The fox takes an important place in Japanese legend, and the subject is of a far-reaching and complex kind.[1] Inari was originally the God of Rice, but in the eleventh century he became associated with the Fox God, with attributes for good and evil, mostly for evil, so profuse1 and so manifold in their application that they cause no little confusion to the English reader. All foxes possess supernatural powers to an almost limitless degree. They have the power of infinite vision; they can hear everything and understand the secret thoughts of mankind generally, and in addition they possess the power of transformation2 and of transmutation. The chief attribute of the bad fox is the power to delude3 human beings, and for this purpose it will take the form of a beautiful woman, and many are the legends told in this connection.[2] If the shadow of a fox-woman chance to fall upon water, only the fox, and not the fair woman, is revealed. It is said that if a dog sees a fox-woman the feminine form vanishes immediately, and the fox alone remains4.
Though the legends connected with the fox in Japan are usually associated with evil, Inari sometimes poses as a beneficent being, a being who can cure coughs and colds, bring wealth to the needy5, and answer a woman's prayer for a child. Another kindly6 act on the part of[Pg 94] Inari, which we might well have associated with Jizō, is to enable little boys and girls to bear with fortitude7 the troublesome performance of being shaved with a none too perfect razor, and also to help the little ones to go through the painful process of a hot bath, never less in Japan than 110° F.!
Inari not infrequently rewards human beings for any act of kindness to a fox. Only a part of his reward, however, is real; at least one tempting8 coin is bound to turn very quickly into grass! The little good done by Inari—and we have tried to do him justice—is altogether weighed down by his countless9 evil actions, often of an extremely cruel nature, as will be seen later on. The subject of the fox in Japan has been aptly described by Lafcadio Hearn as "ghostly zoology," and this cunning and malignant10 animal is certainly ghostly with a completeness far more horribly subtle than our own stock-in-trade ghost with luminous11 garment and clanking chain!
Demoniacal Possession
Demoniacal possession is frequently said to be due to the evil influence of foxes. This form of possession is known as kitsune-tsuki. The sufferer is usually a woman of the poorer classes, one who is highly sensitive and open to believe in all manner of superstitions13. The question of demoniacal possession is still an unsolved problem, and the studies of Dr. Baelz, of the Imperial University of Japan, seem to point to the fact that animal possession in human beings is a very real and terrible truth after all.[3] He remarks that a fox usually enters a woman either through the breast or between the finger-nails, and that the fox lives a separate life of its own, frequently speaking in a voice totally different from the human.
[Pg 95]
The Death-Stone[4]
"The Death-Stone stands on Nasu's moor14
Through winter snows and summer heat;
The moss15 grows grey upon its sides,
But the foul16 demon12 haunts it yet.
"Chill blows the blast: the owl's sad choir17
Hoots18 hoarsely19 through the moaning pines;
Among the low chrysanthemums20
The skulking21 fox, the jackal whines22,
As o'er the moor the autumn light declines."
Translated by B. H. Chamberlain.
The Buddhist23 priest Genno, after much weary travel, came to the moor of Nasu, and was about to rest under the shadow of a great stone, when a spirit suddenly appeared, and said: "Rest not under this stone. This is the Death-Stone. Men, birds, and beasts have perished by merely touching24 it!"
These mysterious and warning remarks naturally awakened25 Genno's curiosity, and he begged that the spirit would favour him with the story of the Death-Stone.
Thus the spirit began: "Long ago there was a fair girl living at the Japanese Court. She was so charming that she was called the Jewel Maiden26. Her wisdom equalled her beauty, for she understood Buddhist lore27 and the Confucian classics, science, and the poetry of China."
"So sweetly decked by nature and by art,
The monarch's self soon clasp'd her to his heart."
Translated by B. H. Chamberlain.
"One night," went on the spirit, "the Mikado gave[Pg 96] a great feast in the Summer Palace, and there he assembled the wit, wisdom, and beauty of the land. It was a brilliant gathering28; but while the company ate and drank, accompanied by the strains of sweet music, darkness crept over the great apartment. Black clouds raced across the sky, and there was not a star to be seen. While the guests sat rigid29 with fear a mysterious wind arose. It howled through the Summer Palace and blew out all the lanterns. The complete darkness produced a state of panic, and during the uproar30 some one cried out, 'A light! A light!'"
"And lo! from out the Jewel Maiden's frame
There's seen to dart31 a weirdly32 lustrous33 flame!
It grows, it spreads, it fills th' imperial halls;
The painted screens, the costly34 panell'd walls,
Erst the pale viewless damask of the night
Sparkling stand forth35 as in the moon's full light."
Translated by B. H. Chamberlain.
"From that very hour the Mikado sickened," continued the spirit. "He grew so ill that the Court Magician was sent for, and this worthy36 soul speedily ascertained37 the cause of his Majesty's decline. He stated, with much warmth of language, that the Jewel Maiden was a harlot and a fiend, 'who, with insidious38 art, the State to ravage39, captivates thy heart!'
"The Magician's words turned the Mikado's heart against the Jewel Maiden. When this sorceress was spurned40 she resumed her original shape, that of a fox, and ran away to this very stone on Nasu moor."
The priest looked at the spirit critically. "Who are you?" he said at length.
"I am the demon that once dwelt in the breast of the Jewel Maiden! Now I inhabit the Death-Stone for evermore!"
The Mikado and the Jewel Maiden.
The good Genno was much horrified41 by this dreadful[Pg 97] confession42, but, remembering his duty as a priest, he said: "Though you have sunk low in wickedness, you shall rise to virtue43 again. Take this priestly robe and begging-bowl, and reveal to me your fox form."
Then this wicked spirit cried pitifully:
"In the garish45 light of day
I hide myself away,
Like pale Asama's fires:
With the night I'll come again,
Confess my guilt46 with pain
And new-born pure desires."
Translated by B. H. Chamberlain.
With these words the spirit suddenly vanished.
Genno did not relinquish47 his good intentions. He strove more ardently48 than ever for this erring49 soul's salvation50. In order that she might attain51 Nirvana, he offered flowers, burnt incense52, and recited the sacred Scriptures53 in front of the stone.
When Genno had performed these religious duties, he said: "Spirit of the Death-Stone, I conjure54 thee! what was it in a former world that did cause thee to assume in this so foul a shape?"
Suddenly the Death-Stone was rent and the spirit once more appeared, crying:
"In stones there are spirits,
In the waters is a voice heard:
The winds sweep across the firmament55!"
Translated by B. H. Chamberlain.
Genno saw a lurid56 glare about him and, in the shining light, a fox that suddenly turned into a beautiful maiden.
Thus spoke57 the spirit of the Death-Stone: "I am she who first, in Ind, was the demon to whom Prince Hazoku paid homage58.... In Great Cathay I took the form of Hōji, consort59 of the Emperor Iuwao; and at[Pg 98] the Court of the Rising Sun I became the Flawless Jewel Maiden, concubine to the Emperor Toba."
The spirit confessed to Genno that in the form of the Jewel Maiden she had desired to bring destruction to the Imperial line. "Already," said the spirit, "I was making my plans, already I was gloating over the thought of the Mikado's death, and had it not been for the power of the Court Magician I should have succeeded in my scheme. As I have told you, I was driven from the Court. I was pursued by dogs and arrows, and finally sank exhausted61 into the Death-Stone. From time to time I haunted the moor. Now the Lord Buddha62 has had compassion63 upon me, and he has sent his priest to point out the way of true religion and to bring peace."
The legend concludes with the following pious64 utterances65 poured forth by the now contrite66 spirit:
"'I swear, O man of God! I swear,' she cries,
'To thee whose blessing67 wafts68 me to the skies,
I swear a solemn oath, that shall endure
Firm as the Death-Stone standing69 on the moor,
That from this hour I'm virtue's child alone!'
Thus spake the ghoul, and vanished 'neath the Stone."
Translated by B. H. Chamberlain.
How Tokutaro was Deluded70 by Foxes
Tokutaro was a complete sceptic in regard to the magical power of foxes. His scepticism exasperated71 a number of his companions, who challenged him to go to Maki moor. If nothing happened to him, Tokutaro was to receive, writes A. B. Mitford (Lord Redesdale) in Tales of Old Japan, "five measures of wine and a thousand copper72 cash[5] worth of fish." If, on the other[Pg 99] hand, Tokutaro should suffer through the power of the foxes, he was to present a similar gift to his companions. Tokutaro jeeringly73 accepted the bet, and when night had come he set out for the Maki moor.
Tokutaro was determined74 to be very cute and very wary75. On reaching his destination he happened to meet a fox running through a bamboo grove76. Immediately afterwards he perceived the daughter of the headman of Upper Horikané. On telling the woman that he was going to this village, she explained that as she was going there too they might journey together.
Tokutaro's suspicions were fully44 aroused. He walked behind the woman, vainly searching for a fox's tail. When they reached Upper Horikané the girl's parents came out, and were much surprised to see their daughter, who had married, and was living in another village.
Tokutaro, with a smile of superior wisdom, explained that the maid before them was not really their daughter, but a fox in disguise. The old people were at first indignant, and refused to believe what Tokutaro had told them. Eventually, however, he persuaded them to leave the girl in his hands while they waited for the result in the store-closet.
Tokutaro then seized the girl, and brutally78 knocked her down, pouring abuse upon her. He stamped upon her, and tortured her in every possible way, expecting every moment to see the woman turn into a fox. But she only wept and cried piteously for her parents to come to her rescue.
This whole-hearted sceptic, finding his efforts so far fruitless, piled wood upon the floor and burnt her to death. At this juncture79 her parents came running in and bound Tokutaro to a pillar, fiercely accusing him of murder.
[Pg 100]
Now a priest happened to pass that way, and, hearing the noise, requested an explanation. When the girl's parents had told him all, and after he had listened to Tokutaro's pleadings, he begged the old couple to spare the man's life in order that he might become in time a good and devout80 priest. This extraordinary request, after some demur81, was agreed to, and Tokutaro knelt down to have his head shaved, happy, no doubt, to be released from his predicament so easily.
No sooner had Tokutaro's wicked head been shaved than he heard a loud peal82 of laughter, and he awoke to find himself sitting on a large moor. He instinctively83 raised his hand to his head, to discover that foxes had shaved him and he had lost his bet!
A Fox's Gratitude84
After the preceding gruesome legend describing the evil propensities85 of the fox, it is refreshing86 to come across one that was capable of considerable self-sacrifice.
Now it happened, on a certain spring day, that two little boys were caught in the act of trying to catch a baby fox. The man who witnessed the performance possessed87 a kind heart, and, on hearing that the boys were anxious to sell the cub60, gave them half a bu.[6] When the children had joyfully88 departed with the money the man discovered that the little creature was wounded in the foot. He immediately applied89 a certain herb, and the pain speedily subsided90. Perceiving at a short distance a number of old foxes watching him, he generously let the cub go, and it sprang with a bound to its parents and licked them profusely91.
Now this kind-hearted man had a son, who was afflicted92 with a strange disease. A great physician at last prescribed the liver of a live fox as being the only[Pg 101] remedy likely to effect a cure. When the boy's parents heard this they were much distressed93, and would only consent to accept a fox's liver from one who made it his business to hunt foxes. They finally commissioned a neighbour to obtain the liver, for which they promised to pay liberally.
The following night the fox's liver was brought by a strange man totally unknown to the good people of the house. The visitor professed94 to be a messenger sent by the neighbour whom they had commissioned. When, however, the neighbour himself arrived he confessed that though he had tried his utmost to obtain a fox's liver he had failed to do so, and had come to make his apologies. He was utterly95 amazed to hear the story the parents of the suffering boy told him.
The next day the fox's liver was made into a concoction96 by the great physician, and immediately restored the little boy to his usual health again.
In the evening a beautiful young woman appeared at the bedside of the happy parents. She explained that she was the mother of the cub the master had saved, and that in gratitude for his kindness she had killed her offspring, and that her husband, in the guise77 of the mysterious messenger, had brought the desired liver.[7]
Inari Answers a Woman's Prayer
Inari, as we have already found, is often extremely benevolent97. One legend informs us that a woman who had been married many years and had not been blessed with a child prayed at Inari's shrine98. At the conclusion of her supplication99 the stone foxes wagged their tails, and snow began to fall. She regarded these phenomena100 as favourable101 omens102.
[Pg 102]
When the woman reached her home a yeta (beggar) accosted103 her, and begged for something to eat. The woman good-naturedly gave this unfortunate wayfarer104 some red bean rice, the only food she had in the house, and presented it to him in a dish.
The next day her husband discovered this dish lying in front of the shrine where she had prayed. The beggar was none other than Inari himself, and the woman's generosity105 was rewarded in due season by the birth of a child.
The Meanness of Raiko
Raiko was a wealthy man living in a certain village. In spite of his enormous wealth, which he carried in his obi (girdle), he was extremely mean. As he grew older his meanness increased till at last he contemplated106 dismissing his faithful servants who had served him so well.
One day Raiko became very ill, so ill that he almost wasted away, on account of a terrible fever. On the tenth night of his illness a poorly dressed bozu (priest) appeared by his pillow, inquired how he fared, and added that he had expected the oni to carry him off long ago.
These home truths, none too delicately expressed, made Raiko very angry, and he indignantly demanded that the priest should take his departure. But the bozu, instead of departing, told him that there was only one remedy for his illness. The remedy was that Raiko should loosen his obi and distribute his money to the poor.
Raiko became still more angry at what he considered the gross impertinence of the priest. He snatched a dagger107 from his robe and tried to kill the kindly bozu. The priest, without the least fear, informed Raiko that[Pg 103] he had heard of his mean intention to dismiss his worthy servants, and had nightly come to the old man to drain his life-blood. "Now," said the priest, "my object is attained108!" and with these words he blew out the light.
The now thoroughly109 frightened Raiko felt a ghostly creature advance towards him. The old man struck out blindly with his dagger, and made such a commotion110 that his loyal servants ran, into the room with lanterns, and the light revealed the horrible claw of a monster lying by the side of the old man's mat.
Carefully following the little spots of blood, Raiko's servants came to a miniature mountain at the extreme end of the garden, and in the mountain was a large hole, from whence protruded111 the upper part of an enormous spider. This creature begged the servants to try to persuade their master not to attack the Gods, and in future to refrain from meanness.
When Raiko heard these words from his servants he repented112, and gave large sums of money to the poor. Inari had assumed the shape of a spider and priest in order to teach the once mean old man a lesson.
[1] The strange supernatural powers of the fox do not belong exclusively to Japan. Numerous examples of this animal's magical attainments113 may be found in Chinese legend. See Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio, by Professor H. A. Giles.
[2] See my Land of the Yellow Spring, and other Japanese Stories, p. 113.
[3] See Pastor114 Shi, one of China's Questions, by Mrs. Taylor.
[4] "The Death-Stone" is certainly one of the most remarkable115 of fox legends. It illustrates116 a malignant fox taking the form of a seductive woman in more than one life. She is a coming and vanishing creature of alluring117 but destructive power, a sort of Japanese version of Fata Morgana. The legend has been adapted from a No, or lyrical drama, translated by Professor B. H. Chamberlain.
[5] The cash, now no longer in use, was roughly equivalent to one penny.
[6] About 8d.
[7] The liver, both animal and human, frequently figures in, Japanese legend as a remedy for various ailments118.
点击
收听单词发音
收听单词发音 |
1
profuse
|
|
| adj.很多的，大量的，极其丰富的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
2
transformation
|
|
| n.变化；改造；转变 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
3
delude
|
|
| vt.欺骗；哄骗 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
4
remains
|
|
| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
5
needy
|
|
| adj.贫穷的，贫困的，生活艰苦的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
6
kindly
|
|
| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
7
fortitude
|
|
| n.坚忍不拔；刚毅 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
8
tempting
|
|
| a.诱人的, 吸引人的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
9
countless
|
|
| adj.无数的，多得不计其数的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
10
malignant
|
|
| adj.恶性的，致命的；恶意的，恶毒的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
11
luminous
|
|
| adj.发光的，发亮的；光明的；明白易懂的；有启发的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
12
demon
|
|
| n.魔鬼，恶魔 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
13
superstitions
|
|
| 迷信，迷信行为( superstition的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
14
moor
|
|
| n.荒野，沼泽；vt.(使)停泊；vi.停泊 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
15
moss
|
|
| n.苔，藓，地衣 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
16
foul
|
|
| adj.污秽的；邪恶的；v.弄脏；妨害；犯规；n.犯规 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
17
choir
|
|
| n.唱诗班，唱诗班的席位，合唱团，舞蹈团；v.合唱 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
18
hoots
|
|
| 咄，啐 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
19
hoarsely
|
|
| adv.嘶哑地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
20
chrysanthemums
|
|
| n.菊花( chrysanthemum的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
21
skulking
|
|
| v.潜伏，偷偷摸摸地走动，鬼鬼祟祟地活动( skulk的现在分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
22
whines
|
|
| n.悲嗥声( whine的名词复数 )；哀鸣者v.哀号( whine的第三人称单数 )；哀诉，诉怨 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
23
Buddhist
|
|
| adj./n.佛教的，佛教徒 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
24
touching
|
|
| adj.动人的，使人感伤的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
25
awakened
|
|
| v.（使）醒( awaken的过去式和过去分词 )；（使）觉醒；弄醒；（使）意识到 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
26
maiden
|
|
| n.少女，处女；adj.未婚的，纯洁的，无经验的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
27
lore
|
|
| n.传说；学问，经验，知识 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
28
gathering
|
|
| n.集会，聚会，聚集 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
29
rigid
|
|
| adj.严格的，死板的；刚硬的，僵硬的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
30
uproar
|
|
| n.骚动，喧嚣，鼎沸 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
31
dart
|
|
| v.猛冲，投掷；n.飞镖，猛冲 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
32
weirdly
|
|
| 古怪地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
33
lustrous
|
|
| adj.有光泽的；光辉的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
34
costly
|
|
| adj.昂贵的，价值高的，豪华的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
35
forth
|
|
| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
36
worthy
|
|
| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
37
ascertained
|
|
| v.弄清，确定，查明( ascertain的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
38
insidious
|
|
| adj.阴险的，隐匿的，暗中为害的，（疾病）不知不觉之间加剧 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
39
ravage
|
|
| vt.使...荒废，破坏...；n.破坏，掠夺，荒废 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
40
spurned
|
|
| v.一脚踢开，拒绝接受( spurn的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
41
horrified
|
|
| a.(表现出)恐惧的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
42
confession
|
|
| n.自白，供认，承认 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
43
virtue
|
|
| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
44
fully
|
|
| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
45
garish
|
|
| adj.华丽而俗气的，华而不实的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
46
guilt
|
|
| n.犯罪；内疚；过失，罪责 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
47
relinquish
|
|
| v.放弃，撤回，让与，放手 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
48
ardently
|
|
| adv.热心地，热烈地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
49
erring
|
|
| 做错事的，错误的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
50
salvation
|
|
| n.（尤指基督）救世，超度，拯救，解困 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
51
attain
|
|
| vt.达到，获得，完成 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
52
incense
|
|
| v.激怒；n.香，焚香时的烟，香气 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
53
scriptures
|
|
| 经文，圣典( scripture的名词复数 )； 经典 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
54
conjure
|
|
| v.恳求，祈求；变魔术，变戏法 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
55
firmament
|
|
| n.苍穹；最高层 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
56
lurid
|
|
| adj.可怕的；血红的；苍白的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
57
spoke
|
|
| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
58
homage
|
|
| n.尊敬，敬意，崇敬 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
59
consort
|
|
| v.相伴；结交 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
60
cub
|
|
| n.幼兽，年轻无经验的人 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
61
exhausted
|
|
| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
62
Buddha
|
|
| n.佛；佛像；佛陀 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
63
compassion
|
|
| n.同情，怜悯 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
64
pious
|
|
| adj.虔诚的；道貌岸然的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
65
utterances
|
|
| n.发声( utterance的名词复数 )；说话方式；语调；言论 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
66
contrite
|
|
| adj.悔悟了的，后悔的，痛悔的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
67
blessing
|
|
| n.祈神赐福；祷告；祝福，祝愿 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
68
wafts
|
|
| n.空中飘来的气味，一阵气味( waft的名词复数 )；摇转风扇v.吹送，飘送，（使）浮动( waft的第三人称单数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
69
standing
|
|
| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
70
deluded
|
|
| v.欺骗，哄骗( delude的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
71
exasperated
|
|
| adj.恼怒的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
72
copper
|
|
| n.铜；铜币；铜器；adj.铜(制)的；(紫)铜色的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
73
jeeringly
|
|
| adv.嘲弄地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
74
determined
|
|
| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
75
wary
|
|
| adj.谨慎的，机警的，小心的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
76
grove
|
|
| n.林子，小树林，园林 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
77
guise
|
|
| n.外表，伪装的姿态 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
78
brutally
|
|
| adv.残忍地，野蛮地，冷酷无情地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
79
juncture
|
|
| n.时刻，关键时刻，紧要关头 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
80
devout
|
|
| adj.虔诚的，虔敬的，衷心的 (n.devoutness) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
81
demur
|
|
| v．表示异议，反对 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
82
peal
|
|
| n.钟声；v.鸣响 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
83
instinctively
|
|
| adv.本能地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
84
gratitude
|
|
| adj.感激，感谢 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
85
propensities
|
|
| n.倾向，习性( propensity的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
86
refreshing
|
|
| adj.使精神振作的，使人清爽的，使人喜欢的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
87
possessed
|
|
| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
88
joyfully
|
|
| adv. 喜悦地, 高兴地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
89
applied
|
|
| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
90
subsided
|
|
| v.（土地）下陷（因在地下采矿）( subside的过去式和过去分词 )；减弱；下降至较低或正常水平；一下子坐在椅子等上 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
91
profusely
|
|
| ad.abundantly | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
92
afflicted
|
|
| 使受痛苦，折磨( afflict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
93
distressed
|
|
| 痛苦的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
94
professed
|
|
| 公开声称的，伪称的，已立誓信教的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
95
utterly
|
|
| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
96
concoction
|
|
| n.调配(物)；谎言 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
97
benevolent
|
|
| adj.仁慈的，乐善好施的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
98
shrine
|
|
| n.圣地，神龛，庙；v.将...置于神龛内，把...奉为神圣 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
99
supplication
|
|
| n.恳求，祈愿，哀求 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
100
phenomena
|
|
| n.现象 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
101
favourable
|
|
| adj.赞成的，称赞的，有利的，良好的，顺利的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
102
omens
|
|
| n.前兆，预兆( omen的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
103
accosted
|
|
| v.走过去跟…讲话( accost的过去式和过去分词 )；跟…搭讪；（乞丐等）上前向…乞讨；（妓女等）勾搭 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
104
wayfarer
|
|
| n.旅人 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
105
generosity
|
|
| n.大度，慷慨，慷慨的行为 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
106
contemplated
|
|
| adj. 预期的 动词contemplate的过去分词形式 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
107
dagger
|
|
| n.匕首，短剑，剑号 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
108
attained
|
|
| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
109
thoroughly
|
|
| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
110
commotion
|
|
| n.骚动，动乱 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
111
protruded
|
|
| v.（使某物）伸出，（使某物）突出( protrude的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
112
repented
|
|
| 对（自己的所为）感到懊悔或忏悔( repent的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
113
attainments
|
|
| 成就，造诣； 获得( attainment的名词复数 )； 达到； 造诣； 成就 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
114
pastor
|
|
| n.牧师，牧人 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
115
remarkable
|
|
| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
116
illustrates
|
|
| 给…加插图( illustrate的第三人称单数 )； 说明； 表明； （用示例、图画等）说明 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
117
alluring
|
|
| adj.吸引人的，迷人的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
118
ailments
|
|
| 疾病（尤指慢性病），不适( ailment的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
| 欢迎访问英文小说网 |