Striking Contrast with the Llanos—Northern Character of their Climate—The Chuñu—The Surumpe—The Veta: its Influence upon Man, Horses, Mules1, and Cats—The Vegetation of the Puna—The Maca—The Llama: its invaluable3 Services—The Huanacu—The Alpaca—The Vicuñas: Mode of Hunting Them—The Chacu—The Bolas—The Chinchilla—The Condor4—Wild Bulls and Wild Dogs—Lovely Mountain Valleys.
Between the two mighty5 parallel mountain chains of the Cordillera and the Andes,3 the giant bulwarks6 of Western South America, we find, extending throughout the whole length of Peru and Bolivia, at a height of from ten to fourteen thousand feet above the level of the sea, vast plateaus, or table-lands, which are named, in the language of the country, the Puna, or ‘the Uninhabited.’ They present a striking contrast to the Llanos of Venezuela; for though situated7, like these sultry plains, within the torrid zone, their great elevation8 paralyses the effects of a vertical9 sun, and transfers the rigours of the north to the very centre of the tropical world.
21 Their climate is hardly less bleak10 and winterly than that of the high snow-ridges which bound them on either side. Cold winds sweep almost constantly over their surface, and during four months of the year they are daily visited by fearful storms. The suddenly darkened sky discharges, under terrific thunder and lightning, enormous masses of snow, until the sun breaks forth11 again. But soon the clouds obscure its brilliancy; and thus winter and summer, here reign12 alternately,—not, as in our temperate13 climes, during several months, but within the short space of a single day. In a few hours the change of temperature often amounts to forty or forty-five degrees, and the sudden fall of the thermometer is rendered still more disagreeable to the traveller by biting winds, which so violently irritate the skin of the hands and face, that it springs open and bleeds from every fissure14. An intolerable burning and swelling15 accompany these wounds, so as to prevent the use of the hands for several days. On the lips it is also very disagreeable, as the pain increases by eating and speaking; and an incautious laugh produces deep rents, which bleed for a long time and heal with difficulty.
This evil, which is called Chuñu by the Peruvian Indians, is also very painful on the eyelids16; but it becomes absolutely insupportable by the addition of the Surumpe, a very acute and violent inflammation of the eyes, caused by the sun’s reflection from the snow. In consequence of the rarefied air and the biting winds, the visual organs are constantly in a state of irritation17, which renders them far more sensitive to any strong light than would be the case in a more congenial atmosphere. The rapid change from a clouded sky to the brilliancy of a sunny snow-field, causes a painful stinging and burning, which increases from minute to minute to such a degree, that even the stoical Indian, when afflicted19 with this evil, will sit down on the road-side and utter cries of anguish20 and despair. Chronical ophthalmia, suppuration of the eyelids, and total blindness, are the frequent consequences of an intense surumpe, against which the traveller over the high lands carefully guards himself by green spectacles or a dark veil.
A third plague of the wanderer in the Puna is the Veta, which is occasioned by the great rarefaction of the air. Its first symptoms, which generally appear at an elevation of 12,00022 feet, consist in giddiness, buzzing in the ear, headache, and nausea21. Their intensity22 increases with the elevation, and is aggravated23 by a lassitude, which augments24 to such a degree as to render walking impossible, by a great difficulty of respiration25, and violent palpitation of the heart. Absolute rest mitigates26 these symptoms; but on continuing the journey they reappear with increased violence, and are then frequently accompanied by fainting and vomiting27. The capillary28 vessels29 of the eye, nose, and lips burst, and emit drops of blood. The same phenomenon appears also in the mucous30 membrane31 of the respiratory and digestive organs; so that blood-spitting and bloody32 diarrhœa frequently accompany the Veta, and are sometimes so violent as to cause death.
The influence of diminished atmospheric33 pressure likewise shows itself in the horses that are unaccustomed to mountain travelling. They begin to pace more slowly, frequently stand still, tremble all over, and fall upon the ground. If not allowed to rest, they invariably die. By way of a restorative their nostrils34 are slit35 open, which seems to be of use by allowing a greater influx36 of air.
As the dry sand of the rainless coast prevents the putrefaction37 of animal substances which are buried in it, the power of the dry Puna-winds in a like manner arrests the progress of decomposition38. Under their influence, a dead mule2 changes in a few days into a mummy, so that even the entrails do not exhibit the least sign of putrefaction.
It may easily be imagined that, under these circumstances, vegetation can only appear in stunted39 proportions, and indeed the Puna presents the monotonous40 aspect of a northern steppe, its whole surface being covered with dun and meagre herbage, which at all times gives it an autumnal or even wintry aspect. A few arid41 compositæ and yellow echinocacti are quite unable to relieve the dreary42 landscape; and even the large-flowered calceolarias, the blue gentians, the sweet-smelling verbenas, and many other Alpine43 plants, the usual ornaments44 of the higher mountain regions, are here almost suffocated45 by the dense46 grasses. But rarely the eye meets with a solitary47 queñua tree (Polylepis racemosa) of crippled growth, or with large spaces covered with red-brown ratania shrubs48, which are carefully collected for fuel, or for roofing the wretched huts of the scanty49 population of these desolate50 highlands.
23 The cold climate of the Puna naturally confines agriculture to very narrow limits. The only cultivated plant which grows to maturity51 is the Maca (a species of tropæolum), the tuberous roots of which are used like the potato, and form in many parts the chief food of the inhabitants. This plant grows best at an elevation of twelve or thirteen thousand feet, and is not planted in the lower regions, where its roots are said to be completely unpalatable. Barley52 is also cultivated in the Puna, but never ripens53, and is cut green for forage54.
The animal kingdom is more amply represented; for there is no want of food on the grass-covered plains, and wherever this exists, there is room for the development of animals appropriate to the climate.
THE LLAMA.
Thus the Llama and its near relations, the Alpaca, the Huanacu, and the Vicuña, the largest four-footed animals which Peru possessed55 before the Spaniards introduced the horse and the ox, are all natives of the Puna. Long before the invasion of Pizarro, the llama was used by the ancient Peruvians as a beast of burthen, and was not less serviceable to them than the camel to the Arabs of the desert. The wool served for the fabrication of a coarse cloth; the milk and flesh, as food; the skin, as a warm covering or mantle56; and without the assistance of the llama, it would have been impossible for the Indians to transport goods or provisions over the high table-lands of the Andes, or for the Incas to have founded and maintained their vast empire. The llama is also historically remarkable57 as being the only animal domesticated58 by the aboriginal59 Americans. The reindeer60 of the north4 and the bison of the prairies enjoyed then, as they do now, their savage61 independence: the llama alone was obliged to submit to the yoke62 of man. But the llama reminds us of the dromedary not only by a similar destiny and similar services, but also by a strong resemblance in form and structure, so as to be classed by naturalists63 in the same family. The unsightly hump is wanting, but the llama possesses the same callosities on the breast and24 on the knees, the same divided hoof64 and a similar formation of the toes and stomach. Thus Nature has formed in the llama a species of mountain camel, admirably adapted to the exigencies65 of a totally different soil and climate; and surely it is not one of the least wonders of creation to see animals so similar in many respects emerge, without any connecting links, at the opposite extremities66 of the globe.
The ordinary load of the llama is about one hundred pounds, and its rate of travelling with this burthen over rugged67 mountain passes is from twelve to fifteen miles a-day. When overloaded68 it lies down, and will not rise until relieved of part of its burthen. ‘The Indians,’ says Tschudi, ‘often travel with large herds70 of llamas to the coast to fetch salt. Their journeys are very small, rarely more than three or four leagues; for the llamas never feed after sunset, and are thus obliged to graze while journeying, or to rest for several hours. While reposing71 they utter a peculiar72 low tone, which at a distance resembles the sound of an Æolian harp73. A loaded herd69 of llamas traversing the high table-lands affords an interesting spectacle. Slowly and stately they proceed, casting inquisitive74 glances on every side. On seeing any strange object which excites their fears, they immediately scatter75 in every direction, and their poor drivers have great difficulty to gather the herd.’ The Indians, who are very fond of these animals, decorate their ears with ribbons, hang little bells about their necks, and always caress76 them before placing the burthen on their back. When one of them drops from fatigue77, they kneel at its side and strive to encourage it for further exertion78 by a profusion79 of flattering epithets80 and gentle warnings. Yet, in spite of good treatment, a number of llamas perish on the way to the coast or to the forests, as they cannot stand the hot climate.
The Huanacu is of a greater size than the llama, and resembles it so much that it was supposed to be the wild variety until Tschudi, in his ‘Fauna Peruana,’ pointed81 out the specific differences between both. Its fleece is shorter and less fine; its colour brown, the under parts being whitish—but varieties of colour are never observed, as in the llama; the face is blackish grey, lighter82 and almost white about the lips. The huanacus generally live in small troops of from five to seven. They are very shy, but when caught young are easily tamed, though they25 always remain spiteful, and can hardly ever be trained to carry burthens.
The Alpaca is smaller than the llama, and resembles the sheep; but its neck is longer, and it has a more elegantly formed head. The wool which, on account of its admirable qualities, is extensively used in England, is very long, soft, fine, and of a silky lustre83—sometimes quite white or black, but often also variegated84.
THE ALPACA.
Shy, like the chamois or the steinbock, the Vicuña inhabits the most sequestered85 mountain-valleys of the Andes. It is of a more elegant shape than the alpaca, with a longer and more graceful86 neck, and a more curly wool of extreme fineness. During the rainy season, the vicuñas retire to the crests87 of the Cordillera, where vegetation is reduced to the scantiest88 limits; but they never venture on the bare summits, as their hoof, accustomed to tread only on the turf, is very tender and sensitive. When pursued, they never fly to the ice-fields, but only along the grass-grown slopes. In the dry season, when vegetation withers89 on the heights, they descend90 to seek their food along the sources and swampy91 grounds. From six to fifteen she-vicuñas live under the protection and guidance of a single male, who always remains92 a few paces apart from his harem, and keeps watch with the most attentive93 care. At the least approach of danger he immediately gives the alarm by a shrill94 cry, and rapidly steps forward. The herd, immediately assembling, turns inquisitively95 towards the side whence danger is apprehended96, and then, suddenly wheeling, flies, at first slowly, and constantly looking back, but soon with unrivalled swiftness. The male covers the retreat, frequently standing97 still and watching the enemy. The females reward the faithful care of their leader with an equally rare attachment98; for when he is wounded or killed, they will keep running round him with shrill notes of sorrow, and rather be shot than flee. The cry of the vicuña is a peculiar whistle, which, though greatly resembling the shrill neighing of the llama, may easily be distinguished99 by a practised ear, when it suddenly pierces the thin air of the Puna, even from a distance where the sharpest eye is no longer able to distinguish the form of the animal.
26 The hunting of the vicuñas, which is very singular and interesting, takes place in April or May. Each family in the Puna villages is obliged to furnish the contingent100 of one of its members at least; and the widows accompany the hunters, to serve as cooks. The whole troop, frequently consisting of seventy or eighty persons, and carrying bundles of poles and large quantities of cordage, sets out for the more elevated plateaus, where the vicuñas are grazing. In an appropriate spot the poles are fixed101 into the earth, at intervals102 of twelve or fifteen paces, and united by the cordage, about two feet from the ground. In this manner a circular space, called Chacu, of about half a league in circumference103, is enclosed, leaving on one side an entrance several hundred paces wide. The women attach to the cordage coloured rags, which wave to and fro in the wind. As soon as the Chacu is ready, the men disperse104, and forming a ring many miles in circumference, drive all the intervening vicuña herds through the entrance into the circle, which is closed as soon as a sufficient number has been collected. The shy animals do not venture to spring over the cord and its fluttering rags, and are thus easily killed by the bolas of the Indians. These bolas consist of three balls of lead or stone, two of which are heavy, and one lighter, each ball being attached to a long leather thong105. The thongs106 are knotted together at their free extremity107. When used, the lighter ball is taken in the hand, and the two others swung in a wide circle over the head. At a certain distance from the mark, about fifteen or twenty paces, the hand-ball is let loose, and then all three fly in hissing108 circles towards the object which they are intended to strike, and encompass109 it in their formidable embrace. The hindlegs of the vicuñas are generally aimed at. It is no easy matter to throw the bolas adroitly110, particularly when on horseback; for the novice111 often wounds either himself or his horse mortally, by not giving the balls the proper swing, or letting them escape too soon from his hand. The flesh of the vicuñas is divided in equal portions among the hunters. When dried in the air, and then pounded and mixed with Spanish pepper, its taste is not unpleasing. The Church, however, manages to get the best part of the animal, for the priest generally appropriates the skin. As soon as all the entrapped112 vicuñas are killed, the chacu is taken to27 pieces, and set up again ten or twelve miles further off. The whole chase lasts a week, and the number of the animals slaughtered113 frequently amounts to several hundreds.
In the times of the Incas, the Puna chases were conducted on a much grander scale. Annually114 from 25,000 to 30,000 Indians assembled, who were obliged to drive all the wild animals from a circuit of more than a hundred miles into an enormous chacu. As the circle narrowed, the ranks of the Indians were doubled and trebled, so that no animal could escape. The pernicious quadrupeds, such as bears, cuguars, and foxes, were all killed, but only a limited number of stags, deer, vicuñas, and huanacus; for the provident115 Incas did not lose sight of the wants of futurity, and were more economical of the lives of animals than their brutal116 successors, the Christian117 Spaniards, were of the lives of men.
In spite of the persecutions to which they are subject, not only from hunters but from the ravenous118 condor, who frequently robs them of their young, the vicuñas do not seem to diminish, and are often seen roaming about in large numbers—the inaccessible119 wilds to which they are able to retreat amply securing them against extermination120.
CHINCHILLA.
Besides these four remarkable Camelides, we find among the animals peculiar to the Puna the stag-like Tarush (Cervus antisiensis); the timid deer, who also descends121 from the high mountain-plains into the coast-valleys and the forest region; the Viscachas and the Chinchillas. The Peruvian Viscachas (Lagidium peruanum and pallipes), live at an elevation of from 10,000 to 12,000 feet, between 33° and 18° S. lat., and resemble the rabbit in form and colour, but have shorter ears and a long rough tail. Their far is soft, but not nearly so fine as that of the near-related Chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera). This little creature, which is somewhat larger than our squirrel, has large and brilliant eyes, an erect122 tail, strong bristles123 on the upper lip, and almost naked, rounded ears. It lives in burrows124, feeding chiefly upon roots, and is found in such numbers in the Chilian Andes that its holes considerably125 increase the difficulty of travelling. The fur is too well known to require28 any further description. Where ruminants and rodents126 abound127 it may easily be imagined that beasts of prey128 will not be wanting. The cunning fox (Canis Azaræ) waylays129 both the chinchillas and the water-birds; and, impelled130 by hunger, the Puma131, or American lion, ascends132 even to the borders of eternal snow in quest of the vicuña and the deer. But the monarch133 of the Puna is unquestionably the mighty condor, who, soaring over the highest peaks of the Andes, sees on one side the Pacific rolling its heavy breakers against the coast, and on the other the Marañon vanishing in the hazy134 distance of the primitive135 forest.
The frequent showers and snow-falls of the Puna naturally give rise to numerous swamps and lagunes, which afford nourishment136 to an abundance of birds,—such as the beautiful snow-white Huachua goose (Chloéphaga melanoptera), with dark-green wings of a metallic137 lustre; the licli, a species of plover138; the ibis; the long-legged flamingo139; the Quiulla gull140 (Larus serranus), and the gigantic coot (Fulica gigantea), which, unable to fly, dives in the cold waters, and builds its nest on the solitary stones which rise above the surface.
To the aboriginal animals of the Puna man has added the horse, the ox, the dog, and the sheep. In the more sheltered valleys there are estates possessing from 60,000 to 80,000 sheep, and from 400 to 500 oxen. During the wet season the herds are driven into the Altos or highest regions, often to a height of 15,000 feet; but when the frosty nights of the dry period of the year parch141 the grass, they are obliged to descend to the swampy valleys, where they have much to suffer from hunger. In many parts of the Puna, wild bulls render travelling very dangerous, as they sometimes rush upon man without any previous notice, though they generally announce their approach by a hoarse142 bellowing143. But even then it is almost impossible to escape them in the open plain, and more than once Tschudi was only able, by a well-aimed shot, to save himself from the attack of one of these formidable animals.
Though not so dangerous, the half-wild Puna dogs (Canis Ingæ, Tschudi) are extremely troublesome to the traveller,—false, spiteful animals, which ferociously144 attack enemies far stronger than themselves; and, like the bull-dog, will rather suffer themselves to be cut to pieces than retreat. They have a29 particular antipathy145 to the white race, and it is rather a bold undertaking146 for the European traveller to approach the hut of an Indian that is guarded by these animals.
The frosts of winter and an eternal spring are nowhere found in closer proximity147 than in the Peruvian highlands, for deep valleys cleave148 the windy Puna; and when the traveller, benumbed by the cold blasts of the mountain-plains, descends into these sheltered gorges149 he almost suddenly finds himself transported from a northern climate to a terrestrial paradise. Situated at a height where the enervating150 power of the tropical sun is not felt, and where at the same time the air is not too rarefied, these pleasant mountain vales, protected by their rocky walls against the gusts151 of the Puna, enjoy all the advantages of a genial18 sky. Here the astonished European sees himself surrounded by the rich corn-fields, the green lucerne meadows, and the well-known fruit trees of his distant home, so that he might almost fancy that some friendly enchanter had transported him to his native country, if the cactuses and the agaves on the mountain-slopes by day, and the constellations152 of another hemisphere by night, did not remind him of the vast distance which separates him from the land of his birth.
There are regions in this remarkable country where the traveller may in the morning leave the snow-decked Puna hut, and before sunset pluck pine-apples and bananas on the cultivated margin153 of the primeval forest; where in the morning the stunted grasses and arid lichens154 of the naked plain remind him of the arctic regions, and where he may repose155 at night under the fronds156 of gigantic palms.
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1
mules
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| 骡( mule的名词复数 )； 拖鞋； 顽固的人； 越境运毒者 | |
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mule
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| n.骡子，杂种，执拗的人 | |
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invaluable
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| adj.无价的，非常宝贵的，极为贵重的 | |
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condor
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| n.秃鹰；秃鹰金币 | |
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mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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bulwarks
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| n.堡垒( bulwark的名词复数 )；保障；支柱；舷墙 | |
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situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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elevation
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| n.高度；海拔；高地；上升；提高 | |
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vertical
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| adj.垂直的，顶点的，纵向的；n.垂直物，垂直的位置 | |
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bleak
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| adj.(天气)阴冷的；凄凉的；暗淡的 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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temperate
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| adj.温和的，温带的，自我克制的，不过分的 | |
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fissure
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| n.裂缝；裂伤 | |
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swelling
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| n.肿胀 | |
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eyelids
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| n.眼睑( eyelid的名词复数 )；眼睛也不眨一下；不露声色；面不改色 | |
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irritation
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| n.激怒，恼怒，生气 | |
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genial
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| adj.亲切的，和蔼的，愉快的，脾气好的 | |
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afflicted
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| 使受痛苦，折磨( afflict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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anguish
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| n.(尤指心灵上的)极度痛苦，烦恼 | |
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nausea
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| n.作呕，恶心；极端的憎恶(或厌恶) | |
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intensity
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| n.强烈，剧烈；强度；烈度 | |
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aggravated
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| 使恶化( aggravate的过去式和过去分词 )； 使更严重； 激怒； 使恼火 | |
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augments
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| 增加，提高，扩大( augment的名词复数 ) | |
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respiration
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| n.呼吸作用；一次呼吸；植物光合作用 | |
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mitigates
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| v.减轻，缓和( mitigate的第三人称单数 ) | |
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vomiting
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| 吐 | |
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capillary
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| n.毛细血管；adj.毛细管道；毛状的 | |
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vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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mucous
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| adj. 黏液的，似黏液的 | |
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membrane
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| n.薄膜，膜皮，羊皮纸 | |
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bloody
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| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
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atmospheric
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| adj.大气的，空气的；大气层的；大气所引起的 | |
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nostrils
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| 鼻孔( nostril的名词复数 ) | |
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slit
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| n.狭长的切口；裂缝；vt.切开，撕裂 | |
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influx
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| n.流入，注入 | |
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putrefaction
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| n.腐坏，腐败 | |
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decomposition
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| n. 分解, 腐烂, 崩溃 | |
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stunted
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| adj.矮小的；发育迟缓的 | |
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monotonous
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| adj.单调的，一成不变的，使人厌倦的 | |
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41
arid
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| adj.干旱的；(土地)贫瘠的 | |
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dreary
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| adj.令人沮丧的，沉闷的，单调乏味的 | |
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43
alpine
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| adj.高山的；n.高山植物 | |
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44
ornaments
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| n.装饰( ornament的名词复数 )；点缀；装饰品；首饰v.装饰，点缀，美化( ornament的第三人称单数 ) | |
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45
suffocated
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| （使某人）窒息而死( suffocate的过去式和过去分词 )； （将某人）闷死； 让人感觉闷热； 憋气 | |
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46
dense
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| a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的；密度大的 | |
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47
solitary
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| adj.孤独的，独立的，荒凉的；n.隐士 | |
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48
shrubs
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| 灌木( shrub的名词复数 ) | |
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scanty
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| adj.缺乏的，仅有的，节省的，狭小的，不够的 | |
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desolate
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| adj.荒凉的，荒芜的；孤独的，凄凉的；v.使荒芜，使孤寂 | |
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51
maturity
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| n.成熟；完成；(支票、债券等)到期 | |
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52
barley
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| n.大麦，大麦粒 | |
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53
ripens
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| v.成熟，使熟( ripen的第三人称单数 ) | |
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54
forage
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| n.(牛马的)饲料，粮草；v.搜寻，翻寻 | |
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55
possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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56
mantle
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| n.斗篷，覆罩之物，罩子；v.罩住，覆盖，脸红 | |
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57
remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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58
domesticated
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| adj.喜欢家庭生活的；（指动物）被驯养了的v.驯化( domesticate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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59
aboriginal
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| adj.（指动植物）土生的，原产地的，土著的 | |
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60
reindeer
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| n.驯鹿 | |
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61
savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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62
yoke
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| n.轭；支配；v.给...上轭，连接，使成配偶 | |
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63
naturalists
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| n.博物学家( naturalist的名词复数 )；（文学艺术的）自然主义者 | |
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64
hoof
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| n.(马，牛等的)蹄 | |
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65
exigencies
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| n.急切需要 | |
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66
extremities
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| n.端点( extremity的名词复数 )；尽头；手和足；极窘迫的境地 | |
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67
rugged
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| adj.高低不平的，粗糙的，粗壮的，强健的 | |
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68
overloaded
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| a.超载的，超负荷的 | |
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69
herd
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| n.兽群，牧群；vt.使集中，把…赶在一起 | |
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70
herds
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| 兽群( herd的名词复数 )； 牧群； 人群； 群众 | |
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71
reposing
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| v.将（手臂等）靠在某人（某物）上( repose的现在分词 ) | |
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72
peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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73
harp
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| n.竖琴；天琴座 | |
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74
inquisitive
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| adj.求知欲强的，好奇的，好寻根究底的 | |
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75
scatter
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| vt.撒，驱散，散开；散布/播；vi.分散，消散 | |
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76
caress
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| vt./n.爱抚，抚摸 | |
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77
fatigue
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| n.疲劳，劳累 | |
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78
exertion
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| n.尽力，努力 | |
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79
profusion
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| n.挥霍；丰富 | |
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80
epithets
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| n.（表示性质、特征等的）词语( epithet的名词复数 ) | |
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81
pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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82
lighter
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| n.打火机，点火器；驳船；v.用驳船运送；light的比较级 | |
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83
lustre
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| n.光亮，光泽；荣誉 | |
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84
variegated
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| adj.斑驳的，杂色的 | |
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85
sequestered
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| adj.扣押的；隐退的；幽静的；偏僻的v.使隔绝，使隔离( sequester的过去式和过去分词 )；扣押 | |
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86
graceful
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| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
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87
crests
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| v.到达山顶（或浪峰）( crest的第三人称单数 )；到达洪峰，达到顶点 | |
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88
scantiest
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| adj.（大小或数量）不足的，勉强够的( scanty的最高级 ) | |
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89
withers
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| 马肩隆 | |
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90
descend
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| vt./vi.传下来，下来，下降 | |
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91
swampy
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| adj.沼泽的，湿地的 | |
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92
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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93
attentive
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| adj.注意的，专心的；关心(别人)的，殷勤的 | |
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94
shrill
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| adj.尖声的；刺耳的；v尖叫 | |
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95
inquisitively
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| 过分好奇地； 好问地 | |
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96
apprehended
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| 逮捕，拘押( apprehend的过去式和过去分词 )； 理解 | |
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97
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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98
attachment
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| n.附属物，附件；依恋；依附 | |
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99
distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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100
contingent
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| adj.视条件而定的；n.一组，代表团，分遣队 | |
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101
fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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102
intervals
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| n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息 | |
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103
circumference
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| n.圆周，周长，圆周线 | |
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104
disperse
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| vi.使分散；使消失；vt.分散；驱散 | |
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105
thong
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| n.皮带；皮鞭；v.装皮带 | |
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106
thongs
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| 的东西 | |
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107
extremity
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| n.末端，尽头；尽力；终极；极度 | |
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108
hissing
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| n. 发嘶嘶声, 蔑视 动词hiss的现在分词形式 | |
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109
encompass
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| vt.围绕，包围；包含，包括；完成 | |
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110
adroitly
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| adv.熟练地，敏捷地 | |
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111
novice
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| adj.新手的，生手的 | |
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112
entrapped
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| v.使陷入圈套，使入陷阱( entrap的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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113
slaughtered
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| v.屠杀，杀戮，屠宰( slaughter的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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114
annually
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| adv.一年一次，每年 | |
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115
provident
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| adj.为将来做准备的，有先见之明的 | |
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116
brutal
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| adj.残忍的，野蛮的，不讲理的 | |
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117
Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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118
ravenous
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| adj.极饿的，贪婪的 | |
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119
inaccessible
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| adj.达不到的，难接近的 | |
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120
extermination
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| n.消灭，根绝 | |
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121
descends
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| v.下来( descend的第三人称单数 )；下去；下降；下斜 | |
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122
erect
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| n./v.树立，建立，使竖立；adj.直立的，垂直的 | |
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123
bristles
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| 短而硬的毛发，刷子毛( bristle的名词复数 ) | |
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124
burrows
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| n.地洞( burrow的名词复数 )v.挖掘（洞穴），挖洞( burrow的第三人称单数 )；翻寻 | |
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125
considerably
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| adv.极大地；相当大地；在很大程度上 | |
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126
rodents
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| n.啮齿目动物( rodent的名词复数 ) | |
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127
abound
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| vi.大量存在；(in，with)充满，富于 | |
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128
prey
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| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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129
waylays
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| v.拦截，拦路( waylay的第三人称单数 ) | |
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130
impelled
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| v.推动、推进或敦促某人做某事( impel的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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131
puma
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| 美洲豹 | |
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132
ascends
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| v.上升，攀登( ascend的第三人称单数 ) | |
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133
monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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134
hazy
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| adj.有薄雾的，朦胧的；不肯定的，模糊的 | |
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135
primitive
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| adj.原始的；简单的；n.原(始)人，原始事物 | |
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136
nourishment
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| n.食物，营养品；营养情况 | |
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137
metallic
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| adj.金属的；金属制的；含金属的；产金属的；像金属的 | |
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138
plover
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| n.珩，珩科鸟，千鸟 | |
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139
flamingo
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| n.红鹳，火烈鸟 | |
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140
gull
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| n.鸥；受骗的人；v.欺诈 | |
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141
parch
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| v.烤干，焦干 | |
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142
hoarse
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| adj.嘶哑的，沙哑的 | |
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143
bellowing
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| v.发出吼叫声，咆哮（尤指因痛苦）( bellow的现在分词 )；（愤怒地）说出（某事），大叫 | |
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144
ferociously
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| 野蛮地，残忍地 | |
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145
antipathy
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| n.憎恶；反感，引起反感的人或事物 | |
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146
undertaking
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| n.保证，许诺，事业 | |
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147
proximity
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| n.接近，邻近 | |
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148
cleave
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| v．(clave；cleaved)粘着，粘住；坚持；依恋 | |
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149
gorges
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| n.山峡，峡谷( gorge的名词复数 )；咽喉v.（用食物把自己）塞饱，填饱( gorge的第三人称单数 )；作呕 | |
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150
enervating
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| v.使衰弱，使失去活力( enervate的现在分词 ) | |
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151
gusts
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| 一阵强风( gust的名词复数 )； （怒、笑等的）爆发； （感情的）迸发； 发作 | |
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152
constellations
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| n.星座( constellation的名词复数 )；一群杰出人物；一系列（相关的想法、事物）；一群（相关的人） | |
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153
margin
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| n.页边空白；差额；余地，余裕；边，边缘 | |
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154
lichens
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| n.地衣( lichen的名词复数 ) | |
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155
repose
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| v.(使)休息；n.安息 | |
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156
fronds
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| n.蕨类或棕榈类植物的叶子( frond的名词复数 ) | |
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