Its uncertain Limits—Caravan1 Routes—Ephemeral Streams—Oases2—Inundations—Luxuriant Vegetation of the Oases contrasted with the surrounding Desert—Harsh contrasts of Light and Shade—Sublimity3 of the Desert—Feelings of the Traveller while crossing the Desert—Its charms and terrors—Sand-Spouts—The Simoom—The ‘Sea of the Devil’—The Gazelle—Its chase—The Porcupine4—Fluctuation of Animal Life according to the Seasons—The Tibbos and the Tuaregs—Their contempt of the sedentary Berbers.
From the Nile to the Senegal, and from the vicinity of Agades or of Timbuctoo to the southern slopes of the Atlas5, extends the desert which above all others has been named the Great.
Surpassing the neighbouring Mediterranean6 at least three times in extent, and partly situated7 within the tropical zone, partly bordering on its confines, its limits are in many places as undetermined as the depths of its hidden solitudes8. No European has ever travelled along its southern boundary, nor is its interior known, except only along a few roads, traced for many a century by the wandering caravans10.
In general the desert may be said to extend in breadth from the thirty-ninth to the seventeenth degree of northern latitude11; but while in many parts it passes these bounds, in others fruitful94 districts penetrate12 far into its bosom13, like large peninsulas or promontories14 jutting15 into the sea.
Until within the last few years, it was supposed to be a low plain, partly situated even below the level of the ocean; but the journeys of Barth, Overweg, and Vogel have proved it, on the contrary, to be a high table-land, rising 1,000 or 2,000 feet above the sea. Nor is it the uniform sand-plain which former descriptions led one to imagine; for it is frequently traversed by chains of hills, as desolate16 and wild as the expanse from which they emerge. But the plains also have a different character in various parts: sometimes over a vast extent of country the ground is strewed17 with blocks of stone or small boulders18, no less fatiguing19 to the traveller than the loose drift sand, which, particularly in its western part (most likely in consequence of the prevailing20 east winds), covers the dreary21 waste of the Sahara. Often also the plain is rent by deep chasms22, or hollowed into vast basins. In the former, particularly on the northern limits of the desert, the rain descending23 from the gulleys of the Atlas, sometimes forms streams, which are soon swallowed up by the thirsty sands, or dried by the burning sunbeams. In spite of this short duration, the sudden appearance of these streams is not unfrequently the cause of serious distress24 to the oases which border the northern limits of the desert.
For this reason, as soon as the Atlas veils itself with clouds, horsemen from the oases of the Beni-Mzab are sent at full speed into the mountains. They form a chain as they proceed, and announce, by the firing of their rifles, the approach of the waters. The inhabitants of the oases instantly hurry to their gardens to convey their agricultural implements25 to a place of safety. A rushing sound is heard; in a short time the ground is inundated26; and the little village seems suddenly as if by magic transported to the banks of a lake, from which the green tufts of the palm-trees emerge like islands. But this singular spectacle soon passes away like the fantastic visions of the mirage27.
The deeper basins of the Sahara are frequently of great extent, and sometimes contain large deposits of salt. Wherever perennial28 springs rise from the earth, or wherever it has been possible to collect water in artificial wells, green oases, often95 many a day’s journey apart from each other, break the monotony of the desert. They might be compared with the charming islands that stud the vast solitudes of the South Sea; but they do not appear, like them, as elevations29 over surrounding plains of sea, but as depressions, where animals and plants find a sufficient supply of water, and a protection, not less necessary, against the terrific blasts of the desert.
A wonderful luxuriance of vegetation characterises these oases of the wilderness30. Under and between the date-palms, grow apricot and peach trees, pomegranates and oranges, the henna, so indispensable to Oriental beauty; and even the apple-tree, the pride of European orchards31. The vine twines32 from one date-palm to another, and every spot susceptible33 of culture produces corn, particularly dourrah or barley34, and also clover and tobacco. With a prudent35 economy the villages are built on the borders of the oases on the unfruitful soil, so that not a foot of ground susceptible of culture may be lost.
The vast tracts36 of sterile37 sand, where not even the smallest plant takes root, and which might be called the ‘desert of the desert,’ present the greatest conceivable contrast to its green oases. With the vegetable world the animal kingdom likewise disappears, and for days the traveller pursues his journey without meeting with a single quadruped, bird, or insect. All is solitude9 and death in this awful wilderness, where, in the Bedouins’ poetical38 language, ‘nothing exists but Allah!’ Nowhere are the transitions of light and shade more abrupt39 than in the desert, for nowhere is the atmosphere more thoroughly40 free from all vapours. The sun pours a dazzling light on the ground, so that every object stands forth41 with wonderful clearness, while all that remains42 in the shade is sharply defined, and appears like a dark spot in the surrounding glare.
These harsh contrasts between light and shade deprive the landscape of all grace and harmony; but this want is amply compensated43 by its singular grandeur44. The boundless45 horizon and the silence which reigns46 over the whole scene, appeal with powerful effect to the imagination, and thus constantly amuse the mind amid scenery that presents so few objects to occupy it. But in such a country every slight modification47 of form or colour rivets48 observation: the senses are sharpened, and perceptive49 faculties50 prone51 to grow dull over a perpetual shifting96 of scenery, act vigorously when excited by the capability52 of embracing each detail. To the solitary53 wayfarer54 there is an interest in the wilderness unknown to the Alpine55 glacier56 and even to the rolling prairie, the effect of continued excitement on the mind, stimulating57 its powers to their pitch. Above, a sky, terrible in its stainless58 beauty, and the splendour of a pitiless blinding glare; around you, drifted sand-heaps upon which each puff59 of wind leaves its own trace in solid waves; naked rocks, the very skeletons of mountains, and hard unbroken plains, over which he who rides is spurred by the idea that the bursting of a water-bag or the pricking60 of a camel’s hoof61 would be certain death of torture—a haggard land infested62 by wild beasts and wilder men—a region whose very fountains seem to murmur63 the warning words ‘Drink and away.’ What can apparently64 be more devoid65 of every charm, and yet in none of her aspects is Nature more fascinating and sublime66. Man’s heart bounds in his breast at the thought of measuring his puny67 force with the desert’s might, and of emerging triumphant68 from the trial—and this sense of danger never absent invests the scene of travel with an interest not its own.
Thus, in spite of all he may have endured, the traveller that has once crossed the desert will ever after remember it with regret, and long for the renewal69 of its deep emotions. For the life of the Sahara resembles that of the ocean. During a continuance of bad weather or a calm the mariner70 may vow71 to forsake72 the sea for ever, but he has scarcely landed when his affection revives and he longs for the sea again.
In summer when the sun pours his vertical73 rays over the arid74 waste the desert is one vast furnace; but in the temperate75 season, its pleasures well repay the wanderer for many a peril76 or hardship. In this pure dry atmosphere his health improves, and with his health the tone and vigour77 of his mind. Though his mouth glows and his skin is parched78—yet he feels no languor79, the effect of humid heat; his lungs are lightened, his sight brightens, his memory recovers its strength, his spirits become exuberant80, his fancy and imagination are powerfully aroused—and the wildness and sublimity of the scenes around him stir up all the energies of his soul—whether for exertion81, danger, or strife82. His senses are quickened; they require no stimulant83 but air and exercise—in the desert spirituous97 liquors only excite disgust. There is a keen enjoyment84 in a mere85 animal existence. The vigorous appetite disposes of the most indigestible food; the sand is softer than a bed of down, and the purity of the air suddenly puts to flight a dire86 cohort of diseases. Hence it is that both sexes and every age, the most material as well as the most imaginative of minds, all feel their hearts dilate87 and their pulses beat strong, as they look down from their dromedaries upon the glorious desert.
Nothing can equal the beauty of the night in these arid wilds, doubly grateful after the heat and glare of the day. We, the sons of a colder clime, accustomed to see the starry88 firmament89 faintly glimmering90 through a misty91 haze92, can have no idea of the magnificence of its luminous93 worlds brightly sparkling through an atmosphere of incomparable clearness. Grazing at these isles94 of light the soul rises on the wings of adoration95 to Him who made them. The desert is the image of the Infinite; no place is more apt to awaken96 religious feelings, and no time is fitter for devotion than its still and solitary night. He, who, in the desert does not hear the voice of God, knows not the Almighty97, and ranks far below the wandering Arab, who, after the toil99 of the sultry day, reverentially bows down his forehead in prayer over the sand of the desert. Falling on his knees he exclaims: ‘Allah hu akbar! God is greater:’ greater than all created things, which only bear witness to His greatness.
But it is not alone the sublime grandeur of the desert which raises the spirit of man to his Maker100; its terrors also make him vividly101 feel the Almighty presence, for when the sense of his helplessness becomes overpoweringly acute, he then instinctively102 looks for protection above.
As the conflicting air-currents of the ocean occasion water-spouts, the terror of the mariner; so also sandspouts or trombs arise in rotatory eddies103 from the midst of the desert, and assume the form of mighty98 columns, sometimes slowly moving along, at others advancing with menacing swiftness.
As they rapidly scud104 with the wings of the whirlwind over the plain—huge, yellow shafts105 with lofty heads horizontally bent106 backwards107 in the form of clouds, it requires but little stretch of fancy to enter into the Bedouin’s superstition108, and, like the imaginative sons of the desert, suppose them to be the98 genii of the waste which cannot be caught, a notion arising from the fitful movements of the wind-eddy that raises them. As they advance, the pious109 Moslem110 stretches out his finger, exclaiming, ‘Avaunt, O thou ill-omened one!’
Every moment the dread111 columns change their station, their appearance, their form. Onward112 they move, with terrible rapidity; the sun tints113 them with the brilliancy of fire; the storm, whirling in and around them, cuts them into several branches, reunites them, now weakens and now again strengthens them; and when, the whirlwind having spent its force, they suddenly collapse115, and relieve the traveller from the fear of immediate116 danger, he yet must not exult117 too soon, for generally these sandspouts are followed by the dreaded118 simoom.
The temperature of the air becomes intolerably oppressive; it is sultry and enervating119 as before a thunder-storm. The hitherto crystal transparency of the sky is veiled with a hazy120 dimness, it is the sand of the desert whirling at a distance in the atmosphere, but as yet no wind is felt. The camels, however, are conscious of its approach. They become restless and anxious, and appear overcome by fatigue121.
And now a light hot wind arises from the south, or south-west, blowing in intermittent122 gusts123 like the laborious124 breathing of a feverish125 patient.
Gradually the convulsions of the storm grow more violent and frequent; and although the sun is unable to pierce the thick dust-clouds, and the shadow of the traveller is scarcely visible on the ground, yet so suffocating126 is the heat that it seems to him as if the fiercest rays of the sun were scorching127 his brain.
The fiery128 purple of the atmosphere gradually changes to a leaden blackness; the wind becomes constant; the camels, snorting and groaning129, stretch out their necks flat upon the ground, and turn their backs to the raging sand-storm. The Arabs pile up the water-bags, so as to screen them from the wind and diminish the surface exposed to the dry air, and wrapping themselves up as closely as possible in their cloaks, seek protection behind chests or bales of merchandise.
At night darkness is complete, no light or fire burns in the tents, which are hardly able to resist the gusts of the simoom. A deep silence reigns throughout the whole caravan, yet no one99 sleeps; the bark of the jackal or the howl of the hyæna alone sounds dismally131 from time to time through the loud roaring of the storm.
A prolonged simoom causes more fatigue to man and beast than all the other hardships of a desert journey, and brings new and as yet unknown sufferings to the traveller. Under the desiccating influence of the dry air, his lips spring open and begin to bleed, his parched tongue vainly longs for a refreshing132 draught133; and, together with a raging thirst, an insupportable itching134 and burning invade the whole body; for the skin bursts in a hundred places, and the fine irritating dust penetrates135 into every wound.
Sometimes a raving136 madness, the symptoms of a fatal inflammation, is the result of these complicated tortures; in other cases the blood circulating with feverish haste through the veins137, produces congestion138 of the brain; and, senseless and motionless, the wretch139 sinks down upon the ground, never to rise again. And the lot of him who still retains the full consciousness of his misery140 is not more enviable, for death by thirst awaits him, with slower but more dreadful pangs141. His camel drops, his water-bag is nearly empty. He tries to walk; in a short time the glowing sand produces gangrenous sores in his feet, and every step is accompanied by the most excruciating pain. His companions are all too busy with themselves to pay the least attention to the unfortunate sufferer; they have but one thought—self; one aim—that of reaching the next well. Abandoned to his fate, the deserted142 traveller stands alone, waterless, helpless in the dreadful waste. He tears his beard, he curses his destiny; for him there is no hope.
And now, when earth and heaven begin to reel around him, the ‘Sea of the Devil’ spreads out its delusive143 phantoms144 before his weakened vision. He sees all his heart can wish for; palm groves145 waving over a broad expanse of lake; winding146 rivers covered with barges147, their streamers gaily148 floating in the breeze; fairy gardens surrounded by rippling149 waters. The glorious prospect150 stimulates151 him to one last exertion; could he but reach that blessed shore the joys of paradise were his, but his paralysed limbs mock the vain effort which exhausts the last remnant of his strength.
The crows, wheeling with dismal130 cries over the dying wretch,100 often hack152 out his eyes before death relieves him of all pain. These corsairs of the air accompany the caravan as sharks accompany a vessel153; for they reckon, like the tyrants154 of the seas, upon the tribute of the journey.
In a short time the dry atmosphere changes the corpse155 into a natural mummy, which, ‘grinning horribly a ghastly smile,’ seems to defy the desert. Perchance some future caravan passing along throws some pious dust upon the shrivelled body, but the wind soon uncovers it again, for the shifting desert will not even grant a burial to its victims. On every great caravan route such mummies protruding156 from the sand meet the eye of the traveller, telling him, in their mute but expressive157 language, ‘Such, stranger, may be thy fate to-morrow.’
The arid desert produces only a few plants and animals, but stamps them all with its own peculiar158 mark. From the tawny159 Bedouin to the worm scarcely distinguishable in the sand, it gives all its creatures the same dress, the same colour, which might justly be called the colour of the desert. It is the pale greyish-yellow tint114 which belongs as well to the gazelle as to the small lark160 of the sandy wastes. Among the birds there are no doubt many modifications161 of this general rule, and the deviations162 increase as the desert gradually merges163 into the more fertile steppes, but even here its characteristic mark is not to be mistaken.
A wandering desultory164 life is the lot of the children of the desert. The nourishment165 afforded them by their sterile home is too scanty166 for sedentary habits, and cannot be obtained without exertion. But Nature has endowed them with an activity and powers of endurance which distinguish them from many other animals, and enable them to exist where less hardy167 or less spirited beings would perish. Even such of them as originally did not belong to the desert, but since several generations have learnt to make it their home, such as the noble horse of the Bedouin, acquire the spirit it engenders168. The same love of independence, the same attachment169 to their native haunts, animates170 all the inhabitants of the desert. Separated from their home they droop171 and pine away. The richest food affords the captive gazelle no compensation for the meagre herbage of the sandy waste; the widest space seems narrow when compared with its boundless extent.
101 Nothing can be more elegant than the figure of this beautiful antelope172 in the full unfettered freedom of its native wilds. Its slender but vigorous limbs are in the highest degree elastic173; all its actions are animated174 and graceful175. When the approach of a caravan surprises it in its solitude, it pricks176 up its ears, stretches forth its neck, and fixes an attentive177 gaze upon the strangers. Distrusting their intentions, it vaults178 with a few bounds over large stones or bushes, and then again stops, playfully waving its horns to and fro. When once it has been chased it becomes extremely wary179, and on account of its amazing fleetness can only be taken by dint180 of the utmost perseverance181 and cunning. It is often seen in large groups, bounding across the desert with such extraordinary swiftness that it seems bird-like to skim over the surface. From time immemorial its elegant form and brilliant eye have played a conspicuous182 part in Oriental poetry. The Arab loves to compare the eye of his mistress with that of the gazelle—
‘Her eyes’ dark charm ’twere vain to tell, But look on that of the gazelle, It will assist thy fancy well’—
and ‘Thou art as graceful and as beautifully-shaped as a gazelle,’ is the highest compliment that can be paid to an Oriental beauty.
The chase of the gazelle is a favourite amusement of the inhabitants of the Saharian oases. On seeing a herd183 at a distance, they approach as cautiously as possible; and when about a mile distant, they unleash184 their greyhounds, who dart185 off with the rapidity of arrows, and are excited by loud cries to their utmost speed. Yet they only reach the flying herd after a long race; and now the scene acquires the interest of a drama. The best greyhound selects the finest gazelle for his prey186, which uses all its cunning to avoid its pursuer, springing to the right, to the left, now forwards, then backwards, sometimes even right over the greyhound’s head; but all these zigzag187 evolutions fail to save it from its indefatigable188 enemy. When seized it utters a piteous cry, the signal of the greyhound’s triumph, who kills it with one bite in the neck.
When we consider the scanty vegetation of the Sahara, we cannot wonder that animal life is but sparingly scattered189 over its surface. The lion, so frequently misnamed ‘the king of the102 desert,’ only shows himself on its borders; and on asking the nomads190 of the interior whether it is ever seen in their parts, they gravely answer that in Europe lions may perhaps feed on shrubs192 or drink the air, but that in Africa they cannot exist without flesh and water, and therefore avoid the sandy desert. In fact, they never leave the wooded mountains of the Atlas, or the fruitful plains of the Soudan, to wander far away into the Sahara, where snakes and scorpions193 are the only dangerous animals to be met with. The snakes, which belong to the genus Cerastes, which is distinguished194 by two small horns upon the head, have a deadly bite, and are remarkable195 for their almost total abstinence from water.
Among the animals which inhabit those parts of the desert which are covered with prickly shrubs, we find hares and rabbits, hyænas and jackals, the hedgehog and the porcupine. Well-beaten paths, and here and there a scattered quill196, lead to the hole which this proverbially fretful animal burrows197 in the sand. The hunters widen the entrance with their poniards or swords, until a hoarse199, prolonged growl200, and the peculiar noise which the enraged201 porcupine makes on raising his quills202, warn them to be on their guard. Suddenly the creature rushes from its burrow198 to cast itself into the thicket203; but the well-aimed blow of a poniard stretches it upon the sand. A fire being kindled204, the animal is buried under the embers; and the quills then easily separate from the roasted and excellently-flavoured meat.
Several lizards205 inhabit the desert; among others, a large grey monitor, and a small white skink, with very short legs, called Zelgague by the Arabs. Its movements are so rapid that it seems to swim on the sand like a fish in the water, and when one fancies one has caught it, it suddenly dives under the surface. Its traces, however, betray its retreat, and it is easily extracted from its hole,—a trouble which, in spite of the meagre booty, is not considered too great when provisions are scarce.
According to the seasons animal life fluctuates in the Sahara from north to south. In winter and spring, when heavy rains, falling on its northern borders, provide wide districts, thoroughly parched by the summer heat, with the water and pasturage needed for the herds206, the nomadic207 tribes wander farther into the desert with their camels, horses, sheep, and goats, and retreat again to the coast-lands as the sun gains103 power. At this time of the year the wild animals—the lion, the gazelle, and the antelope—also wander farther to the south, which at that time provides them, each according to its taste, with the nourishment which the dry summer is unable to bestow208; while the ostrich209, who during the summer ranged farther to the north, then retreats to the south; for hot and sandy plains are the paradise in which this singular bird delights to roam.
In the southern part of the Sahara the tropical rains, whose limits extend to 19° N. lat., and in some parts still farther to the north, produce similar periodical fluctuations210 in the animal life of the desert. Under their influence the sandy plains are soon enlivened here and there with grasses, and the parched shrubs clothe themselves with verdure. In the dry season, on the contrary, the green carpet disappears, and the country then changes into a dry waste. Frequently, however, the tropical rains fail to appear on their northern boundaries, and disappoint the hopes of the thirsty desert.
Two nomadic nations, the Tuaregs and the Tibbos wander with their camels and sheep over the immense expanse of the Sahara in quest of scanty forage211 and thorny212 shrubbery. The abstinence and hardships they frequently endure, the freedom of a roving life, and their predatory habits, give them an evident superiority over the sedentary Berbers, who inhabit the oases, and repay the haughty213 demeanour of the nomads with hatred214 and contempt. Yet, in spite of these feelings of ill-will, the bonds of traffic and of a common interest connect the vagrant215 and the agricultural tribes. Condemned216 to perpetual migrations217, the nomad191 is forced to confide218 all the property he is unable to carry about with him to the inhabitants of the oases; he may even possess a small piece of land, the cultivation219 of which he entrusts220 to the latter, who, on his part, as soon as he has saved something, buys a sheep or a goat which he gives in charge to the nomad.
An unmitigated hatred, on the contrary, exists between the various erratic221 tribes, as here no mediating222 self-interest softens223 the antipathies224 which are almost universally found to exist between neighbouring barbarians225, and their robber expeditions not merely attack the richly-laden caravan, but also the oasis226 which may be connected by the bonds of intercourse227 with their hereditary228 enemies.
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1
caravan
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| n.大蓬车；活动房屋 | |
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oases
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| n.（沙漠中的）绿洲( oasis的名词复数 )；（困苦中）令人快慰的地方（或时刻）；乐土；乐事 | |
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sublimity
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| 崇高，庄严，气质高尚 | |
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porcupine
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| n.豪猪， 箭猪 | |
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atlas
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| n.地图册，图表集 | |
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Mediterranean
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| adj.地中海的；地中海沿岸的 | |
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situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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solitudes
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| n.独居( solitude的名词复数 )；孤独；荒僻的地方；人迹罕至的地方 | |
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solitude
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| n. 孤独; 独居,荒僻之地,幽静的地方 | |
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caravans
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| （可供居住的）拖车（通常由机动车拖行）( caravan的名词复数 )； 篷车； （穿过沙漠地带的）旅行队（如商队） | |
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latitude
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| n.纬度，行动或言论的自由(范围)，(pl.)地区 | |
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penetrate
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| v.透(渗)入；刺入，刺穿；洞察，了解 | |
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bosom
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| n.胸，胸部；胸怀；内心；adj.亲密的 | |
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promontories
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| n.岬，隆起，海角( promontory的名词复数 ) | |
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jutting
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| v.（使）突出( jut的现在分词 )；伸出；（从…）突出；高出 | |
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desolate
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| adj.荒凉的，荒芜的；孤独的，凄凉的；v.使荒芜，使孤寂 | |
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strewed
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| v.撒在…上( strew的过去式和过去分词 )；散落于；点缀；撒满 | |
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boulders
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| n.卵石( boulder的名词复数 )；巨砾；（受水或天气侵蚀而成的）巨石；漂砾 | |
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fatiguing
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| a.使人劳累的 | |
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prevailing
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| adj.盛行的；占优势的；主要的 | |
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dreary
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| adj.令人沮丧的，沉闷的，单调乏味的 | |
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chasms
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| 裂缝( chasm的名词复数 )； 裂口； 分歧； 差别 | |
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descending
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| n. 下行 adj. 下降的 | |
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distress
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| n.苦恼，痛苦，不舒适；不幸；vt.使悲痛 | |
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implements
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| n.工具( implement的名词复数 )；家具；手段；[法律]履行（契约等）v.实现( implement的第三人称单数 )；执行；贯彻；使生效 | |
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inundated
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| v.淹没( inundate的过去式和过去分词 )；（洪水般地）涌来；充满；给予或交予（太多事物）使难以应付 | |
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mirage
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| n.海市蜃楼，幻景 | |
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perennial
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| adj.终年的；长久的 | |
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elevations
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| （水平或数量）提高( elevation的名词复数 )； 高地； 海拔； 提升 | |
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wilderness
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| n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等，荒漠 | |
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orchards
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| （通常指围起来的）果园( orchard的名词复数 ) | |
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twines
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| n.盘绕( twine的名词复数 )；麻线；捻；缠绕在一起的东西 | |
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susceptible
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| adj.过敏的，敏感的；易动感情的，易受感动的 | |
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34
barley
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| n.大麦，大麦粒 | |
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35
prudent
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| adj.谨慎的，有远见的，精打细算的 | |
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36
tracts
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| 大片土地( tract的名词复数 )； 地带； （体内的）道； （尤指宣扬宗教、伦理或政治的）短文 | |
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37
sterile
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| adj.不毛的，不孕的，无菌的，枯燥的，贫瘠的 | |
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38
poetical
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| adj.似诗人的；诗一般的；韵文的；富有诗意的 | |
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39
abrupt
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| adj.突然的，意外的；唐突的，鲁莽的 | |
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40
thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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41
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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42
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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43
compensated
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| 补偿，报酬( compensate的过去式和过去分词 )； 给（某人）赔偿（或赔款） | |
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44
grandeur
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| n.伟大，崇高，宏伟，庄严，豪华 | |
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45
boundless
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| adj.无限的；无边无际的；巨大的 | |
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46
reigns
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| n.君主的统治( reign的名词复数 )；君主统治时期；任期；当政期 | |
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47
modification
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| n.修改，改进，缓和，减轻 | |
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48
rivets
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| 铆钉( rivet的名词复数 ) | |
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49
perceptive
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| adj.知觉的，有洞察力的，感知的 | |
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50
faculties
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|
| n.能力( faculty的名词复数 )；全体教职员；技巧；院 | |
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51
prone
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|
| adj.(to)易于…的，很可能…的；俯卧的 | |
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52
capability
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| n.能力；才能；(pl)可发展的能力或特性等 | |
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53
solitary
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| adj.孤独的，独立的，荒凉的；n.隐士 | |
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54
wayfarer
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| n.旅人 | |
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55
alpine
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|
| adj.高山的；n.高山植物 | |
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56
glacier
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| n.冰川，冰河 | |
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57
stimulating
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|
| adj.有启发性的，能激发人思考的 | |
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58
stainless
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| adj.无瑕疵的，不锈的 | |
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59
puff
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| n.一口(气)；一阵(风)；v.喷气，喘气 | |
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60
pricking
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| 刺，刺痕，刺痛感 | |
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61
hoof
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| n.(马，牛等的)蹄 | |
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62
infested
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|
| adj.为患的，大批滋生的（常与with搭配）v.害虫、野兽大批出没于( infest的过去式和过去分词 )；遍布于 | |
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63
murmur
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| n.低语，低声的怨言；v.低语，低声而言 | |
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64
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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65
devoid
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| adj.全无的，缺乏的 | |
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66
sublime
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|
| adj.崇高的，伟大的；极度的，不顾后果的 | |
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67
puny
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| adj.微不足道的，弱小的 | |
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68
triumphant
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|
| adj.胜利的，成功的；狂欢的，喜悦的 | |
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69
renewal
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| adj.(契约)延期，续订，更新，复活，重来 | |
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70
mariner
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| n.水手号不载人航天探测器，海员，航海者 | |
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71
vow
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| n.誓(言)，誓约；v.起誓，立誓 | |
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72
forsake
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|
| vt.遗弃，抛弃；舍弃，放弃 | |
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73
vertical
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| adj.垂直的，顶点的，纵向的；n.垂直物，垂直的位置 | |
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74
arid
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|
| adj.干旱的；(土地)贫瘠的 | |
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75
temperate
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| adj.温和的，温带的，自我克制的，不过分的 | |
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76
peril
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| n.(严重的)危险；危险的事物 | |
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77
vigour
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| （=vigor）n.智力，体力，精力 | |
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78
parched
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|
| adj.焦干的；极渴的；v.（使）焦干 | |
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79
languor
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| n.无精力，倦怠 | |
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80
exuberant
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|
| adj.充满活力的；（植物）繁茂的 | |
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81
exertion
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| n.尽力，努力 | |
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82
strife
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| n.争吵，冲突，倾轧，竞争 | |
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83
stimulant
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| n.刺激物，兴奋剂 | |
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84
enjoyment
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|
| n.乐趣；享有；享用 | |
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85
mere
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|
| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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86
dire
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|
| adj.可怕的，悲惨的，阴惨的，极端的 | |
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87
dilate
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| vt.使膨胀，使扩大 | |
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88
starry
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|
| adj.星光照耀的, 闪亮的 | |
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89
firmament
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| n.苍穹；最高层 | |
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90
glimmering
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|
| n.微光，隐约的一瞥adj.薄弱地发光的v.发闪光，发微光( glimmer的现在分词 ) | |
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91
misty
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| adj.雾蒙蒙的，有雾的 | |
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92
haze
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|
| n.霾，烟雾；懵懂，迷糊；vi.(over)变模糊 | |
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93
luminous
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|
| adj.发光的，发亮的；光明的；明白易懂的；有启发的 | |
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94
isles
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| 岛( isle的名词复数 ) | |
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95
adoration
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|
| n.爱慕，崇拜 | |
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96
awaken
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|
| vi.醒，觉醒；vt.唤醒，使觉醒，唤起，激起 | |
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97
almighty
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|
| adj.全能的，万能的；很大的，很强的 | |
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98
mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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99
toil
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|
| vi.辛劳工作，艰难地行动；n.苦工，难事 | |
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100
maker
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|
| n.制造者，制造商 | |
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101
vividly
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|
| adv.清楚地，鲜明地，生动地 | |
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102
instinctively
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|
| adv.本能地 | |
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103
eddies
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| （水、烟等的）漩涡，涡流( eddy的名词复数 ) | |
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104
scud
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| n.疾行；v.疾行 | |
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105
shafts
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|
| n.轴( shaft的名词复数 )；（箭、高尔夫球棒等的）杆；通风井；一阵（疼痛、害怕等） | |
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106
bent
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|
| n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的 | |
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107
backwards
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|
| adv.往回地，向原处，倒，相反，前后倒置地 | |
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108
superstition
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| n.迷信，迷信行为 | |
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109
pious
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|
| adj.虔诚的；道貌岸然的 | |
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110
Moslem
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| n.回教徒，穆罕默德信徒；adj.回教徒的，回教的 | |
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111
dread
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|
| vt.担忧，忧虑；惧怕，不敢；n.担忧，畏惧 | |
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112
onward
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|
| adj.向前的，前进的；adv.向前，前进，在先 | |
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113
tints
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|
| 色彩( tint的名词复数 )； 带白的颜色； （淡色）染发剂； 痕迹 | |
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114
tint
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|
| n.淡色，浅色；染发剂；vt.着以淡淡的颜色 | |
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115
collapse
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|
| vi.累倒；昏倒；倒塌；塌陷 | |
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116
immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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117
exult
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| v.狂喜，欢腾；欢欣鼓舞 | |
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118
dreaded
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|
| adj.令人畏惧的；害怕的v.害怕，恐惧，担心( dread的过去式和过去分词) | |
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119
enervating
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| v.使衰弱，使失去活力( enervate的现在分词 ) | |
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120
hazy
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| adj.有薄雾的，朦胧的；不肯定的，模糊的 | |
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121
fatigue
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| n.疲劳，劳累 | |
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122
intermittent
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|
| adj.间歇的，断断续续的 | |
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123
gusts
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| 一阵强风( gust的名词复数 )； （怒、笑等的）爆发； （感情的）迸发； 发作 | |
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124
laborious
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|
| adj.吃力的，努力的，不流畅 | |
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125
feverish
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| adj.发烧的，狂热的，兴奋的 | |
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126
suffocating
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| a.使人窒息的 | |
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127
scorching
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| adj. 灼热的 | |
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128
fiery
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| adj.燃烧着的，火红的；暴躁的；激烈的 | |
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129
groaning
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| adj. 呜咽的, 呻吟的 动词groan的现在分词形式 | |
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130
dismal
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| adj.阴沉的，凄凉的，令人忧郁的，差劲的 | |
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131
dismally
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| adv.阴暗地，沉闷地 | |
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132
refreshing
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| adj.使精神振作的，使人清爽的，使人喜欢的 | |
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133
draught
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| n.拉，牵引，拖；一网（饮，吸，阵)；顿服药量，通风；v.起草，设计 | |
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134
itching
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| adj.贪得的，痒的，渴望的v.发痒( itch的现在分词 ) | |
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135
penetrates
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| v.穿过( penetrate的第三人称单数 )；刺入；了解；渗透 | |
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136
raving
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| adj.说胡话的；疯狂的，怒吼的；非常漂亮的；令人醉心[痴心]的v.胡言乱语(rave的现在分词)n.胡话；疯话adv.胡言乱语地；疯狂地 | |
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137
veins
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|
| n.纹理；矿脉( vein的名词复数 )；静脉；叶脉；纹理 | |
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138
congestion
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| n.阻塞，消化不良 | |
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139
wretch
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| n.可怜的人，不幸的人；卑鄙的人 | |
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140
misery
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| n.痛苦，苦恼，苦难；悲惨的境遇，贫苦 | |
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141
pangs
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| 突然的剧痛( pang的名词复数 )； 悲痛 | |
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142
deserted
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|
| adj.荒芜的，荒废的，无人的，被遗弃的 | |
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143
delusive
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| adj.欺骗的，妄想的 | |
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144
phantoms
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| n.鬼怪，幽灵( phantom的名词复数 ) | |
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145
groves
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| 树丛，小树林( grove的名词复数 ) | |
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146
winding
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| n.绕，缠，绕组，线圈 | |
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147
barges
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| 驳船( barge的名词复数 ) | |
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148
gaily
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| adv.欢乐地，高兴地 | |
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149
rippling
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| 起涟漪的，潺潺流水般声音的 | |
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150
prospect
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| n.前景，前途；景色，视野 | |
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151
stimulates
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| v.刺激( stimulate的第三人称单数 )；激励；使兴奋；起兴奋作用，起刺激作用，起促进作用 | |
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152
hack
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|
| n.劈，砍，出租马车；v.劈，砍，干咳 | |
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153
vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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154
tyrants
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| 专制统治者( tyrant的名词复数 )； 暴君似的人； （古希腊的）僭主； 严酷的事物 | |
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155
corpse
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| n.尸体，死尸 | |
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156
protruding
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| v.（使某物）伸出，（使某物）突出( protrude的现在分词 )；凸 | |
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157
expressive
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|
| adj.表现的，表达…的，富于表情的 | |
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158
peculiar
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|
| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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159
tawny
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|
| adj.茶色的，黄褐色的；n.黄褐色 | |
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160
lark
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|
| n.云雀，百灵鸟；n.嬉戏，玩笑；vi.嬉戏 | |
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161
modifications
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| n.缓和( modification的名词复数 )；限制；更改；改变 | |
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162
deviations
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| 背离，偏离( deviation的名词复数 )； 离经叛道的行为 | |
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163
merges
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| （使）混合( merge的第三人称单数 )； 相融； 融入； 渐渐消失在某物中 | |
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164
desultory
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| adj.散漫的，无方法的 | |
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165
nourishment
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| n.食物，营养品；营养情况 | |
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166
scanty
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| adj.缺乏的，仅有的，节省的，狭小的，不够的 | |
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167
hardy
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| adj.勇敢的，果断的，吃苦的；耐寒的 | |
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168
engenders
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| v.产生（某形势或状况），造成，引起( engender的第三人称单数 ) | |
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169
attachment
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| n.附属物，附件；依恋；依附 | |
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170
animates
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| v.使有生气( animate的第三人称单数 )；驱动；使栩栩如生地动作；赋予…以生命 | |
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171
droop
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| v.低垂，下垂；凋萎，萎靡 | |
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172
antelope
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| n.羚羊；羚羊皮 | |
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173
elastic
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| n.橡皮圈，松紧带；adj.有弹性的；灵活的 | |
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174
animated
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| adj.生气勃勃的，活跃的，愉快的 | |
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175
graceful
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| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
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176
pricks
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| 刺痛( prick的名词复数 )； 刺孔； 刺痕； 植物的刺 | |
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177
attentive
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| adj.注意的，专心的；关心(别人)的，殷勤的 | |
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178
vaults
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| n.拱顶( vault的名词复数 )；地下室；撑物跳高；墓穴 | |
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179
wary
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| adj.谨慎的，机警的，小心的 | |
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180
dint
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| n.由于，靠；凹坑 | |
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181
perseverance
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| n.坚持不懈，不屈不挠 | |
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182
conspicuous
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| adj.明眼的，惹人注目的；炫耀的，摆阔气的 | |
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183
herd
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| n.兽群，牧群；vt.使集中，把…赶在一起 | |
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184
unleash
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| vt.发泄，发出；解带子放开 | |
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185
dart
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| v.猛冲，投掷；n.飞镖，猛冲 | |
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186
prey
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| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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187
zigzag
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| n.曲折，之字形；adj.曲折的，锯齿形的；adv.曲折地，成锯齿形地；vt.使曲折；vi.曲折前行 | |
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188
indefatigable
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| adj.不知疲倦的，不屈不挠的 | |
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189
scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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190
nomads
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| n.游牧部落的一员( nomad的名词复数 )；流浪者；游牧生活；流浪生活 | |
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191
nomad
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| n.游牧部落的人，流浪者，游牧民 | |
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192
shrubs
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| 灌木( shrub的名词复数 ) | |
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193
scorpions
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| n.蝎子( scorpion的名词复数 ) | |
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194
distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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195
remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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196
quill
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| n.羽毛管；v.给（织物或衣服）作皱褶 | |
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197
burrows
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| n.地洞( burrow的名词复数 )v.挖掘（洞穴），挖洞( burrow的第三人称单数 )；翻寻 | |
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198
burrow
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| vt.挖掘(洞穴)；钻进；vi.挖洞；翻寻；n.地洞 | |
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199
hoarse
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| adj.嘶哑的，沙哑的 | |
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200
growl
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| v.（狗等）嗥叫，（炮等）轰鸣；n.嗥叫，轰鸣 | |
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201
enraged
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| 使暴怒( enrage的过去式和过去分词 )； 歜； 激愤 | |
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202
quills
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| n.（刺猬或豪猪的）刺( quill的名词复数 )；羽毛管；翮；纡管 | |
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203
thicket
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| n.灌木丛，树林 | |
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204
kindled
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| （使某物）燃烧，着火( kindle的过去式和过去分词 )； 激起（感情等）； 发亮，放光 | |
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205
lizards
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| n.蜥蜴( lizard的名词复数 ) | |
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206
herds
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| 兽群( herd的名词复数 )； 牧群； 人群； 群众 | |
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207
nomadic
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| adj.流浪的；游牧的 | |
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208
bestow
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| v.把…赠与，把…授予；花费 | |
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209
ostrich
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| n.鸵鸟 | |
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210
fluctuations
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| 波动，涨落，起伏( fluctuation的名词复数 ) | |
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211
forage
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| n.(牛马的)饲料，粮草；v.搜寻，翻寻 | |
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212
thorny
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| adj.多刺的，棘手的 | |
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213
haughty
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| adj.傲慢的，高傲的 | |
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214
hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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215
vagrant
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| n.流浪者，游民；adj.流浪的，漂泊不定的 | |
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216
condemned
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| adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词 | |
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217
migrations
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| n.迁移，移居( migration的名词复数 ) | |
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218
confide
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| v.向某人吐露秘密 | |
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219
cultivation
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| n.耕作，培养，栽培（法），养成 | |
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220
entrusts
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| v.委托，托付( entrust的第三人称单数 ) | |
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221
erratic
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| adj.古怪的，反复无常的，不稳定的 | |
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222
mediating
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| 调停，调解，斡旋( mediate的现在分词 )； 居间促成； 影响…的发生； 使…可能发生 | |
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223
softens
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| （使）变软( soften的第三人称单数 )； 缓解打击； 缓和； 安慰 | |
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224
antipathies
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| 反感( antipathy的名词复数 )； 引起反感的事物； 憎恶的对象； （在本性、倾向等方面的）不相容 | |
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225
barbarians
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| n.野蛮人( barbarian的名词复数 )；外国人；粗野的人；无教养的人 | |
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226
oasis
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| n.（沙漠中的）绿洲，宜人的地方 | |
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227
intercourse
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| n.性交；交流，交往，交际 | |
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228
hereditary
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| adj.遗传的，遗传性的，可继承的，世袭的 | |
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