Behemoth—Its Diminishing Number and Contracting Empire—Its Ugliness—A Rogue2 Hippopotamus or Solitaire—Dangerous Meeting—Intelligence and Memory of the Hippopotamus—Methods employed for Killing3 the Hippopotamus—Hippopotamus-Hunting on the Teoge.
‘Behold4 now Behemoth, which I made with thee; he eateth grass as an ox; his bones are as strong pieces of brass5; his bones are like bars of iron; he lieth under the shady trees, in the covert6 of the reeds and fens7. The shady trees cover him with their shadow; the willows8 of the brook9 compass him about. Behold he drinketh up a river: he trusteth that he can draw up Jordan into his mouth.’
Thus, in the book of Job, we find the Hippopotamus portrayed10 with few words but incomparable power.
According to the inspired poet, this huge animal seems anciently to have inhabited the waters of Palestine, but now it is nowhere to be found in Asia; and even in Africa the limits of its domain11 are perpetually contracting before the persecutions of man. It has entirely12 disappeared from Egypt and Cape13 Colony, where Le Vaillant found it in numbers during the last century. In many respects a valuable prize; of easy destruction, in spite, or rather on account of its size, which betrays it to the attacks of its enemies; a dangerous neighbour to418 plantations14, it is condemned15 to retreat before the waves of advancing civilisation16, and would long since have been extirpated17 in all Africa, if the lakes and rivers of the interior of that vast den18 of barbarism were as busily ploughed over as ours by boats and ships, or their banks as thickly strewn with towns and villages.
For the hippopotamus is not able, like so many other beasts of the wilderness19, to hide itself in the gloom of impenetrable forests, or to plunge20 into the sandy desert; it requires the neighbourhood of the stream, the empire of which it divides with its amphibious neighbour the crocodile. Occasionally during the day it is to be seen basking21 on the shore amid ooze22 and mud, but throughout the night the unwieldy monster may be heard snorting and blowing during its aquatic23 gambols24; it then sallies forth25 from its reed-grown coverts26 to graze by the light of the moon, never, however, venturing to any distance from the river, the stronghold to which it retreats on the smallest alarm. It feeds on grass alone, and where there is any danger only at night. Its enormous lips act like a mowing27 machine, and form a path of short cropped grass as it goes on eating.
In point of ugliness the hippopotamus might compete with the rhinoceros28 itself. Its shapeless carcase rests upon short and disproportioned legs, and, with its vast belly29 almost trailing upon the ground, it may not inaptly be likened to an overgrown ‘prize-pig.’ Its immensely large head has each jaw30 armed with two formidable tusks31, those in the lower, which are always the largest, attaining32 at times two feet in length; and the inside of the mouth resembles a mass of butcher’s meat. The eyes, which are placed in prominences33 like the garret windows of a Dutch house, the nostrils34, and ears, are all on the same plane, on the upper level of the head, so that the unwieldy monster, when immersed in its favourite element, is able to draw breath, and to use three senses at once for hours together, without exposing more than its snout. The hide, which is upwards35 of an inch and a half in thickness, and of a pinkish-brown colour, clouded and freckled36 with a darker tint37, is destitute38 of covering, excepting a few scattered39 hairs on the muzzle40, the edges of the ears and tail. Though generally mild and inoffensive, it is not to be wondered at that a creature like419 this, which when full-grown attains41 a length of eleven or twelve feet, and nearly the same colossal42 girth, affords a truly appalling43 spectacle when enraged44, and that a nervous person may well lose his presence of mind when suddenly brought into contact with the gaping45 monster. Even Andersson, a man accustomed to all sorts of wild adventure, felt rather discomposed when one night a hippopotamus, without the slightest warning, suddenly protruded46 its enormous head into his bivouac, so that every man started to his feet with the greatest precipitation, some of the party, in the confusion, rushing into the fire and upsetting the pots containing the evening meal.
As among the elephants and other animals, elderly males are sometimes expelled the herd47, and, for want of company, become soured in their temper, and so misanthropic48 as to attack every boat that comes near them. The ‘rogue-hippopotami’ frequent certain localities well known to the inhabitants of the banks, and, like the outcast elephants, are extremely dangerous. Dr. Livingstone, passing a canoe which had been smashed to pieces by a blow from the hind49 foot of one of them, was informed by his men that, in case of a similar assault being made on his boat, the proper way was to dive to the bottom of the river, and hold on there for a few seconds, because the hippopotamus, after breaking a canoe, always looks for the people on the surface, and if he sees none, soon moves off. He saw some frightful50 gashes51 made on the legs of the people who, having had the misfortune to be attacked, were unable to dive.
In rivers where it is seldom disturbed, such as the Zambesi, the hippopotamus puts up its head openly to blow, and follows the traveller with an inquisitive52 glance, as if asking him, like the ‘moping owl’ in the elegy53, why he comes to molest54 its ‘ancient solitary55 reign’? but in other rivers, such as those of Londa, where it is much in danger of being shot, it takes good care to conceal56 its nose among water-plants, and to breathe so quietly that one would not dream of its existence in the river, except by footprints on the banks. Notwithstanding its stupid look—its prominent eyes and naked snout giving it more the appearance of a gigantic boiled calf’s head than anything else—the huge creature is by no means deficient57 in intelligence, knows how to avoid pitfalls58, and has so good a memory that, when it has once heard a ball whiz about its ears, it never after420 ceases to be wide-awake at the approach of danger. Being vulnerable only behind the ear, however, or in the eye, it requires the perfection of rifle-practice to be hit; and when once in the water, is still more difficult to kill, as it dives and swims with all the ease of a walrus59, its huge body being rendered buoyant by an abundance of fat. Its flesh is said to be delicious, resembling the finest young pork, and is considered as great a delicacy61 in Africa as a bear’s paw or a bison’s hump in the prairies of North America. The thick and almost inflexible62 hide may be dragged from the ribs63 in strips, like the planks64 from a ship’s side. These serve for the manufacture of a superior description of sjambok, the elastic65 whip with which the Cape boor66 governs his team of twelve oxen or more, while proceeding67 on a journey. In Northern Africa it is used to chastise68 refractory69 dromedaries or servants; and the ancient Egyptians employed it largely in the manufacture of shields, helmets, and javelins70.
But the most valuable part of the hippopotamus is its teeth (canine and incisors), which are considered greatly superior to elephant ivory, and, when perfect and weighty, will fetch as much as one guinea per pound, being chiefly used for artificial teeth, since it does not readily turn yellow. All these uses to which the hippopotamus may be applied71 are naturally as many prices set upon its head; and the ravages72 it occasions in the fields are another motive73 for its destruction. On the White Nile the peasantry burn a number of fires, to scare the huge animal from their plantations, where every footstep ploughs deep furrows74 into the marshy75 ground. At the same time, they keep up a prodigious76 clamour of horns and drums, to terrify the ruinous brute77, which, as may well be imagined, is by no means so great a favourite with them as with the visitors of the Zoological Gardens.
They have besides another, and, where it succeeds, a far more efficacious method of freeing themselves from its depredations78. They remark the places it most frequents, and there lay a large quantity of pease. When it comes on shore, hungry and voracious79, it falls to eating what is nearest, and fills its vast stomach with the pease, which soon occasion an insupportable thirst. The river being close at hand, it immediately drinks whole421 buckets of water, which, by swelling81 the pease, cause it to blow up, like an overloaded82 mortar83.
The natives on the Teoge, and other rivers that empty themselves into Lake Ngami, kill the hippopotamus with iron harpoons85, attached to long lines ending with a float. A huge reed raft, capable of carrying both the hunters and their canoes, with all that is needful for the prosecution86 of the chase, is pushed from the shore, and afterwards abandoned to the stream, which propels the unwieldy mass gently and noiselessly forward. Long before the hippopotami can be seen, they make known their presence by awful snorts and grunts87 whilst splashing and blowing in the water. On approaching the herd—for the gregarious88 animal likes to live in troops of from twenty-five to thirty—the most skilful89 and intrepid90 of the hunters stands prepared with the harpoons, whilst the rest make ready to launch the canoes should the attack prove successful. The bustle91 and noise caused by these preparations gradually subside92: at length not even a whisper is heard, and in breathless silence the hunters wait for the decisive conflict. The snorting and plunging93 become every moment more distinct; a bend in the stream still hides the animals from view; but now the point is passed, and monstrous94 figures, that might be mistaken for shapeless cliffs, did not ever and anon one or the other of them plunge and reappear, are seen dispersed95 over the troubled waters. On glides96 the raft, its crew worked up to the highest pitch of excitement, and at length reaches the herd, which, perfectly97 unconscious of danger, continue to enjoy their sports. Presently one of the animals is in immediate80 contact with the raft. Now is the critical moment; the foremost harpooner98 raises himself to his full height to give the greater force to the blow, and the next instant the iron is buried deep in the body of the bellowing99 hippopotamus. The wounded animal plunges100 violently and dives to the bottom, but all its efforts to escape are as ineffectual as those of the seal when pierced with the barbed iron of the Greenlander.
As soon as it is struck, one or more of the men launch a canoe from off the raft, and hastening to the shore with the harpoon84 line, take a round turn with it about a tree, so that the animal may either be brought up at once, or should there be too great a strain on the line, ‘played,’ like a trout101 or salmon102 by422 the fisherman. Sometimes both line and buoy60 are cast into the water, and all the canoes being launched from off the raft, chase is given to the poor brute, who whenever he comes to the surface is saluted103 with a shower of javelins. A long trail of blood marks his progress, his flight becomes slower and slower, his breathing more oppressive, until at last, his strength ebbing104 away through fifty wounds, he floats dead on the surface.
But as the whale will sometimes turn upon his assailants, so also the hippopotamus not seldom makes a dash at his persecutors, and either with his tusks, or with a blow from his head, staves in or capsizes the canoe. Sometimes even, not satisfied with wreaking105 his vengeance106 on the craft, he seizes one or other of the crew, and with a single grasp of his jaws107, either terribly mutilates the poor wretch108 or even cuts his body fairly in two.
The natives of Southern Africa, also resort to the ingenious but cruel plan of destroying the hippopotamus by means of a trap, consisting of a beam, four or five feet long, armed with a spear-head or hard wood spike109, covered with poison, and suspended to a forked pole by a cord, which coming down to the path, is held by a catch, to be set free when the beasts tread on it. On the banks of many rivers these traps are set over every track which the animals have made in going up out of the water to graze; but the hippopotami, being wary110 brutes111, are still very numerous. While Dr. Livingstone was on the River Shine, a hippopotamus got frightened by the ship, as she was steaming close to the banks. In its eager hurry to escape from an imaginary danger, the poor animal fell into a very real one, for rushing on shore, it ran directly under a trap, when down came the heavy beam on its back, driving the poisoned spear-head a foot deep in its flesh. In its agony, it plunged112 back into the river, where it soon after expired.
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1
hippopotamus
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| n.河马 | |
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rogue
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| n.流氓；v.游手好闲 | |
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killing
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| n.巨额利润；突然赚大钱，发大财 | |
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behold
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| v.看，注视，看到 | |
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brass
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| n.黄铜；黄铜器，铜管乐器 | |
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covert
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| adj.隐藏的；暗地里的 | |
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fens
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| n.（尤指英格兰东部的）沼泽地带( fen的名词复数 ) | |
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willows
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| n.柳树( willow的名词复数 )；柳木 | |
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brook
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| n.小河，溪；v.忍受，容让 | |
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portrayed
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| v.画像( portray的过去式和过去分词 )；描述；描绘；描画 | |
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domain
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| n.(活动等)领域，范围；领地，势力范围 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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cape
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| n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风 | |
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plantations
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| n.种植园，大农场( plantation的名词复数 ) | |
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condemned
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| adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词 | |
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civilisation
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| n.文明，文化，开化，教化 | |
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extirpated
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| v.消灭，灭绝( extirpate的过去式和过去分词 )；根除 | |
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den
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| n.兽穴；秘密地方；安静的小房间，私室 | |
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wilderness
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| n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等，荒漠 | |
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plunge
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| v.跳入，(使)投入，(使)陷入；猛冲 | |
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basking
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| v.晒太阳，取暖( bask的现在分词 )；对…感到乐趣；因他人的功绩而出名；仰仗…的余泽 | |
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ooze
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| n.软泥，渗出物；vi.渗出，泄漏；vt.慢慢渗出，流露 | |
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aquatic
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| adj.水生的，水栖的 | |
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gambols
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| v.蹦跳，跳跃，嬉戏( gambol的第三人称单数 ) | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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coverts
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| n.隐蔽的，不公开的，秘密的( covert的名词复数 )；复羽 | |
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mowing
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| n.割草，一次收割量，牧草地v.刈，割( mow的现在分词 ) | |
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rhinoceros
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| n.犀牛 | |
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belly
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| n.肚子，腹部；(像肚子一样)鼓起的部分，膛 | |
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jaw
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| n.颚，颌，说教，流言蜚语；v.喋喋不休，教训 | |
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tusks
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| n.（象等动物的）长牙( tusk的名词复数 )；獠牙；尖形物；尖头 | |
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attaining
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的现在分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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prominences
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| n.织物中凸起的部分；声望( prominence的名词复数 )；突出；重要；要事 | |
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nostrils
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| 鼻孔( nostril的名词复数 ) | |
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upwards
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| adv.向上，在更高处...以上 | |
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freckled
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| adj.雀斑；斑点；晒斑；（使）生雀斑v.雀斑，斑点( freckle的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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tint
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| n.淡色，浅色；染发剂；vt.着以淡淡的颜色 | |
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destitute
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| adj.缺乏的；穷困的 | |
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scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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muzzle
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| n.鼻口部；口套；枪(炮)口；vt.使缄默 | |
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attains
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的第三人称单数 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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colossal
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| adj.异常的，庞大的 | |
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appalling
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| adj.骇人听闻的，令人震惊的，可怕的 | |
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enraged
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| 使暴怒( enrage的过去式和过去分词 )； 歜； 激愤 | |
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gaping
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| adj.口的；张口的；敞口的；多洞穴的v.目瞪口呆地凝视( gape的现在分词 )；张开，张大 | |
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protruded
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| v.（使某物）伸出，（使某物）突出( protrude的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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herd
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| n.兽群，牧群；vt.使集中，把…赶在一起 | |
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misanthropic
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| adj.厌恶人类的，憎恶（或蔑视）世人的；愤世嫉俗 | |
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hind
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| adj.后面的，后部的 | |
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frightful
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| adj.可怕的；讨厌的 | |
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gashes
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| n.深长的切口（或伤口）( gash的名词复数 )v.划伤，割破( gash的第三人称单数 ) | |
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inquisitive
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| adj.求知欲强的，好奇的，好寻根究底的 | |
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elegy
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| n.哀歌，挽歌 | |
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molest
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| vt.骚扰，干扰，调戏 | |
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solitary
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| adj.孤独的，独立的，荒凉的；n.隐士 | |
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conceal
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| v.隐藏，隐瞒，隐蔽 | |
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deficient
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| adj.不足的，不充份的，有缺陷的 | |
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pitfalls
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| （捕猎野兽用的）陷阱( pitfall的名词复数 )； 意想不到的困难，易犯的错误 | |
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walrus
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| n.海象 | |
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buoy
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| n.浮标；救生圈；v.支持，鼓励 | |
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delicacy
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| n.精致，细微，微妙，精良；美味，佳肴 | |
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inflexible
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| adj.不可改变的，不受影响的，不屈服的 | |
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ribs
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| n.肋骨( rib的名词复数 )；（船或屋顶等的）肋拱；肋骨状的东西；（织物的）凸条花纹 | |
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planks
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| （厚）木板( plank的名词复数 )； 政纲条目，政策要点 | |
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elastic
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| n.橡皮圈，松紧带；adj.有弹性的；灵活的 | |
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boor
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| n.举止粗野的人；乡下佬 | |
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proceeding
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| n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报 | |
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chastise
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| vt.责骂，严惩 | |
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refractory
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| adj.倔强的，难驾驭的 | |
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javelins
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| n.标枪( javelin的名词复数 ) | |
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applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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ravages
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| 劫掠后的残迹，破坏的结果，毁坏后的残迹 | |
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motive
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| n.动机，目的；adv.发动的，运动的 | |
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furrows
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| n.犁沟( furrow的名词复数 )；（脸上的）皱纹v.犁田，开沟( furrow的第三人称单数 ) | |
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marshy
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| adj.沼泽的 | |
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prodigious
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| adj.惊人的，奇妙的；异常的；巨大的；庞大的 | |
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brute
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| n.野兽，兽性 | |
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depredations
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| n.劫掠，毁坏( depredation的名词复数 ) | |
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voracious
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| adj.狼吞虎咽的，贪婪的 | |
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immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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swelling
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| n.肿胀 | |
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overloaded
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| a.超载的，超负荷的 | |
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83
mortar
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| n.灰浆，灰泥；迫击炮；v.把…用灰浆涂接合 | |
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84
harpoon
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| n.鱼叉；vt.用鱼叉叉，用鱼叉捕获 | |
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85
harpoons
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| n.鱼镖，鱼叉( harpoon的名词复数 )v.鱼镖，鱼叉( harpoon的第三人称单数 ) | |
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prosecution
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| n.起诉，告发，检举，执行，经营 | |
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87
grunts
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| （猪等）作呼噜声( grunt的第三人称单数 )； （指人）发出类似的哼声； 咕哝着说； 石鲈 | |
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gregarious
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| adj.群居的，喜好群居的 | |
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skilful
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| (=skillful)adj.灵巧的，熟练的 | |
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intrepid
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| adj.无畏的，刚毅的 | |
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bustle
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| v.喧扰地忙乱，匆忙，奔忙；n.忙碌；喧闹 | |
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subside
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| vi.平静，平息；下沉，塌陷，沉降 | |
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plunging
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| adj.跳进的，突进的v.颠簸( plunge的现在分词 )；暴跌；骤降；突降 | |
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monstrous
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| adj.巨大的；恐怖的；可耻的，丢脸的 | |
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dispersed
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| adj. 被驱散的, 被分散的, 散布的 | |
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glides
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| n.滑行( glide的名词复数 )；滑音；音渡；过渡音v.滑动( glide的第三人称单数 )；掠过；（鸟或飞机 ） 滑翔 | |
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perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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harpooner
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bellowing
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| v.发出吼叫声，咆哮（尤指因痛苦）( bellow的现在分词 )；（愤怒地）说出（某事），大叫 | |
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100
plunges
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| n.跳进，投入vt.使投入，使插入，使陷入vi.投入，跳进，陷入v.颠簸( plunge的第三人称单数 )；暴跌；骤降；突降 | |
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101
trout
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| n.鳟鱼；鲑鱼(属) | |
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102
salmon
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| n.鲑，大马哈鱼，橙红色的 | |
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103
saluted
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| v.欢迎，致敬( salute的过去式和过去分词 )；赞扬，赞颂 | |
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104
ebbing
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| （指潮水）退( ebb的现在分词 )； 落； 减少； 衰落 | |
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wreaking
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| 诉诸（武力），施行（暴力），发（脾气）( wreak的现在分词 ) | |
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106
vengeance
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| n.报复，报仇，复仇 | |
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jaws
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| n.口部；嘴 | |
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wretch
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| n.可怜的人，不幸的人；卑鄙的人 | |
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109
spike
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| n.长钉，钉鞋；v.以大钉钉牢，使...失效 | |
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wary
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| adj.谨慎的，机警的，小心的 | |
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111
brutes
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| 兽( brute的名词复数 )； 畜生； 残酷无情的人； 兽性 | |
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112
plunged
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| v.颠簸( plunge的过去式和过去分词 )；暴跌；骤降；突降 | |
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