must have drifted down the inlet, and was most likely by this time imprisoned235 by the ice. Fortunately a dépôt of provisions, left by Sir James Ross at Whaler Point, was tolerably near, and finding all in good preservation, they began to fit up a launch, which had been left at the same place as the stores, for a temporary abode. Here they sat, on October 17, round a cheerful fire, manufacturing winter garments and completely resigned to their lot, when suddenly, to their inexpressible joy, they heard the sound of well-known voices, and Lieutenant Bellot, the second in command of the “Prince Albert,” appeared with a party of seven men. Twice before had this gallant French volunteer made unavailing attempts to reach the deserted party, who soon forgot their past misery as they accompanied their friends back to the ship. In the following spring Kennedy and Bellot explored North Somerset and Prince of Wales’ Land, traversing with their sledge 1100 miles of desert, but without discovering the least traces of Franklin or his comrades. Yet in spite of these frequent disappointments the searching expeditions were not given over, and as Wellington Channel and the sounds to the north of Baffin’s Bay appeared to offer the best chances, the spring of 1852 witnessed the departure of Sir Edward Belcher and Captain Inglefield17 for those still unknown regions.
The voyage of the latter proved one of the most successful in the annals of Arctic navigation. Boldly pushing up Smith’s Sound, which had hitherto baffled every research, Inglefield examined this noble channel as far as 78° 30´; N. lat., when stormy weather drove him back. He next attempted Jones’s Sound, and entered it sufficiently to see it expand into a wide channel to the northward.
The squadron which sailed under the command of Sir Edward Belcher was charged with the double mission of prosecuting236 the discoveries in Wellington Channel, and of affording assistance to Collinson and M’Clure, who, it will be remembered, had sailed in 1850 to Bering’s Straits.
At Beechey Island, where the “North Star” was stationed as dépôt-ship, the squadron separated, Belcher proceeding with the “Assistance” and the “Pioneer” up Wellington Channel, while Kellett, with the “Resolute” and “Intrepid,” steered237 to the west. Scarcely had the latter reached his winter-quarters (September 7, 1852) at Dealy Island, on the south coast of Melville Island, when360 parties were sent out to deposit provisions at various points of the coast, for the sledge parties in the ensuing spring.
The difficulties of transport over the broken surface of the desert when denuded238 of snow may be estimated from the fact, that though the distance from the north to the south coast of Melville Island is no more than thirty-six miles in a direct line, Lieutenant M’Clintock required no less than nineteen days to reach the Hecla and Griper Gulf. Similar difficulties awaited Lieutenant Mecham on his way to Liddon Gulf, but he was amply rewarded by finding at Winter Harbor dispatches from M’Clure, showing that, in April, 1851, the “Investigator” was lying in Mercy Bay, on the opposite side of Banks’s Strait, and that consequently the north-west passage, the object of so many heroic efforts, was at last discovered.
On March 9, 1853, the “Resolute” opened her spring campaign with Lieutenant Pym’s sledge journey to Mercy Bay, to bring assistance to M’Clure, or to follow his traces in case he should no longer be there.
A month later three other sledge expeditions left the ship. The one under M’Clintock proceeded from the Hecla and Griper Gulf to the west, and returned after one hundred and six days, having explored 1200 miles of coast—a sledge journey without a parallel in the history of Arctic research, though nearly equalled by the second party under Lieutenant Mecham, which likewise started to the west from Liddon Gulf, and travelled over a thousand miles in ninety-three days. The third party, under Lieutenant Hamilton, which proceeded to the north-east towards the rendezvous appointed by Sir Edward Belcher the preceding summer, was the first that returned to the ship, but before its arrival another party had found its way to the “Resolute”—pale, worn, emaciated figures, slowly creeping along over the uneven239 ice. A stranger might have been surprised at the thundering hurrahs which hailed the ragged troop from a distance, or at the warm and cordial greetings which welcomed them on deck, but no wonder that M’Clure and his heroic crew were thus received by their fellow-seamen after a three years’ imprisonment in the ice of the Polar Sea.
On August 1, 1850, the “Investigator,” long since separated from her consort240, the “Enterprise,” had met the “Herald” and “Plover”18 at Cape Lisburne, beyond Bering’s Straits, and now plunged alone into the unknown wildernesses241 of the Arctic Ocean. She reached the coast of Banks’s Land on September 6, discovered Prince Albert Land on the 9th, and then sailed up Prince of Wales’ Strait, where, on October 9, she froze in for the winter. In the same month, however, a sledge expedition was sent to the northern extremity of the strait, which established the fact of its communication with Parry Sound and Barrow’s Strait. In the following July the “Investigator,” though set free, was prevented from penetrating into the sound by impassable barriers of ice. Nothing now remained but to return to the southern extremity of the strait, and then to advance along the west coast of Banks’s Land to the north. This course was followed with tolerable ease till August 20, when the ship was driven between the ice and the beach a little north of Prince Albert Cape. Here she lay in comparative361 safety till the 29th, when the immense floe to which she was attached was raised edgeways out of the water, from the pressure of surrounding ice, and lifted perpendicularly242 some twenty-five feet. The slightest additional pressure would have thrown the delicately-poised vessel entirely over, but fortunately a large piece from underneath243 was rent away, and after one or two frightful244 oscillations the floe righted itself and drifted onward, bearing the ship unharmed upon its course.
During the succeeding month, every day brought its perils. Now forced ashore245 by the pressure of the ice, now hurried along amidst its inclosing masses, the adventurers, slowly working their way along the north coast of Banks’s Land, at length found refuge in a harbor to which the appropriate name of Mercy Bay was thankfully given. Here they spent two winters—the intervening summer having failed to release the ship. In the spring of 1853 Lieutenant Pym brought them the joyful news that the “Resolute” was not far off. Such had been the adventures of M’Clure up to the moment when Kellett welcomed him on board.
Meanwhile neither the sledge parties of the “Resolute,” nor those which Sir Edward Belcher had sent out in all directions from his first winter-quarters in Northumberland Sound (76° 52´ N. lat.), on the west side of Grinnell Peninsula, had been able to discover the least traces of Franklin. The winter (1853–54) passed, and in the following April Lieutenant Mecham found in Prince of Wales’ Strait, and later on Ramsay Island, at its southern outlet, documents from Collinson, bearing date August 27, 1852, and giving full intelligence of his proceedings246 since his separation from the “Investigator.” While M’Clure was achieving in 1850 the discovery of the north-west passage, Collinson, having arrived in Bering’s Straits later in the season, was unable to double Point Barrow. In 1851, however, he succeeded in getting round that projection247, and pursuing the continental channel as easily as his precursor248 had done, followed him through Prince of Wales’ Strait; but, though he penetrated a few miles farther into Melville Sound, he found no passage, and returning to the south end of the strait passed the winter of 1851–52 in Walker Bay. Next summer he carried his ship through Dolphin and union Straits and Dease Strait to Cambridge Bay, where he spent his second winter (1852–53). His sledge parties explored the west side of Victoria Strait, but a deficiency of coals compelled him to return the way he came, instead of attempting to force a passage through the channel. He did not, however, get round Barrow Point on his return without passing a third winter on the northern coast of America.
On returning to the “Resolute,” Lieutenant Mecham found all hands busy preparing to leave the ship, Sir E. Belcher having given orders to abandon her, as well as the “Assistance,” “Pioneer,” and “Intrepid,” which had now been blocked up above a year in the ice, and had no chance of escaping.
Thus the summer of 1854 witnessed the return to England of the “North Star,” with all those brave crews which had spent so many unavailing efforts, and in numerous boat and sledge excursions had explored so many known and unknown coasts in search of Franklin; and thus also M’Clure and his comrades, abandoning the “Investigator” in Mercy Bay, returned home through362 Davis’s Straits, after having entered the Polar Ocean at the Strait of Bering. He had, however, been preceded by Lieutenant Cresswell and Mr. Wynniat, who, on an excursion to Beechey Island in the summer of 1858, had there met with and joined the “Phœnix,” Captain Inglefield, who, accompanied by his friend Lieutenant Bellot, had conveyed provisions to Sir E. Belcher’s squadron, and was about to return to England. During this expedition Bellot, whose many excellent qualities had made him a universal favorite, was unfortunately drowned by a fall into an ice-crevice during a sledge excursion. A stone monument erected before Greenwich Hospital reminds England of the gallant volunteer whose name is gloriously linked with that of Franklin in Arctic history.
Years had thus passed without bringing any tidings of the “Erebus” and “Terror” since the discovery of their first winter-quarters, until at last, in the spring of 1854, Dr. Rae, of the Hudson’s Bay Company, while engaged in the survey of the Boothian isthmus, fell in with a party of Esquimaux, who informed him that in the spring of 1850 some of their countrymen on King William’s Island had seen a party of white men making their way to the mainland. None of them could speak the Esquimaux language intelligibly250, but by signs they gave them to understand that their ships had been crushed by ice, and that they were now going to where they expected to find deer to shoot. At a later date of the same season, but before the breaking up of the ice, the bodies of some thirty men were discovered on the continent a day’s journey from Back’s Great Fish River, and five on an island near it. Some of the bodies had been buried (probably those of the first victims of famine), some were in a tent, others under the boat which had been turned over to form a shelter, and several lay scattered251 about in different directions. Of those found on the island, one was supposed to have been an officer, as he had a telescope strapped252 over his shoulder, and his double-barrelled gun lay underneath him. The mutilated condition of several of the corpses253 and the contents of the kettles left no doubt that our wretched countrymen had been driven to the last resource of cannibalism254, as a means of prolonging existence. Some silver spoons and forks, a round silver plate, engraved255 “Sir John Franklin, K.C.B.,” a star or order, with the motto, “Nec aspera terrent,” which Dr. Rae purchased of the Esquimaux, corroborated256 the truth of their narrative257.
Thus it was now known how part of the unfortunate mariners258 had perished, but the fate of the expedition was still enveloped259 in mystery. What had become of the ships and of the greater part of their crews? And was Franklin one of the party seen by the Esquimaux, or had an earlier death shortened his sufferings?
To solve at least this mournful secret—for every hope that he might still be alive had long since vanished—his noble widow resolved to spend all her available means—since Government would no longer prosecute the search—and with the assistance of her friends, but mostly at her own expense, fitted out a small screw steamer, the “Fox,” which the gallant M’Clintock, already distinguished in perilous260 Polar voyages, volunteered to command. Another Arctic officer, Lieutenant Hobson, likewise came forward to serve without pay.
At first it seemed as if all the elements had conspired261 against the success of363 this work of piety262, for in the summer of 1857 the floating ice off Melville Bay, on the coast of Greenland, seized the “Fox,” and after a dreary winter, various narrow escapes, and eight months of imprisonment, carried her back nearly 1200 geographical miles, even to 63½° N. lat. in the Atlantic.
At length, on April 25, 1858, the “Fox” got free, and, having availed herself of the scanty stores and provisions which the small Danish settlement of Holstenburg afforded, sailed into Barrow Strait. Finding Franklin Channel obstructed with ice, she then turned back, and steaming up Prince Regent’s Inlet, arrived at the eastern opening of Bellot’s Strait. Here the passage to the west was again found blocked with ice, and after five ineffectual attempts to pass, the “Fox” at length took up her winter-quarters in Port Kennedy, on the northern side of the strait.
On his first sledge excursion in the following spring, M’Clintock met at Cape Victoria, on the south-west coast of Boothia, with a party of Esquimaux, who informed him that some years back a large ship had been crushed by the ice out in the sea to the west of King William’s Island, but that all the people landed safely.
Meeting with the same Esquimaux on April 20, he learned, after much anxious inquiry263, that besides the ship which had been seen to sink in deep water, a second one had been forced on shore by the ice, where they supposed it still remained, but much broken. They added that it was in the fall of the year—that is, August or September—when the ships were destroyed; that all the white people went away to the Great Fish River, taking a boat or boats with them, and that in the following winter their bones were found there.
These first indications of the fate of Franklin’s expedition were soon followed by others. On May 7 M’Clintock heard from an old Esquimaux woman on King William’s Island that many of the white men dropped by the way as they went to the Great River; that some were buried, and some were not. They did not themselves witness this, but discovered their bodies during the winter following.
Visiting the shore along which the retreating crews must have marched, he came, shortly after midnight of May 25, when slowly walking along a gravel264 ridge249 near the beach, which the winds kept partially265 bare of snow, upon a human skeleton, partly exposed, with here and there a few fragments of clothing appearing through the snow.
“A most careful examination of the spot,” says M’Clintock, “was of course made, the snow removed, and every scrap266 of clothing gathered up. A pocket-book, which being frozen hard could not be examined on the spot, afforded strong grounds for hope that some information might be subsequently obtained respecting the owner, and the march of the lost crews. The victim was a young man, slightly built, and perhaps above the common height; the dress appeared to be that of a steward267. The poor man seems to have selected the bare ridge top, as affording the least tiresome268 walking, and to have fallen upon his face in the position in which we found him. It was a melancholy truth that the old woman spake when she said, ‘They fell down and died as they walked along.’”
364 Meanwhile Lieutenant Hobson, who was exploring with another sledge party the north-western coast of King William’s Land, had made the still more important discovery of a record giving a laconic269 account of the Franklin expedition up to the time when the ships were lost and abandoned. It was found on May 6 in a large cairn at Point Victory. It stated briefly that in 1845 the “Erebus” and “Terror” had ascended270 Wellington Channel to lat. 77°, and returned by the west side of Cornwallis Island to Beechey Island, where they spent the first winter. In 1846 they proceeded to the south-west, through Peel Sound and Franklin Sound, and eventually reached within twelve miles of the north extremity of King William’s Land, when their progress was arrested by the ice. Sir John Franklin died on June 11, 1847, having completed—two months before his death—the sixty-first year of an active, eventful, and honorable life. On April 22, 1848, the ships were deserted, having been beset since September 12, 1846. The officers and crew, consisting of 105 souls, under the command of Captain Crozier, landed with the intention of starting for Back’s Fish River, which, as we have seen, they were never destined to reach.
Quantities of clothing and articles of all kinds were found lying about the cairn, as if these men, aware that they were retreating for their lives, had then abandoned every thing which they considered superfluous271.
Thus all doubts about Sir John Franklin’s fate were at length removed. He at least had died on board his ship, and been spared the miserable end of his comrades as they fell one by one in the dreary wilderness.
The two wrecks272 have disappeared without leaving a trace behind. A single document, some coins and pieces of plate—this is all that remains of the gallant ships which so hopefully sailed forth under one of the noblest seamen that ever served in the navy of Great Britain.
It is a curious circumstance that Franklin’s ships perished within sight of the headlands named Cape Franklin and Cape Jane Franklin by their discoverer, Sir James Ross, eighteen years before.
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sledge
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| n.雪橇，大锤；v.用雪橇搬运，坐雪橇往 | |
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haven
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| n.安全的地方，避难所，庇护所 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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attained
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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5
attain
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| vt.达到，获得，完成 | |
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6
onward
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| adj.向前的，前进的；adv.向前，前进，在先 | |
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7
strictly
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| adv.严厉地，严格地；严密地 | |
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8
vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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9
inclinations
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| 倾向( inclination的名词复数 )； 倾斜； 爱好； 斜坡 | |
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10
steer
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| vt.驾驶，为…操舵；引导；vi.驾驶 | |
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11
continental
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| adj.大陆的，大陆性的，欧洲大陆的 | |
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12
prosecute
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| vt.告发；进行；vi.告发，起诉，作检察官 | |
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14
vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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15
lieutenant
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| n.陆军中尉，海军上尉；代理官员，副职官员 | |
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16
destined
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| adj.命中注定的；(for)以…为目的地的 | |
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17
northward
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| adv.向北；n.北方的地区 | |
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18
gale
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| n.大风，强风，一阵闹声（尤指笑声等） | |
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19
hazardous
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| adj.(有)危险的，冒险的；碰运气的 | |
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20
subsided
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| v.（土地）下陷（因在地下采矿）( subside的过去式和过去分词 )；减弱；下降至较低或正常水平；一下子坐在椅子等上 | |
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21
latitude
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| n.纬度，行动或言论的自由(范围)，(pl.)地区 | |
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22
westward
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| n.西方，西部；adj.西方的，向西的；adv.向西 | |
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23
extremity
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| n.末端，尽头；尽力；终极；极度 | |
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24
cape
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| n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风 | |
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25
cursory
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| adj.粗略的；草率的；匆促的 | |
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26
atmospheric
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| adj.大气的，空气的；大气层的；大气所引起的 | |
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27
deception
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| n.欺骗，欺诈；骗局，诡计 | |
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28
persevere
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| v.坚持，坚忍，不屈不挠 | |
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29
astonishment
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| n.惊奇，惊异 | |
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30
mortification
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| n.耻辱，屈辱 | |
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31
epoch
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| n.(新)时代；历元 | |
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32
bounty
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| n.慷慨的赠予物，奖金；慷慨，大方；施与 | |
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33
penetrating
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| adj.（声音）响亮的，尖锐的adj.（气味）刺激的adj.（思想）敏锐的，有洞察力的 | |
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34
gathering
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| n.集会，聚会，聚集 | |
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35
beset
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| v.镶嵌；困扰，包围 | |
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36
dreary
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| adj.令人沮丧的，沉闷的，单调乏味的 | |
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37
labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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38
immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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39
apparatus
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| n.装置，器械；器具，设备 | |
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40
banking
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| n.银行业，银行学，金融业 | |
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41
tune
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| n.调子；和谐，协调；v.调音，调节，调整 | |
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42
observatory
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| n.天文台，气象台，瞭望台，观测台 | |
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43
astronomer
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| n.天文学家 | |
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44
astronomical
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| adj.天文学的，（数字）极大的 | |
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45
plunged
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| v.颠簸( plunge的过去式和过去分词 )；暴跌；骤降；突降 | |
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46
amputation
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| n.截肢 | |
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47
memorable
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| adj.值得回忆的，难忘的，特别的，显著的 | |
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48
considerably
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| adv.极大地；相当大地；在很大程度上 | |
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49
latitudes
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| 纬度 | |
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50
mosses
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| n. 藓类, 苔藓植物 名词moss的复数形式 | |
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51
reindeer
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| n.驯鹿 | |
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52
penetrate
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| v.透(渗)入；刺入，刺穿；洞察，了解 | |
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53
obstinate
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| adj.顽固的，倔强的，不易屈服的，较难治愈的 | |
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54
steering
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| n.操舵装置 | |
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55
hood
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| n.头巾，兜帽，覆盖；v.罩上，以头巾覆盖 | |
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56
undertaking
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| n.保证，许诺，事业 | |
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57
accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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58
embarked
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| 乘船( embark的过去式和过去分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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59
embark
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| vi.乘船，着手，从事，上飞机 | |
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60
frail
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| adj.身体虚弱的；易损坏的 | |
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61
desolate
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| adj.荒凉的，荒芜的；孤独的，凄凉的；v.使荒芜，使孤寂 | |
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62
imperatively
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| adv.命令式地 | |
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63
fatigue
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| n.疲劳，劳累 | |
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64
lichen
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| n.地衣, 青苔 | |
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65
scanty
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| adj.缺乏的，仅有的，节省的，狭小的，不够的 | |
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66
ravenous
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| adj.极饿的，贪婪的 | |
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67
devoured
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| 吞没( devour的过去式和过去分词 )； 耗尽； 津津有味地看； 狼吞虎咽地吃光 | |
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68
friable
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| adj.易碎的 | |
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69
exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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70
kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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71
succor
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| n.援助，帮助；v.给予帮助 | |
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72
tenement
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| n.公寓；房屋 | |
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73
miserable
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| adj.悲惨的，痛苦的；可怜的，糟糕的 | |
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74
abode
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| n.住处，住所 | |
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75
consolation
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| n.安慰，慰问 | |
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76
deserted
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| adj.荒芜的，荒废的，无人的，被遗弃的 | |
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77
acrid
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| adj.辛辣的，尖刻的，刻薄的 | |
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78
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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79
flickering
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| adj.闪烁的，摇曳的，一闪一闪的 | |
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80
survivors
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| 幸存者，残存者，生还者( survivor的名词复数 ) | |
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81
treacherous
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|
| adj.不可靠的，有暗藏的危险的；adj.背叛的，背信弃义的 | |
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82
dwelling
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| n.住宅，住所，寓所 | |
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83
filth
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| n.肮脏，污物，污秽；淫猥 | |
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84
misery
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| n.痛苦，苦恼，苦难；悲惨的境遇，贫苦 | |
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85
emaciated
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| adj.衰弱的，消瘦的 | |
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86
countenances
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| n.面容( countenance的名词复数 )；表情；镇静；道义支持 | |
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87
dilated
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|
| adj.加宽的，扩大的v.（使某物）扩大，膨胀，张大( dilate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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88
sepulchral
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| adj.坟墓的，阴深的 | |
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89
exertions
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| n.努力( exertion的名词复数 )；费力；（能力、权力等的）运用；行使 | |
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90
exertion
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| n.尽力，努力 | |
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91
procure
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| vt.获得，取得，促成；vi.拉皮条 | |
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92
sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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93
ascertain
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| vt.发现，确定，查明，弄清 | |
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94
ascertaining
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| v.弄清，确定，查明( ascertain的现在分词 ) | |
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95
repulse
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| n.击退，拒绝；vt.逐退，击退，拒绝 | |
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96
distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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97
sketched
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| v.草拟（sketch的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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98
sketch
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| n.草图；梗概；素描；v.素描；概述 | |
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99
sanguine
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| adj.充满希望的，乐观的，血红色的 | |
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100
anticipations
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| 预期( anticipation的名词复数 )； 预测； （信托财产收益的）预支； 预期的事物 | |
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101
accurately
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| adv.准确地，精确地 | |
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102
ascertained
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| v.弄清，确定，查明( ascertain的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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103
promising
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| adj.有希望的，有前途的 | |
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104
doomed
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| 命定的 | |
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105
obstructed
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| 阻塞( obstruct的过去式和过去分词 )； 堵塞； 阻碍； 阻止 | |
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106
utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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107
judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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108
wager
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| n.赌注；vt.押注，打赌 | |
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109
esteem
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| n.尊敬，尊重；vt.尊重，敬重；把…看作 | |
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110
stoutly
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| adv.牢固地，粗壮的 | |
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111
solitary
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| adj.孤独的，独立的，荒凉的；n.隐士 | |
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112
perseverance
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| n.坚持不懈，不屈不挠 | |
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113
regained
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| 复得( regain的过去式和过去分词 )； 赢回； 重回； 复至某地 | |
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114
relentless
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| adj.残酷的，不留情的，无怜悯心的 | |
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115
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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116
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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117
investigation
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| n.调查，调查研究 | |
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118
pillaged
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| v.抢劫，掠夺( pillage的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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119
prudence
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| n.谨慎，精明，节俭 | |
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120
eastward
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| adv.向东；adj.向东的；n.东方，东部 | |
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121
gulf
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| n.海湾；深渊，鸿沟；分歧，隔阂 | |
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122
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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123
fortitude
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| n.坚忍不拔；刚毅 | |
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124
pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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125
entreating
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| 恳求，乞求( entreat的现在分词 ) | |
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126
hoist
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| n.升高，起重机，推动；v.升起，升高，举起 | |
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127
conveyance
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| n.(不动产等的)转让，让与；转让证书；传送；运送；表达；（正）运输工具 | |
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128
rendezvous
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| n.约会，约会地点，汇合点；vi.汇合，集合；vt.使汇合，使在汇合地点相遇 | |
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129
barge
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| n.平底载货船，驳船 | |
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130
indefatigable
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| adj.不知疲倦的，不屈不挠的 | |
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131
fissure
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| n.裂缝；裂伤 | |
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132
hummock
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| n.小丘 | |
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133
rugged
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| adj.高低不平的，粗糙的，粗壮的，强健的 | |
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134
arduous
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| adj.艰苦的，费力的，陡峭的 | |
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135
specially
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| adv.特定地；特殊地；明确地 | |
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136
sledging
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| v.乘雪橇( sledge的现在分词 )；用雪橇运载 | |
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137
laden
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| adj.装满了的；充满了的；负了重担的；苦恼的 | |
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138
hummocks
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| n.小丘，岗( hummock的名词复数 ) | |
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139
toiled
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| 长时间或辛苦地工作( toil的过去式和过去分词 )； 艰难缓慢地移动，跋涉 | |
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140
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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141
incessant
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| adj.不停的，连续的 | |
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142
drudgery
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| n.苦工，重活，单调乏味的工作 | |
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143
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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144
rendering
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| n.表现，描写 | |
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145
axis
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| n.轴，轴线，中心线；坐标轴，基准线 | |
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146
authenticated
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| v.证明是真实的、可靠的或有效的( authenticate的过去式和过去分词 )；鉴定，使生效 | |
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147
drenched
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| adj.湿透的；充满的v.使湿透( drench的过去式和过去分词 )；在某人（某物）上大量使用（某液体） | |
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148
dint
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| n.由于，靠；凹坑 | |
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149
laments
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| n.悲恸，哀歌，挽歌( lament的名词复数 )v.（为…）哀悼，痛哭，悲伤( lament的第三人称单数 ) | |
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150
seamen
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| n.海员 | |
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151
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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152
commissioner
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| n.（政府厅、局、处等部门）专员，长官，委员 | |
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153
superintendent
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| n.监督人，主管，总监；(英国)警务长 | |
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154
naval
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| adj.海军的，军舰的，船的 | |
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155
seaman
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| n.海员，水手，水兵 | |
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156
obliterate
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| v.擦去，涂抹，去掉...痕迹，消失，除去 | |
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157
munificence
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| n.宽宏大量，慷慨给与 | |
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158
presumptuous
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| adj.胆大妄为的，放肆的，冒昧的，冒失的 | |
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159
amends
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| n. 赔偿 | |
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160
zeal
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| n.热心，热情，热忱 | |
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161
naturalist
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| n.博物学家(尤指直接观察动植物者) | |
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162
remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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163
preservation
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| n.保护，维护，保存，保留，保持 | |
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164
retarded
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| a.智力迟钝的，智力发育迟缓的 | |
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165
courageous
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| adj.勇敢的，有胆量的 | |
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166
mariner
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| n.水手号不载人航天探测器，海员，航海者 | |
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167
penetrated
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| adj. 击穿的，鞭辟入里的 动词penetrate的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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168
wilderness
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| n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等，荒漠 | |
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169
imprisonment
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| n.关押，监禁，坐牢 | |
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170
fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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171
warped
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| adj.反常的；乖戾的；（变）弯曲的；变形的v.弄弯，变歪( warp的过去式和过去分词 )；使（行为等）不合情理，使乖戾， | |
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172
encompassed
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| v.围绕( encompass的过去式和过去分词 )；包围；包含；包括 | |
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173
fettered
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| v.给…上脚镣，束缚( fetter的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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174
prospect
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| n.前景，前途；景色，视野 | |
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175
extricating
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| v.使摆脱困难，脱身( extricate的现在分词 ) | |
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176
hoisted
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| 把…吊起，升起( hoist的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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177
melancholy
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| n.忧郁，愁思；adj.令人感伤（沮丧）的，忧郁的 | |
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178
buffeting
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| 振动 | |
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179
ragged
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| adj.衣衫褴褛的，粗糙的，刺耳的 | |
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180
sledges
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| n.雪橇，雪车( sledge的名词复数 )v.乘雪橇( sledge的第三人称单数 )；用雪橇运载 | |
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181
dignified
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| a.可敬的，高贵的 | |
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182
ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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183
wreck
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| n.失事，遇难；沉船；vt.(船等)失事，遇难 | |
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184
gales
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| 龙猫 | |
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185
scurvy
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| adj.下流的，卑鄙的，无礼的；n.坏血病 | |
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186
scourge
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| n.灾难，祸害；v.蹂躏 | |
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187
encumbered
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| v.妨碍，阻碍，拖累( encumber的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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188
slumber
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| n.睡眠，沉睡状态 | |
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189
joyful
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| adj.欢乐的，令人欢欣的 | |
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190
haze
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| n.霾，烟雾；懵懂，迷糊；vi.(over)变模糊 | |
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191
suspense
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| n.（对可能发生的事）紧张感，担心，挂虑 | |
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192
gallant
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| adj.英勇的，豪侠的；(向女人)献殷勤的 | |
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193
wretches
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| n.不幸的人( wretch的名词复数 )；可怜的人；恶棍；坏蛋 | |
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194
semblance
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| n.外貌，外表 | |
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195
dressing
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| n.(食物)调料；包扎伤口的用品，敷料 | |
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196
jumbled
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| adj.混乱的；杂乱的 | |
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197
gratitude
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| adj.感激，感谢 | |
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198
inure
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| v.使惯于 | |
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199
hull
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| n.船身；(果、实等的)外壳；vt.去(谷物等)壳 | |
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200
pecuniary
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|
| adj.金钱的；金钱上的 | |
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201
outlay
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| n.费用，经费，支出；v.花费 | |
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202
awakening
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| n.觉醒，醒悟 adj.觉醒中的；唤醒的 | |
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203
subscription
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| n.预订，预订费，亲笔签名，调配法，下标（处方） | |
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204
outlet
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| n.出口/路；销路；批发商店；通风口；发泄 | |
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205
cascades
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| 倾泻( cascade的名词复数 )； 小瀑布（尤指一连串瀑布中的一支）； 瀑布状物； 倾泻（或涌出）的东西 | |
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206
estuary
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| n.河口，江口 | |
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207
chilly
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| adj.凉快的，寒冷的 | |
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208
proceeding
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| n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报 | |
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209
saluted
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| v.欢迎，致敬( salute的过去式和过去分词 )；赞扬，赞颂 | |
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210
ascent
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| n.(声望或地位)提高；上升，升高；登高 | |
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211
toiling
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| 长时间或辛苦地工作( toil的现在分词 )； 艰难缓慢地移动，跋涉 | |
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212
perpendicular
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|
| adj.垂直的，直立的；n.垂直线，垂直的位置 | |
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213
geographical
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| adj.地理的；地区(性)的 | |
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214
descending
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| n. 下行 adj. 下降的 | |
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215
oars
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| n.桨，橹( oar的名词复数 )；划手v.划（行）( oar的第三人称单数 ) | |
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216
wading
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| （从水、泥等）蹚，走过，跋( wade的现在分词 ) | |
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217
deterred
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| v.阻止，制止( deter的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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218
mantle
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| n.斗篷，覆罩之物，罩子；v.罩住，覆盖，脸红 | |
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219
assassinated
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| v.暗杀( assassinate的过去式和过去分词 )；中伤；诋毁；破坏 | |
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220
stouter
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| 粗壮的( stout的比较级 )； 结实的； 坚固的； 坚定的 | |
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221
foresight
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| n.先见之明，深谋远虑 | |
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222
thither
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| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
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223
isthmus
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| n.地峡 | |
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224
briefly
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| adv.简单地，简短地 | |
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225
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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226
touching
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| adj.动人的，使人感伤的 | |
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227
relic
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| n.神圣的遗物，遗迹，纪念物 | |
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228
hardy
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| adj.勇敢的，果断的，吃苦的；耐寒的 | |
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229
bleak
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| adj.(天气)阴冷的；凄凉的；暗淡的 | |
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230
perils
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| 极大危险( peril的名词复数 )； 危险的事（或环境） | |
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231
invitingly
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| adv. 动人地 | |
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232
undesirable
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| adj.不受欢迎的，不良的，不合意的，讨厌的；n.不受欢迎的人，不良分子 | |
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233
floe
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| n.大片浮冰 | |
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234
fatigued
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| adj. 疲乏的 | |
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235
imprisoned
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| 下狱，监禁( imprison的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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236
prosecuting
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| 检举、告发某人( prosecute的现在分词 )； 对某人提起公诉； 继续从事（某事物）； 担任控方律师 | |
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237
steered
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| v.驾驶( steer的过去式和过去分词 )；操纵；控制；引导 | |
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238
denuded
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| adj.[医]变光的，裸露的v.使赤裸( denude的过去式和过去分词 )；剥光覆盖物 | |
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239
uneven
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| adj.不平坦的，不规则的，不均匀的 | |
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240
consort
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| v.相伴；结交 | |
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241
wildernesses
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| 荒野( wilderness的名词复数 )； 沙漠； （政治家）在野； 不再当政（或掌权） | |
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242
perpendicularly
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| adv. 垂直地, 笔直地, 纵向地 | |
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243
underneath
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| adj.在...下面，在...底下；adv.在下面 | |
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244
frightful
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| adj.可怕的；讨厌的 | |
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245
ashore
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| adv.在(向)岸上，上岸 | |
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246
proceedings
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| n.进程，过程，议程；诉讼(程序)；公报 | |
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247
projection
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| n.发射，计划，突出部分 | |
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248
precursor
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| n.先驱者；前辈；前任；预兆；先兆 | |
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249
ridge
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| n.山脊；鼻梁；分水岭 | |
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250
intelligibly
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| adv.可理解地，明了地，清晰地 | |
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251
scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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252
strapped
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| adj.用皮带捆住的，用皮带装饰的；身无分文的；缺钱；手头紧v.用皮带捆扎(strap的过去式和过去分词)；用皮带抽打；包扎；给…打绷带 | |
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253
corpses
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|
| n.死尸，尸体( corpse的名词复数 ) | |
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254
cannibalism
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| n.同类相食；吃人肉 | |
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255
engraved
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| v.在（硬物）上雕刻（字，画等）( engrave的过去式和过去分词 )；将某事物深深印在（记忆或头脑中） | |
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256
corroborated
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|
| v.证实，支持（某种说法、信仰、理论等）( corroborate的过去式 ) | |
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257
narrative
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| n.叙述，故事；adj.叙事的，故事体的 | |
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258
mariners
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| 海员，水手（mariner的复数形式） | |
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259
enveloped
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| v.包围，笼罩，包住( envelop的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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260
perilous
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| adj.危险的，冒险的 | |
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261
conspired
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| 密谋( conspire的过去式和过去分词 )； 搞阴谋； （事件等）巧合； 共同导致 | |
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262
piety
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| n.虔诚，虔敬 | |
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263
inquiry
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| n.打听，询问，调查，查问 | |
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264
gravel
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| n.砂跞；砂砾层；结石 | |
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265
partially
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| adv.部分地，从某些方面讲 | |
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266
scrap
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| n.碎片；废料；v.废弃，报废 | |
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267
steward
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| n.乘务员，服务员；看管人；膳食管理员 | |
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268
tiresome
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| adj.令人疲劳的，令人厌倦的 | |
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269
laconic
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| adj.简洁的；精练的 | |
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270
ascended
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| v.上升，攀登( ascend的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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271
superfluous
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| adj.过多的，过剩的，多余的 | |
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272
wrecks
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| n.沉船( wreck的名词复数 )；（事故中）遭严重毁坏的汽车（或飞机等）；（身体或精神上）受到严重损伤的人；状况非常糟糕的车辆（或建筑物等）v.毁坏[毁灭]某物( wreck的第三人称单数 )；使（船舶）失事，使遇难，使下沉 | |
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