Brutality2 of the Rhinoceros—The Borelo—The Keitloa—The Monoho—The Kobaaba—Difference of Food and Disposition4 between the Black and the White Rhinoceros—Incarnation of Ugliness—Acute Smell and Hearing—Defective Vision—The Buphaga Africana—Paroxysms of Rage—Parental5 Affection—Nocturnal Habits—Rhinoceros-Hunting—Adventures of the Chase—Narrow Escapes of Messrs. Oswell and Andersson—The Indian Rhinoceros—The Sumatran Rhinoceros—The Javanese Rhinoceros—Its involuntary Suicide.
The Rhinoceros has about the same range as the elephant, but is found also in the island of Java, where the latter is unknown. Although not possessed7 of the ferocity of carnivorous animals, the rhinoceros is completely wild and untameable; the image of a gigantic hog8, without intelligence, feeling, or docility9, and though emulating10 the elephant in size is infinitely11 inferior in point of sagacity. The latter, with his beautiful, intelligent eye, awakens12 the sympathy of man; while the rhinoceros is the very image of brutal3 violence and stupidity.
It was formerly14 supposed that Africa had but one rhinoceros, but the researches of modern travellers have discovered no less than four different species, two white and two black, each of424 them with two horns. The black species are the Borelo and the Keitloa, which is longer, with a larger neck and almost equal horns. In both species the upper lip projects over the lower, and is capable of being extended like that of the giraffe, thus enabling the animal to grasp the branches on whose foliage15 he intends to feast. Both the Borelo and the Keitloa are extremely ill-natured, and, with the exception of the buffalo16, the most dangerous of all the wild animals of South Africa. The white species are the Monoho and the Kobaaba, which is distinguished17 by one of its horns attaining19 the prodigious20 length of four feet.
Although the black and white rhinoceroses21 are members of the same family, their mode of living and disposition are totally different. The food of the former consists almost entirely22 of roots, which they dig up with their larger horn, or of the branches and sprouts23 of the thorny24 acacia, while the latter exclusively live on grasses. Perhaps in consequence of their milder food, they are of a timid unsuspecting nature, which renders them an easy prey25, so that they are fast melting away before the onward26 march of the European trader; while the black species, from their greater ferocity and wariness27, maintain their place much longer than their more timid relations. The different nature of the black and white rhinoceroses shows itself even in their flesh, for while that of the former, living chiefly on arid28 branches, has a bitter taste, and but little recommends itself by its meagreness and toughness—these animals, like the generality of ill-natured creatures, being never found with an ounce of fat on their bones—that of the latter is juicy and well-flavoured.
The shape of the rhinoceros is unwieldy and massive; its vast paunch hangs down nearly to the ground; its short legs are of columnar strength, and have three toes on each foot; the misshapen head has long and erect29 ears, and ludicrously small eyes; the skin, which is completely naked, with the exception of some coarse bristles30 at the extremity31 of the tail, and the upper end of the ears, is comparatively smooth in the African species, but extremely rough in the Asiatic, hanging in large folds about the animal like a mantle32; so that, summing up all these characters, the rhinoceros has no reason to complain of injustice33, if we style it the very incarnation of ugliness. From the snout to the tip of425 the tail, the African rhinoceros attains34 a length of from 15 to 16 feet, a girth of from 10 to 12, a weight of from 4,000 to 5,000 pounds; but, in spite of its ponderous35 and clumsy proportions, it is able to speed like lightning, particularly when pursued. It then seeks the nearest wood, and dashes with all its might through the thicket36. The trees that are dead or dry are broken down as with a cannon37 shot, and fall behind it and on its sides in all directions; others that are more pliable39, greener, or full of sap are bent40 back by its weight and the velocity41 of its motions, and restore themselves like a green branch to their natural position, after the huge animal has passed. They often sweep the incautious pursuer and his horse from the ground, and dash them in pieces against the surrounding trees.
The rhinoceros is endowed with an extraordinary acuteness of smell and hearing; he listens with attention to every sound, and is able to scent42 from a great distance the approach of man; but as the range of his small and deep-set eyes is impeded43 by his unwieldy horns, he can only see what is immediately before him, so that if one be to leeward44 of him, it is not difficult to approach within a few paces. The Kobaaba, however, from its horn being projected downwards45, so as not to obstruct46 the line of vision, is able to be much more wary47 than the other species.
To make up for the imperfection of its sight, the rhinoceros is frequently accompanied by a bird (Buphaga Africana) which warns the beast of approaching danger by its cry. ‘Many a time,’ says Gordon Cumming, ‘have these watchful48 attendants disappointed me in my stalk. They are the best friends the rhinoceros has, and rarely fail to awaken13 him, even in his soundest nap. He perfectly49 understands their warning, and springing to his feet, he generally first looks about him in every direction, after which he invariably makes off. I have often hunted a rhinoceros on horseback which led me a chase of many miles, and required a number of shots before he fell, during which chase several of these birds remained by the rhinoceros to the last. They reminded me of mariners50 on the deck of some bark sailing on the ocean, for they perched along his back and sides; and as each of my bullets told on the shoulder of the rhinoceros, they ascended51 about six feet into the air, uttering their harsh cry of alarm, and then resumed their position. It sometimes happened that the lower branches426 of trees, under which the rhinoceros passed, swept them from their living deck, but they always recovered their former station; they also adhere to the rhinoceros during the night. I have often shot these animals at midnight when drinking at the fountains, and the birds imagining they were asleep, remained with them till morning, and on my approaching, before taking flight, they exerted themselves to their utmost to awaken the rhinoceros from his deep sleep.’
The black rhinoceroses are of a gloomy melancholy52 temper, and not seldom fall into paroxysms of rage without any evident cause, often ploughing up the ground for several yards with their horn, and assaulting large bushes in the most violent manner. On these they work for hours with their horns, at the same time snorting and blowing loudly, nor do they leave them in general until they have broken them into pieces. Seeing the creatures in their wild haunts, cropping the bushes, or quietly moving through the plains, you might take them for the most inoffensive animals of all Africa, but when roused to passion there is nothing more terrific on earth. All the beasts of the wilderness53 are afraid of the uncouth54 Borelo. The lion silently retires from its path, and even the elephant is glad to get out of the way. Yet this brutal and stupidly hoggish55 animal is distinguished by its parental love, and the tenderness which it bestows56 on its young is returned with equal affection.
Although not gregarious57, and most generally solitary58 or grazing in pairs, yet frequently as many as a dozen rhinoceroses are seen pasturing and browsing59 together. As is the case with many other tropical animals, the huge beast awakens to a more active life after sunset. It then hastens to the lake or river to slake60 its thirst or to wallow in the mud, thus covering its hide with a thick coat of clay, against the attacks of flies; or to relieve itself from the itching61 of their stings, it rubs itself against some tree, and testifies its inward satisfaction by a deep-drawn grunt62. During the night, it rambles63 over a great extent of country, but soon after sunrise seeks shelter against the heat under the shade of a tree or rock, where it spends the greater part of the day in sleep, either stretched at full length or in a standing64 position. Thus seen from a distance, it might easily be mistaken for a huge block of stone.
427 The rhinoceros is hunted in various manners. One of the most approved plans is to stalk the animal, either when feeding or reposing65. If the sportsman keep well under the wind, and there be the least cover, he has no difficulty in approaching the beast within easy range, when, if the ball be well directed, it is killed on the spot. But by far the most convenient way of destroying the animal is to shoot it from a cover or a screen, when it comes to the pool to slake its thirst. Occasionally it is also taken in pitfalls66. Contrary to common belief, a leaden ball (though spelter is preferable) will easily find its way through the hide of the African rhinoceros, but it is necessary to be within thirty or forty paces of the brute67, and desirable to have a double charge of powder. The most deadly part to aim at is just behind the shoulder; a ball through the centre of the lobes68 of the lungs is certain to cause almost instantaneous death. A shot in the head never or rarely proves fatal, as the brain, which, in proportion to the bulk of the animal, does not attain18 the three-hundredth part of the size of the human cerebrum, is protected, besides its smallness, by a prodigious case of bone, hide, and horn. However severely69 wounded the rhinoceros may be, he seldom bleeds externally. This is attributable in part, no doubt, to the great thickness of the hide and its elasticity70, which occasions the hole caused by the bullet nearly to close up, as also from the hide not being firmly attached to the body, but constantly moving.
From what has been related of the fury of the rhinoceros, its pursuit must evidently be attended with considerable danger, and thus the annals of the wild sports of Southern Africa are full of hair-breadth escapes from its terrific charge. Once Mr. Oswell, having lodged71 a ball in the body of a huge white rhinoceros, was surprised to see the beast, instead of seeking safety in flight, as is generally the case with this inoffensive species, suddenly stop short, and having eyed him curiously72 for a second or two, walk slowly towards him. Though never dreaming of danger, he instinctively73 turned his horse’s head away; but strange to say, this creature, usually so docile74, now absolutely refused to give him his head. When at last he did so, it was too late, for although the rhinoceros had only been walking, the distance was now so small that contact was unavoidable. In another moment the brute bent low his428 head, and with a thrust upwards75, struck his horn into the ribs76 of the horse with such force as to penetrate77 to the very saddle on the opposite side, where the rider felt its sharp point against his leg. The violence of the blow was so tremendous as to cause the horse to make a complete somersault in the air, coming heavily down on his back. The rider was, of course, violently precipitated78 to the ground. While thus prostrated79, he saw the horn of the monster alongside of him; but without attempting to do any further mischief80, the brute started off at a canter from the scene of action. If the rhinoceros imagined it had come off as victor, it was, however, soon undeceived; for Mr. Oswell, rushing upon one of his companions, who by this time had come up, and unceremoniously pulling him off his horse, leapt into the saddle, and without a hat, and his face streaming with blood, was quickly in pursuit of the beast, which he soon had the satisfaction to see stretched lifeless at his feet.
Mr. Andersson, another well-known African Nimrod, having one day wounded a black rhinoceros, and being in an unfavourable situation for renewing his shot with deadly effect, the monster, snorting horribly, erecting81 its tail, keeping its head close to the ground, and raising clouds of dust by its feet, rushed at him furiously. ‘I had only just time to level my rifle and fire,’ says this adventurous82 traveller, ‘before it was upon me, and the next instant knocked me to the ground. The shock was so violent as to send my rifle, powder-flask, and ball-pouch spinning ten feet high in the air. On the beast charging me, it crossed my mind that, unless gored83 at once by its horn, its impetus84 would be such as to carry it beyond me, and I might thus be afforded a chance of escape, and so, indeed, it happened, for, having been tumbled over and trampled85 on with great violence, the fore-quarter of the enraged86 brute passed over my body. Struggling for life, I seized my opportunity, and as the animal was recovering itself for a renewal87 of the charge, scrambled88 out from between its hind38 legs. But the infuriated rhinoceros had not yet done with me, for scarcely had I regained89 my feet, before he struck me down a second time, and with his horn ripped up my right thigh90 (though not very deeply) from near the knee to the hip91: with his fore-feet, moreover, he hit me a terrific blow on the left shoulder, near the back of the neck. My ribs bent under the enormous weight and pressure,429 and for a moment I must, as I believe, have lost consciousness; I have at least very indistinct notions of what afterwards took place. All I remember is, that when I raised my head, I heard a furious snorting and plunging92 amongst the neighbouring bushes. I now arose, though with great difficulty, and made my way in the best manner I was able towards a large tree near at hand for shelter; but this precaution was needless; the beast, for the time at least, showed no inclination93 further to molest94 me. Either in the mêlée, or owing to the confusion caused by its wounds, it had lost sight of me, or felt satisfied with the revenge it had taken. Be that as it may, I escaped with life, though sadly wounded and severely bruised95, in which disabled state I had great difficulty in getting back to my screen.’
The rhinoceros is hunted for its flesh, its hide (which is manufactured into the best and hardest leather that can be imagined), and its horns, which, being capable of a high polish, fetch at the Cape6 a higher price than ordinary elephant ivory. It is extensively used in the manufacture of sword-handles, drinking-cups, ramrods for rifles, and a variety of other purposes. Among Oriental princes, goblets96 made of rhinoceros horn are in high esteem97, as they are supposed to have the virtue98 of detecting poison by causing the deadly liquid to ferment99 till it flows over the rim100, or, as some say, to split the cup.
The number of rhinoceroses destroyed annually101 in South Africa is very considerable. Messrs. Oswell and Varden killed in one year no less than eighty-nine, and in one journey, Andersson shot, single-handed, nearly two-thirds of this number. It is thus not to be wondered at that the rhinoceros, which formerly ranged as far as the Cape, is now but seldom found to the south of the tropic.
The single-horned Indian rhinoceros was already known to the ancients, and not unfrequently doomed102 to bleed in the Roman amphitheatres. One which was sent to King Emanuel of Portugal in the year 1513, and presented by him to the Pope, had the honour to be pictured in a woodcut by no less an artist than Albrecht Dürer himself. Latterly, rhinoceroses have much more frequently been sent to Europe, particularly the Asiatic species, and all the chief zoological gardens possess specimens103 of the unwieldy creature.
In its native haunts, the Indian rhinoceros lends a tranquil430 indolent life, wallowing on the marshy104 border of lakes and rivers, and occasionally bathing itself in their waters. Its movements are usually slow, and it carries its head low like the hog, ploughing up the ground with its horn, and making its way by sheer force through the jungle. Though naturally of a quiet and inoffensive disposition, it is very dangerous when provoked, charging with resistless impetuosity, and trampling105 down or ripping up with its horn any animal which opposes it.
Besides the single-horned species which inhabits the Indian peninsula, Java, and Borneo, Sumatra possesses a rhinoceros with a double horn, which is, however, distinguished from the analogous106 African species by the large folds of its skin, and its smaller size. It is even asserted that there exists in the same island a hornless species, and another with three horns. There surely can be no better proof of the difficulties which Natural History has to contend with in the wilder regions of the tropical zone, and of the vast field still open to future zoologists107, than that, in spite of all investigations108, we do not yet even know with certainty all the species of so large a brute as the rhinoceros.
In Java, this huge pachyderm is met with in the jungles of the low country, but its chief haunts are the higher forest-lands, which contain many small lakes and pools, whose banks are covered with high grasses. In these solitudes109, which are seldom visited by man, the rhinoceros finds all that it requires for food and enjoyment110. As it is uncommonly111 shy, the traveller rarely meets it; but sometimes, while threading his way through the thicket, he may chance to surprise wild steers112 and rhinoceroses grazing on the brink113 of a pool, or quietly lying in the morass114. The grooved115 paths of the rhinoceros, deeply worn into the solid rock, are found even on the summits of mountains above the level of the sea. They are frequently used for the destruction of the animal, for in the steeper places, where, on climbing up or down, it is obliged to stretch out its body, so that the abdomen116 nearly reaches the ground, the Javanese fix large scythe-like knives into the rock, which they cover with moss117 and herbage, thus forcing the poor rhinoceros to commit an involuntary suicide, and teaching him, though too late to profit by his experience, how difficult it is to escape the cunning of man.
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1
rhinoceros
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| n.犀牛 | |
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brutality
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| n.野蛮的行为，残忍，野蛮 | |
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brutal
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| adj.残忍的，野蛮的，不讲理的 | |
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disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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parental
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| adj.父母的；父的；母的 | |
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cape
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| n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风 | |
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possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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hog
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| n.猪；馋嘴贪吃的人；vt.把…占为己有，独占 | |
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docility
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| n.容易教，易驾驶，驯服 | |
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emulating
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| v.与…竞争( emulate的现在分词 )；努力赶上；计算机程序等仿真；模仿 | |
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infinitely
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| adv.无限地，无穷地 | |
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awakens
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| v.（使）醒( awaken的第三人称单数 )；（使）觉醒；弄醒；（使）意识到 | |
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awaken
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| vi.醒，觉醒；vt.唤醒，使觉醒，唤起，激起 | |
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formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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foliage
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| n.叶子，树叶，簇叶 | |
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buffalo
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| n.(北美)野牛；(亚洲)水牛 | |
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distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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attain
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| vt.达到，获得，完成 | |
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attaining
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的现在分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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prodigious
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| adj.惊人的，奇妙的；异常的；巨大的；庞大的 | |
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rhinoceroses
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| n.钱，钞票( rhino的名词复数 )；犀牛(=rhinoceros)；犀牛( rhinoceros的名词复数 )；脸皮和犀牛皮一样厚 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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sprouts
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| n.新芽，嫩枝( sprout的名词复数 )v.发芽( sprout的第三人称单数 )；抽芽；出现；（使）涌现出 | |
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thorny
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| adj.多刺的，棘手的 | |
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prey
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| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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onward
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| adj.向前的，前进的；adv.向前，前进，在先 | |
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wariness
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| n. 注意,小心 | |
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arid
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| adj.干旱的；(土地)贫瘠的 | |
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erect
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| n./v.树立，建立，使竖立；adj.直立的，垂直的 | |
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bristles
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| 短而硬的毛发，刷子毛( bristle的名词复数 ) | |
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extremity
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| n.末端，尽头；尽力；终极；极度 | |
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mantle
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| n.斗篷，覆罩之物，罩子；v.罩住，覆盖，脸红 | |
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injustice
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| n.非正义，不公正，不公平，侵犯（别人的）权利 | |
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attains
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的第三人称单数 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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ponderous
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| adj.沉重的，笨重的，(文章)冗长的 | |
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thicket
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| n.灌木丛，树林 | |
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cannon
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| n.大炮，火炮；飞机上的机关炮 | |
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hind
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| adj.后面的，后部的 | |
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pliable
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| adj.易受影响的；易弯的；柔顺的，易驾驭的 | |
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bent
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| n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的 | |
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velocity
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| n.速度，速率 | |
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scent
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| n.气味，香味，香水，线索，嗅觉；v.嗅，发觉 | |
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impeded
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| 阻碍，妨碍，阻止( impede的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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leeward
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| adj.背风的；下风的 | |
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downwards
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| adj./adv.向下的（地），下行的（地） | |
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obstruct
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| v.阻隔，阻塞(道路、通道等)；n.阻碍物，障碍物 | |
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wary
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| adj.谨慎的，机警的，小心的 | |
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watchful
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| adj.注意的，警惕的 | |
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perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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mariners
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| 海员，水手（mariner的复数形式） | |
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ascended
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| v.上升，攀登( ascend的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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melancholy
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| n.忧郁，愁思；adj.令人感伤（沮丧）的，忧郁的 | |
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wilderness
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| n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等，荒漠 | |
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uncouth
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| adj.无教养的，粗鲁的 | |
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hoggish
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| adj.贪婪的 | |
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bestows
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| 赠给，授予( bestow的第三人称单数 ) | |
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gregarious
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| adj.群居的，喜好群居的 | |
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solitary
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| adj.孤独的，独立的，荒凉的；n.隐士 | |
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browsing
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| v.吃草( browse的现在分词 )；随意翻阅；（在商店里）随便看看；（在计算机上）浏览信息 | |
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slake
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| v.解渴，使平息 | |
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itching
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| adj.贪得的，痒的，渴望的v.发痒( itch的现在分词 ) | |
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grunt
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| v.嘟哝；作呼噜声；n.呼噜声，嘟哝 | |
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rambles
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| （无目的地）漫游( ramble的第三人称单数 )； （喻）漫谈； 扯淡； 长篇大论 | |
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standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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reposing
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| v.将（手臂等）靠在某人（某物）上( repose的现在分词 ) | |
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pitfalls
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| （捕猎野兽用的）陷阱( pitfall的名词复数 )； 意想不到的困难，易犯的错误 | |
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brute
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| n.野兽，兽性 | |
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68
lobes
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| n.耳垂( lobe的名词复数 )；（器官的）叶；肺叶；脑叶 | |
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severely
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| adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地 | |
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elasticity
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| n.弹性，伸缩力 | |
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71
lodged
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| v.存放( lodge的过去式和过去分词 )；暂住；埋入；（权利、权威等）归属 | |
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curiously
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| adv.有求知欲地；好问地；奇特地 | |
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instinctively
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| adv.本能地 | |
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docile
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| adj.驯服的，易控制的，容易教的 | |
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upwards
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| adv.向上，在更高处...以上 | |
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ribs
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| n.肋骨( rib的名词复数 )；（船或屋顶等的）肋拱；肋骨状的东西；（织物的）凸条花纹 | |
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penetrate
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| v.透(渗)入；刺入，刺穿；洞察，了解 | |
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precipitated
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| v.（突如其来地）使发生( precipitate的过去式和过去分词 )；促成；猛然摔下；使沉淀 | |
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79
prostrated
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| v.使俯伏，使拜倒( prostrate的过去式和过去分词 )；（指疾病、天气等）使某人无能为力 | |
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mischief
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| n.损害，伤害，危害；恶作剧，捣蛋，胡闹 | |
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erecting
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| v.使直立，竖起( erect的现在分词 )；建立 | |
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adventurous
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| adj.爱冒险的；惊心动魄的，惊险的，刺激的 | |
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gored
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| v.（动物）用角撞伤，用牙刺破( gore的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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impetus
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| n.推动，促进，刺激；推动力 | |
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85
trampled
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| 踩( trample的过去式和过去分词 )； 践踏； 无视； 侵犯 | |
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86
enraged
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| 使暴怒( enrage的过去式和过去分词 )； 歜； 激愤 | |
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renewal
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| adj.(契约)延期，续订，更新，复活，重来 | |
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scrambled
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| v.快速爬行( scramble的过去式和过去分词 )；攀登；争夺；（军事飞机）紧急起飞 | |
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regained
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| 复得( regain的过去式和过去分词 )； 赢回； 重回； 复至某地 | |
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thigh
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| n.大腿；股骨 | |
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hip
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| n.臀部，髋；屋脊 | |
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plunging
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| adj.跳进的，突进的v.颠簸( plunge的现在分词 )；暴跌；骤降；突降 | |
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inclination
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| n.倾斜；点头；弯腰；斜坡；倾度；倾向；爱好 | |
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molest
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| vt.骚扰，干扰，调戏 | |
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bruised
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| [医]青肿的，瘀紫的 | |
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goblets
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| n.高脚酒杯( goblet的名词复数 ) | |
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esteem
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| n.尊敬，尊重；vt.尊重，敬重；把…看作 | |
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virtue
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| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
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99
ferment
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| vt.使发酵；n./vt.（使）激动，（使）动乱 | |
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100
rim
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| n.(圆物的)边，轮缘；边界 | |
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101
annually
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| adv.一年一次，每年 | |
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102
doomed
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| 命定的 | |
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103
specimens
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| n.样品( specimen的名词复数 )；范例；（化验的）抽样；某种类型的人 | |
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104
marshy
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| adj.沼泽的 | |
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105
trampling
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| 踩( trample的现在分词 )； 践踏； 无视； 侵犯 | |
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106
analogous
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| adj.相似的；类似的 | |
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107
zoologists
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| 动物学家( zoologist的名词复数 ) | |
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108
investigations
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| （正式的）调查( investigation的名词复数 )； 侦查； 科学研究； 学术研究 | |
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109
solitudes
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| n.独居( solitude的名词复数 )；孤独；荒僻的地方；人迹罕至的地方 | |
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110
enjoyment
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| n.乐趣；享有；享用 | |
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111
uncommonly
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| adv. 稀罕(极，非常) | |
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112
steers
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| n.阉公牛，肉用公牛( steer的名词复数 )v.驾驶( steer的第三人称单数 )；操纵；控制；引导 | |
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113
brink
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| n.(悬崖、河流等的)边缘，边沿 | |
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114
morass
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| n.沼泽，困境 | |
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115
grooved
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| v.沟( groove的过去式和过去分词 )；槽；老一套；（某种）音乐节奏 | |
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116
abdomen
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| n.腹，下腹(胸部到腿部的部分) | |
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117
moss
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| n.苔，藓，地衣 | |
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