Reasons why Droughts are prevalent in South Africa—Vegetation admirably suited to the Character of the Country—Number of Tuberous Roots—The Caffre Water-Melon—The Mesembryanthemums—The Animal Life of the Kalahari—The Bushmen, a Nomadic1 Race of Hunters—Their Skill in Hunting—Their Food—Acuteness of their Sight and Hearing—Their Intelligence and Perseverance3—Their Weapons and Marauding Expeditions—Their Voracity—Their Love of Liberty—The Bakalahari—Their Love for Agriculture—Their Ingenuity4 in procuring5 Water—Trade in Skins—Their timidity.
A geographical6 position, not unlike that which condemns7 the plains along the western foot of the Peruvian and Bolivian Andes to perpetual aridity9, renders also the greater part of tropical and sub-tropical Southern Africa subject to severe droughts, and in general to great scarcity10 of rain. For the emanations of the Indian Ocean, which the easterly winds carry towards that continent, and which, if equally distributed over the whole surface, would render it capable of bearing the richest productions of the torrid zone, are mostly deposited on the eastern slopes of the mountain-chains, which, under various denominations11, traverse eastern South Africa from north to south; and when the moving mass of air, having crossed their highest elevations12, reaches the great heated inland plains, the ascending13 warmth of that hot dry surface gives it greater power86 of retaining its remaining moisture, and few showers can be given to the central and western lands. Thus, while the sea-board gorges14 of the eastern zone are clad with gigantic forests, and an annual supply of rain there keeps a large number of streams perpetually flowing, Damara Land, the Namaqua country, and the Kalahari, are almost constantly deprived of moving water.
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From these general remarks it might be imagined that regions so scantily15 supplied with one of the prime necessaries of life could be nothing but a dead and naked waste; yet, strange to say, even the great Kalahari, extending from the Orange river in the south, lat. 29°, to Lake Ngami in the north, lat. 21°, and from about 24° E. long. to near the west coast, has been called a desert simply because it contains no flowing streams and very little water in wells; as, far from being destitute16 of vegetable or animal life, it is covered with grass and a great variety of creeping plants, interspersed17 with large patches of bushes and even trees. In general, the soil is a light-coloured, soft sand; but the beds of the ancient rivers contain much alluvial18 soil, and, as that is baked hard by the burning sun, rain-water stands in pools in some of them for several months in the year.
The abundance of vegetation on so unpromising a soil may partly be explained by the geological formation of the country; for as the basin-shape prevails over large tracks, and as the strata19 on the slopes where most of the rain falls dip in towards the centre, they probably guide water beneath the plains, which are but ill-supplied with moisture from the clouds.
Another cause, which serves to counteract20 the want or scarcity of rain, is the admirable foresight21 of Nature in providing these arid8 lands with plants suited to their peculiar22 climate. Thus creepers abound23 which, having their roots buried far beneath the soil, feel but little the effects of the scorching24 sun. The number of these which have tuberous roots is very great—a structure evidently intended to supply nutriment and moisture when, during the long droughts, they can be obtained nowhere else.
One of these blessings25 to the inhabitants of the desert is the Leroshua, a small plant with linear leaves, and a stalk not thicker than a crow’s quill26; but on digging down a foot or87 eighteen inches beneath, the root enlarges to a tuber, often as big as the head of a young child, which, on the rind being removed, is found to be a mass of cellular27 tissue, filled with fluid much like that in a young turnip28. Owing to the depth beneath the surface at which it is found, it is generally deliciously cool and refreshing29. Another kind, named mokuri, is seen in other parts of the country, where long-continued heat parches30 the soil. This plant is an herbaceous creeper, and deposits under ground a number of tubers, some as large as a man’s head, often in a circle, a yard or more horizontally from the stem. The natives strike the ground on the circumference31 of the circle with stones, till, by hearing a difference of sound, they know the water-bearing tuber to be beneath. They then dig down a foot or so and find it.
But the most wonderful plant of the desert is the Kengwe, the water-melon of the Caffres. In years when more than the usual quantity of rain falls, vast tracts32 of the country are literally33 covered with these juicy gourds34, and then animals of every sort and name, including man, rejoice in the rich supply.
The creeping plants of the desert serve, moreover, a double purpose; for, besides their use as food, they fix, by means of their extensive ramifications36, the constantly shifting sands—thus rendering37 similar services to those of the sand-reed (Ammophila arundinacea) on the dunes38 along the sandy coasts of the North Sea.
The Mesembryanthemums are another family of plants admirably adapted to the Kalahari, as their seed-vessels39 remain firmly shut while the soil is hot and dry, and thus preserve the vegetative power intact during the highest heat of the torrid sun; but when rain falls, the seed-vessel40 opens and sheds its contents, just when there is the greatest likelihood of their vegetating41. This is the more wonderful, as in other plants heat and drought cause the seed-vessels to burst and shed their charge.
One of this family possesses a tuberous root, which may be eaten raw; and all are furnished with thick, fleshy leaves, with pores capable of imbibing42 and retaining moisture from a very dry atmosphere and soil; so that if a leaf is broken during the greatest drought it shows abundant circulating sap.
The peculiar and comparatively abundant vegetation of the88 arid plains of South Africa explains how these wastes are peopled by herds43 of herbivorous animals, which in their turn are preyed46 upon by the lion, the panther, or the python. Hundreds of elands (Boselaphus oreas) gemsbucks, koodoos, (Strepsiceros capensis), or duikers (Cephalopus mergens), may often be seen thirty or forty miles from the nearest water. These, having sharp-pointed hoofs48 well adapted for digging, are able to subsist49 without water for many months at a time, by living on moist bulbs and tubers; while the presence of the rhinoceros50, of the buffalo51 and gnu (Catoblepas Gnu), of the giraffe, the zebra, and pallah (Antilope melampus), is always a certain indication of water being within a distance of seven or eight miles.
KOODOO.
The tribes of the Kalahari consist of Bushmen, probably the aborigines of the southern part of the continent, and of Bakalahari, the remnants of an ancient Bechuana emigration.
The diminutive53 Bushman occupies nearly the lowest degree in the scale of humanity. Equalled in size by the Chimpanzee, far surpassed by the Gorilla54, and with as little prominence55 of the nasal bone as in those highest of the Simiæ, he nevertheless walks erect56, and by the equal and uninterrupted series of his comparatively small teeth, by his well-developed great toe and the large opposable thumb, by his plantigrade foot and prehensile57 hand, vindicates58 his claim to the genus man. Inhabiting the arid deserts of South Africa, from the confines of the Cape47 Colony to the banks of the Zambesi, or possibly even as far north as the valley of the Nile, he is the only real nomad2 in South Africa, as the scanty59 means of subsistence the land affords compel him to a life of constant wandering. He never cultivates the soil excepting perhaps for the sake of a little dacha or wild hemp60 for smoking, nor rears any domestic animal save wretched dogs. As a hunter he rivals the American Indian in his intimate acquaintance with the habits of the game, and the skill he evinces in their capture. He follows them in their migrations61 from place to place, and proves as complete a check upon89 their inordinate62 increase as the other carnivora. When game is scarce, he manages to live on bulbs, snakes, lizards63, termites64, ants’ eggs, locusts65, and any other garbage he can get. Inured66 to every privation, he equals the camel in his endurance of hunger and thirst, and will remain for days without tasting a drop of water, except such as is contained in the pulp67 of succulent plants. His refuge at night is some natural cave or self-made burrow68, or the shelter of a bush, where, covered with the skin of a sheep or antelope69, he rests like a wild animal in his lair70.
It may naturally be supposed that a life like this must act unfavourably on his physical development; but, though apparently71 weak, his meagre body is capable of great exertion72. His sight and hearing are remarkably73 acute, as he is constantly practising them in the pursuits of the chase; but it would almost seem as if he were devoid74 of taste, smell, and feeling, for he expresses no disgust at the most loathsome75 food, and is quite insensible to all changes of temperature.
When each individual only seeks the momentary76 gratification of his first animal wants, without any thought of the future, the ties of society must necessarily be very slack. Thus, the whole nation is subdivided77 into small hordes78 or families, and even these are frequently forced to separate as the same place does not afford sufficient nourishment80 for all. There is no distinction of hereditary81 rank; bodily strength is the only quality conferring superiority, and enables its fortunate possessor to tyrannize over his weaker companions.
Though occupying about the same rank in the human family as the Fuegians, and leading a mere82 brute83 existence, the Bushmen give many proofs of intelligence. They are with difficulty roused to exertion, but when they have once conquered their habitual84 laziness, an uncommon85 perseverance characterises all their undertakings86. Nothing will induce them to quit the spoor of an animal they have once pursued; they will dig for days in places where they expect to find some water.
Both in the fabrication and the use of their weapons, they show great ingenuity and skill. Like the South American Indians, they understand the art of poisoning their arrows, which scarcely ever miss the mark within a distance of eighty paces; they also have recourse to pitfalls87, poisoned water, and other stratagems88. In the art of surprising their game, they can90 hardly be surpassed. It is not an easy task, in the midst of a naked plain, to avoid the eye of the shy antelope or of the far-sighted ostrich89, so as to be able to approach them within a distance of fifty or sixty paces. This, however, they perform, by slowly creeping along almost on their bellies90, by strewing91 dust over their bodies, so as not to be betrayed by any difference of colour, and by remaining motionless as soon as the animal shows any marks of attention. This tedious pursuit often lasts several hours, without ever tiring their patience; and the prey45 thus tracked, however swift and wary92, but seldom escapes them.
In the marauding expeditions which they frequently undertake for the purpose of stealing the cattle of their neighbours, the Caffres, Bechuanas, or Boors—for, having no property themselves, they have little regard for the property of others—they show no less expertness and cunning, never venturing an attack before having first carefully spied out every circumstance, and taken every precaution to ensure success. At the time of the last quarter of the moon, their thefts are most to be feared, for they then execute their robberies in the dark before midnight, and afterwards profit by the moonlight for a more rapid flight.
Their physiognomy has the characteristic traits of the Hottentot race, but their eye is infinitely93 more sharp and wild, their countenance94 more expressive95 and intelligent, and all their gestures more lively—a difference caused, no doubt, by the greater mental and bodily actions to which a life full of hardships and privations constrains96 them.
As may be imagined from the few ideas it has to express, their language is very poor, and, on account of its peculiar and characteristic click and its harsh gutturals, more resembles the screeching97 of an animal than a human idiom.
When a horde79 has been successful in some hunting or marauding expedition, it keeps the fact as secret as possible, for as soon as the intelligence spreads, everyone hastens to the spot to come in for his share of the feast.
For fear of being obliged to divide with others, the prey is devoured98 as fast as possible, with inconceivable gluttony, and what cannot be used is instantly destroyed, merely from the dog-in-the-manger motive99, to keep others from its enjoyment100. When, for instance, the Bushmen have found a nest of ostrich91 eggs, and circumstances will not allow of their remaining on the spot, they take away as many as they can carry, and break the rest; or, when they meet with a great herd44 of springbocks, they will wound as many as possible with their poisoned arrows, though six or eight would suffice them with food for many days. It is a state of society like that to which, probably, the communists would reduce civilized101 Europe, if their insane doctrines102 could ever be realized. Despite the many privations they have to endure, the Bushmen prefer the utter freedom of the desert to the constraint103 of an agricultural and pastoral life. They live in the Kalahari by choice, the Bakalahari from compulsion, and both possess an intense love of liberty.
The Bakalahari are traditionally reported to be the oldest of the Bechuana tribes driven into the desert by a fresh migration52 of their own nation. Though living ever since on the same plains with the Bushmen, under the same influences of climate, enduring the same thirst, and limited to the same scanty food for centuries, they still retain in undying vigour104 the Bechuana love for agriculture and domestic animals, hoeing their gardens annually105, though often all that they can hope for is a supply of melons and pumpkins106, and carefully rearing small herds of goats, although to provide them with water is a task of no small difficulty, since the dread107 of hostile visits from the adjacent Bechuana tribes makes them choose their abode108 far from the nearest spring or pool, and leads them not unfrequently to hide their supplies by filling the pits with sand and making a fire over the spot. When they wish to draw water for use, the women come with twenty or thirty of their water vessels in a bag or net on their backs. These water vessels consist of ostrich egg-shells, with a hole in the end of each, such as would admit one’s finger. The women tie a bunch of grass to one end of a reed about two feet long, which they insert in a hole dug as deep as the arm will reach, and then ram35 down the wet sand firmly round it. Applying the mouth to the free end of the reed, they form a vacuum in the grass beneath, in which the water collects, and in a short time rises into the mouth. An egg-shell is placed on the ground alongside the reeds, some inches below the mouth of the sucker. A straw guides the water into the hole of the vessel as she draws mouthful92 after mouthful from below; and thus the whole stock of water passes through her mouth as a pump, and when taken home is carefully buried to prevent its loss by evaporation109. A short stay among the thirsty Bakalaharis might teach us better to appreciate the blessings of an abundant supply of water.
These poor people generally attach themselves to influential110 men in the different Bechuana tribes near to their desert home, in order to obtain supplies of spears, knives, tobacco, and dogs, in exchange for the skins of animals which they kill. These are small carnivora of the feline111 race, including two species of jackal, the dark and the golden, the former of which has the warmest fur the country yields, while the latter is very handsome when made into the skin-mantle called kaross. Next in value follow the small ocelot, the lynx, the wild and the spotted112 cat. Great numbers of duiker and steinbuck skins are also obtained, besides those of lions, panthers, and hyænas.
The Bakalahari are a timid race, and in bodily development frequently resemble the aborigines of Australia. They have thin legs and arms, and large protruding113 abdomens114, caused by the coarse indigestible food they eat. Their children’s eyes have no lustre115, and such is their want of the animation116 so natural at that age that Dr. Livingstone never saw them at play.
A Bechuana may meet a troop of Bakalahari, and domineer over the whole with impunity117; but when he meets a Bushman he is fain to adopt a more humble118 tone, well knowing that if the request for tobacco is refused, the free son of the desert may endeavour to obtain it by a poisoned arrow.
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1
nomadic
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| adj.流浪的；游牧的 | |
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nomad
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| n.游牧部落的人，流浪者，游牧民 | |
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perseverance
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| n.坚持不懈，不屈不挠 | |
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ingenuity
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| n.别出心裁；善于发明创造 | |
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procuring
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| v.（努力）取得， （设法）获得( procure的现在分词 )；拉皮条 | |
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geographical
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| adj.地理的；地区(性)的 | |
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condemns
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| v.（通常因道义上的原因而）谴责( condemn的第三人称单数 )；宣判；宣布…不能使用；迫使…陷于不幸的境地 | |
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arid
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| adj.干旱的；(土地)贫瘠的 | |
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aridity
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| n.干旱，乏味；干燥性；荒芜 | |
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scarcity
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| n.缺乏，不足，萧条 | |
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denominations
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| n.宗派( denomination的名词复数 )；教派；面额；名称 | |
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elevations
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| （水平或数量）提高( elevation的名词复数 )； 高地； 海拔； 提升 | |
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ascending
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| adj.上升的，向上的 | |
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gorges
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| n.山峡，峡谷( gorge的名词复数 )；咽喉v.（用食物把自己）塞饱，填饱( gorge的第三人称单数 )；作呕 | |
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scantily
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| adv.缺乏地；不充足地；吝啬地；狭窄地 | |
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destitute
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| adj.缺乏的；穷困的 | |
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interspersed
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| adj.[医]散开的；点缀的v.intersperse的过去式和过去分词 | |
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alluvial
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| adj.冲积的；淤积的 | |
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strata
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| n.地层（复数）；社会阶层 | |
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counteract
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| vt.对…起反作用，对抗，抵消 | |
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foresight
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| n.先见之明，深谋远虑 | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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abound
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| vi.大量存在；(in，with)充满，富于 | |
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scorching
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| adj. 灼热的 | |
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blessings
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| n.（上帝的）祝福( blessing的名词复数 )；好事；福分；因祸得福 | |
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quill
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| n.羽毛管；v.给（织物或衣服）作皱褶 | |
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cellular
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| adj.移动的；细胞的，由细胞组成的 | |
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turnip
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| n.萝卜，芜菁 | |
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refreshing
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| adj.使精神振作的，使人清爽的，使人喜欢的 | |
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parches
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| v.（使）焦干， （使）干透( parch的第三人称单数 )；使（某人）极口渴 | |
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circumference
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| n.圆周，周长，圆周线 | |
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tracts
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| 大片土地( tract的名词复数 )； 地带； （体内的）道； （尤指宣扬宗教、伦理或政治的）短文 | |
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literally
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| adv.照字面意义，逐字地；确实 | |
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gourds
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| n.葫芦( gourd的名词复数 ) | |
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ram
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| (random access memory)随机存取存储器 | |
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ramifications
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| n.结果，后果( ramification的名词复数 ) | |
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rendering
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| n.表现，描写 | |
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dunes
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| 沙丘( dune的名词复数 ) | |
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vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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vegetating
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| v.过单调呆板的生活( vegetate的现在分词 )；植物似地生长；（瘤、疣等）长大 | |
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imbibing
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| v.吸收( imbibe的现在分词 )；喝；吸取；吸气 | |
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herds
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| 兽群( herd的名词复数 )； 牧群； 人群； 群众 | |
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herd
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| n.兽群，牧群；vt.使集中，把…赶在一起 | |
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prey
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| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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preyed
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| v.掠食( prey的过去式和过去分词 )；掠食；折磨；（人）靠欺诈为生 | |
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cape
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| n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风 | |
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hoofs
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| n.（兽的）蹄，马蹄( hoof的名词复数 )v.（兽的）蹄，马蹄( hoof的第三人称单数 ) | |
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subsist
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| vi.生存，存在，供养 | |
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rhinoceros
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| n.犀牛 | |
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buffalo
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| n.(北美)野牛；(亚洲)水牛 | |
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migration
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| n.迁移，移居，（鸟类等的）迁徙 | |
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diminutive
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| adj.小巧可爱的，小的 | |
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gorilla
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| n.大猩猩，暴徒，打手 | |
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prominence
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| n.突出；显著；杰出；重要 | |
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erect
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| n./v.树立，建立，使竖立；adj.直立的，垂直的 | |
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prehensile
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| adj.（足等）适于抓握的 | |
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vindicates
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| n.澄清（某人/某事物）受到的责难或嫌疑( vindicate的名词复数 )；表明或证明（所争辩的事物）属实、正当、有效等；维护v.澄清（某人/某事物）受到的责难或嫌疑( vindicate的第三人称单数 )；表明或证明（所争辩的事物）属实、正当、有效等；维护 | |
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scanty
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| adj.缺乏的，仅有的，节省的，狭小的，不够的 | |
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hemp
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| n.大麻；纤维 | |
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migrations
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| n.迁移，移居( migration的名词复数 ) | |
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inordinate
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| adj.无节制的；过度的 | |
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lizards
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| n.蜥蜴( lizard的名词复数 ) | |
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termites
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| n.白蚁( termite的名词复数 ) | |
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locusts
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| n.蝗虫( locust的名词复数 )；贪吃的人；破坏者；槐树 | |
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inured
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| adj.坚强的，习惯的 | |
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pulp
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| n.果肉，纸浆；v.化成纸浆，除去...果肉，制成纸浆 | |
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burrow
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| vt.挖掘(洞穴)；钻进；vi.挖洞；翻寻；n.地洞 | |
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antelope
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| n.羚羊；羚羊皮 | |
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lair
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| n.野兽的巢穴；躲藏处 | |
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apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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exertion
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| n.尽力，努力 | |
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remarkably
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| ad.不同寻常地，相当地 | |
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devoid
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| adj.全无的，缺乏的 | |
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loathsome
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| adj.讨厌的，令人厌恶的 | |
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momentary
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| adj.片刻的，瞬息的；短暂的 | |
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subdivided
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| 再分，细分( subdivide的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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hordes
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| n.移动着的一大群( horde的名词复数 )；部落 | |
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horde
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| n.群众，一大群 | |
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nourishment
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| n.食物，营养品；营养情况 | |
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hereditary
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| adj.遗传的，遗传性的，可继承的，世袭的 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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brute
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| n.野兽，兽性 | |
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habitual
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| adj.习惯性的；通常的，惯常的 | |
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uncommon
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| adj.罕见的，非凡的，不平常的 | |
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undertakings
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| 企业( undertaking的名词复数 )； 保证； 殡仪业； 任务 | |
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pitfalls
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| （捕猎野兽用的）陷阱( pitfall的名词复数 )； 意想不到的困难，易犯的错误 | |
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stratagems
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| n.诡计，计谋( stratagem的名词复数 )；花招 | |
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ostrich
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| n.鸵鸟 | |
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bellies
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| n.肚子( belly的名词复数 )；腹部；（物体的）圆形或凸起部份；腹部…形的 | |
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strewing
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| v.撒在…上( strew的现在分词 )；散落于；点缀；撒满 | |
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wary
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| adj.谨慎的，机警的，小心的 | |
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infinitely
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| adv.无限地，无穷地 | |
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countenance
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| n.脸色，面容；面部表情；vt.支持，赞同 | |
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expressive
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| adj.表现的，表达…的，富于表情的 | |
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constrains
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| 强迫( constrain的第三人称单数 )； 强使； 限制； 约束 | |
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screeching
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| v.发出尖叫声( screech的现在分词 )；发出粗而刺耳的声音；高叫 | |
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devoured
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| 吞没( devour的过去式和过去分词 )； 耗尽； 津津有味地看； 狼吞虎咽地吃光 | |
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motive
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| n.动机，目的；adv.发动的，运动的 | |
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enjoyment
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| n.乐趣；享有；享用 | |
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civilized
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| a.有教养的，文雅的 | |
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doctrines
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| n.教条( doctrine的名词复数 )；教义；学说；（政府政策的）正式声明 | |
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constraint
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| n.(on)约束，限制；限制(或约束)性的事物 | |
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vigour
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| （=vigor）n.智力，体力，精力 | |
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annually
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| adv.一年一次，每年 | |
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pumpkins
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| n.南瓜( pumpkin的名词复数 )；南瓜的果肉，南瓜囊 | |
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dread
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| vt.担忧，忧虑；惧怕，不敢；n.担忧，畏惧 | |
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abode
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| n.住处，住所 | |
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evaporation
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| n.蒸发，消失 | |
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influential
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| adj.有影响的，有权势的 | |
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feline
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| adj.猫科的 | |
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spotted
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| adj.有斑点的，斑纹的，弄污了的 | |
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protruding
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| v.（使某物）伸出，（使某物）突出( protrude的现在分词 )；凸 | |
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114
abdomens
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| n.腹（部）( abdomen的名词复数 ) | |
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lustre
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| n.光亮，光泽；荣誉 | |
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animation
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| n.活泼，兴奋，卡通片／动画片的制作 | |
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impunity
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| n.(惩罚、损失、伤害等的)免除 | |
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118
humble
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| adj.谦卑的，恭顺的；地位低下的；v.降低，贬低 | |
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