The saxon and the Northman are both Scandinavians. History does not allow us to fix the limits of the application of these names with any accuracy; but from the residence of a portion of these people in France, and from some effect of that powerful soil on their blood and manners, the Norman has come popularly to represent in England the aristocratic, — and the Saxon the democratic principle. And though, I doubt not, the nobles are of both tribes, and the workers of both, yet we are forced to use the names a little mythically1, one to represent the worker, and the other the enjoyer.
The island was a prize for the best race. Each of the dominant2 races tried its fortune in turn. The Phoenician, the Celt, and the Goth, had already got in. The Roman came, but in the very day when his fortune culminated3. He looked in the eyes of a new people that was to supplant4 his own. He disembarked his legions, erected5 his camps and towers, — presently he heard bad news from Italy, and worse and worse, every year; at last, he made a handsome compliment of roads and walls, and departed. But the Saxon seriously settled in the land, builded, tilled, fished, and traded, with German truth and adhesiveness6. The Dane came, and divided with him. Last of all, the Norman, or French-Dane, arrived, and formally conquered, harried7 and ruled the kingdom. A century later, it came out, that the Saxon had the most bottom and longevity8, had managed to make the victor speak the language and accept the law and usage of the victim; forced the baron9 to dictate10 Saxon terms to Norman kings; and, step by step, got all the essential securities of civil liberty invented and confirmed. The genius of the race and the genius of the place conspired11 to this effect. The island is lucrative12 to free labor13, but not worth possession on other terms. The race was so intellectual, that a feudal14 or military tenure15 could not last longer than the war. The power of the Saxon-Danes, so thoroughly16 beaten in the war, that the name of English and villein were synonymous, yet so vivacious17 as to extort18 charters from the kings, stood on the strong personality of these people. Sense and economy must rule in a world which is made of sense and economy, and the banker, with his seven per cent, drives the earl out of his castle. A nobility of soldiers cannot keep down a commonalty of shrewd scientific persons. What signifies a pedigree of a hundred links, against a cotton-spinner with steam in his mill; or, against a company of broad-shouldered Liverpool merchants, for whom Stephenson and Brunel are contriving19 locomotives and a tubular bridge?
These Saxons are the hands of mankind. They have the taste for toil20, a distaste for pleasure or repose21, and the telescopic appreciation22 of distant gain. They are the wealth-makers, — and by dint23 of mental faculty24, which has its own conditions. The Saxon works after liking25, or, only for himself; and to set him at work, and to begin to draw his monstrous26 values out of barren Britain, all dishonor, fret27, and barrier must be removed, and then his energies begin to play.
The Scandinavian fancied himself surrounded by Trolls, — a kind of goblin men, with vast power of work and skilful28 production, — divine stevedores29, carpenters, reapers30, smiths, and masons, swift to reward every kindness done them, with gifts of gold and silver. In all English history, this dream comes to pass. Certain Trolls or working brains, under the names of Alfred, Bede, Caxton, Bracton, Camden, Drake, Selden, Dugdale, Newton, Gibbon, Brindley, Watt31, Wedgwood, dwell in the troll-mounts of Britain, and turn the sweat of their face to power and renown32.
If the race is good, so is the place. Nobody landed on this spellbound island with impunity33. The enchantments34 of barren shingle35 and rough weather, transformed every adventurer into a laborer36. Each vagabond that arrived bent37 his neck to the yoke38 of gain, or found the air too tense for him. The strong survived, the weaker went to the ground. Even the pleasure-hunters and sots of England are of a tougher texture39. A hard temperament40 had been formed by Saxon and Saxon-Dane, and such of these French or Normans as could reach it, were naturalized in every sense.
All the admirable expedients41 or means hit upon in England must be looked at as growths or irresistible43 offshoots of the expanding mind of the race. A man of that brain thinks and acts thus; and his neighbor, being afflicted44 with the same kind of brain, though he is rich, and called a baron, or a duke, thinks the same thing, and is ready to allow the justice of the thought and act in his retainer or tenant45, though sorely against his baronial or ducal will.
The island was renowned46 in antiquity47 for its breed of mastiffs, so fierce, that, when their teeth were set, you must cut their heads off to part them. The man was like his dog. The people have that nervous bilious48 temperament, which is known by medical men to resist every means employed to make its possessor subservient49 to the will of others. The English game is main force to main force, the planting of foot to foot, fair play and open field, — a rough tug50 without trick or dodging51, till one or both come to pieces. King Ethelwald spoke52 the language of his race, when he planted himself at Wimborne, and said, ‘he would do one of two things, or there live, or there lie.’ They hate craft and subtlety53. They neither poison, nor waylay54, nor assassinate55; and, when they have pounded each other to a poultice, they will shake hands and be friends for the remainder of their lives.
You shall trace these Gothic touches at school, at country fairs, at the hustings56, and in parliament. No artifice57, no breach58 of truth and plain dealing59, — not so much as secret ballot60, is suffered in the island. In parliament, the tactics of the opposition61 is to resist every step of the government, by a pitiless attack: and in a bargain, no prospect62 of advantage is so dear to the merchant, as the thought of being tricked is mortifying63.
Sir Kenelm Digby, a courtier of Charles and James, who won the sea-fight of Scanderoon, was a model Englishman in his day. “His person was handsome and gigantic, he had so graceful64 elocution and noble address, that, had he been dropt out of the clouds in any part of the world, he would have made himself respected: he was skilled in six tongues, and master of arts and arms.” 3 Sir Kenelm wrote a book, “Of Bodies and of Souls,” in which he propounds65, that “syllogisms do breed or rather are all the variety of man’s life. They are the steps by which we walk in all our businesses. Man, as he is man, doth nothing else but weave such chains. Whatsoever67 he doth, swarving from this work, he doth as deficient68 from the nature of man: and, if he do aught beyond this, by breaking out into divers69 sorts of exterior70 actions, he findeth, nevertheless, in this linked sequel of simple discourses71, the art, the cause, the rule, the bounds, and the model of it.” 4
There spoke the genius of the English people. There is a necessity on them to be logical. They would hardly greet the good that did not logically fall, — as if it excluded their own merit, or shook their understandings. They are jealous of minds that have much facility of association, from an instinctive74 fear that the seeing many relations to their thought might impair75 this serial76 continuity and lucrative concentration. They are impatient of genius, or of minds addicted77 to contemplation, and cannot conceal78 their contempt for sallies of thought, however lawful79, whose steps they cannot count by their wonted rule. Neither do they reckon better a syllogism66 that ends in syllogism. For they have a supreme80 eye to facts, and theirs is a logic72 that brings salt to soup, hammer to nail, oar81 to boat, the logic of cooks, carpenters, and chemists, following the sequence of nature, and one on which words make no impression. Their mind is not dazzled by its own means, but locked and bolted to results. They love men, who, like Samuel Johnson, a doctor in the schools, would jump out of his syllogism the instant his major proposition was in danger, to save that, at all hazards. Their practical vision is spacious82, and they can hold many threads without entangling83 them. All the steps they orderly take; but with the high logic of never confounding the minor84 and major proposition; keeping their eye on their aim, in all the complicity and delay incident to the several series of means they employ. There is room in their minds for this vand that, — a science of degrees. In the courts, the independence of the judges and the loyalty85 of the suitors are equally excellent. In Parliament, they have hit on that capital invention of freedom, a constitutional opposition. And when courts and parliament are both deaf, the plaintiff is not silenced. Calm, patient, his weapon of defence from year to year is the obstinate86 reproduction of the grievance87, with calculations and estimates. But, meantime, he is drawing numbers and money to his opinion, resolved that if all remedy fails, right of revolution is at the bottom of his charter-box. They are bound to see their measure carried, and stick to it through ages of defeat.
Into this English logic, however, an infusion89 of justice enters, not so apparent in other races, — a belief in the existence of two sides, and the resolution to see fair play. There is on every question, an appeal from the assertion of the parties, to the proof of what is asserted. They are impious in their scepticism of a theory, but kiss the dust before a fact. Is it a machine, is it a charter, is it a boxer90 in the ring, is it a candidate on the hustings, — the universe of Englishmen will suspend their judgment91, until the trial can be had. They are not to be led by a phrase, they want a working plan, a working machine, a working constitution, and will sit out the trial, and abide92 by the issue, and reject all preconceived theories. In politics they put blunt questions, which must be answered; who is to pay the taxes? what will you do for trade? what for corn? what for the spinner?
This singular fairness and its results strike the French with surprise. Philip de Commines says, “Now, in my opinion, among all the sovereignties I know in the world, that in which the public good is best attended to, and the least violence exercised on the people, is that of England.” Life is safe, and personal rights; and what is freedom, without security? whilst, in France, ‘fraternity,’ ‘equality,’ and ‘indivisible unity,’ are names for assassination93. Montesquieu said, “England is the freest country in the world. If a man in England had as many enemies as hairs on his head, no harm would happen to him.”
Their self-respect, their faith in causation, and their realistic logic or coupling of means to ends, have given them the leadership of the modern world. Montesquieu said, “No people have true common sense but those who are born in England.” This common sense is a perception of all the conditions of our earthly existence, of laws that can be stated, and of laws that cannot be stated, or that are learned only by practice, in which allowance for friction94 is made. They are impious in their scepticism of theory, and in high departments they are cramped95 and sterile96. But the unconditional97 surrender to facts, and the choice of means to reach their ends, are as admirable as with ants and bees.
The bias98 of the nation is a passion for utility. They love the lever, the screw, and pulley, the Flanders draught-horse, the waterfall, wind-mills, tide-mills; the sea and the wind to bear their freight ships. More than the diamond Koh-i-noor, which glitters among their crown jewels, they prize that dull pebble99 which is wiser than a man, whose poles turn themselves to the poles of the world, and whose axis100 is parallel to the axis of the world. Now, their toys are steam and galvanism. They are heavy at the fine arts, but adroit101 at the coarse; not good in jewelry103 or mosaics104, but the best iron-masters, colliers, wool-combers, and tanners, in Europe. They apply themselves to agriculture, to draining, to resisting encroachments of sea, wind, travelling sands, cold and wet sub-soil; to fishery, to manufacture of indispensable staples105, — salt, plumbago, leather, wool, glass, pottery106, and brick, — to bees and silkworms; — and by their steady combinations they succeed. A manufacturer sits down to dinner in a suit of clothes which was wool on a sheep’s back at sunrise. You dine with a gentleman on venison, pheasant, quail107, pigeons, poultry108, mushrooms, and pine-apples, all the growth of his estate. They are neat husbands for ordering all their tools pertaining109 to house and field. All are well kept. There is no want and no waste. They study use and fitness in their building, in the order of their dwellings110, and in their dress. The Frenchman invented the ruffle111, the Englishman added the shirt. The Englishman wears a sensible coat buttoned to the chin, of rough but solid and lasting112 texture. If he is a lord, he dresses a little worse than a commoner. They have diffused113 the taste for plain substantial hats, shoes, and coats through Europe. They think him the best dressed man, whose dress is so fit for his use that you cannot notice or remember to describe it.
They secure the essentials in their diet, in their arts, and manufactures. Every article of cutlery shows, in its shape, thought and long experience of workmen. They put the expense in the right place, as, in their sea-steamers, in the solidity of the machinery114 and the strength of the boat. The admirable equipment of their arctic ships carries London to the pole. They build roads, aqueducts, warm and ventilate houses. And they have impressed their directness and practical habit on modern civilization.
In trade, the Englishman believes that nobody breaks who ought not to break; and, that, if he do not make trade every thing, it will make him nothing; and acts on this belief. The spirit of system, attention to details, and the subordination of details, or, the not driving things too finely, (which is charged on the Germans,) constitute that despatch115 of business, which makes the mercantile power of England.
In war, the Englishman looks to his means. He is of the opinion of Civilis, his German ancestor, whom Tacitus reports as holding “that the gods are on the side of the strongest;”—-a sentence which Bonaparte unconsciously translated, when he said, “that he had noticed, that Providence116 always favored the heaviest battalion117.” Their military science propounds that if the weight of the advancing column is greater than that of the resisting, the latter is destroyed. Therefore Wellington, when he came to the army in Spain, had every man weighed, first with accoutrements, and then without; believing that the force of an army depended on the weight and power of the individual soldiers, in spite of cannon118. Lord Palmerston told the House of Commons, that more care is taken of the health and comfort of English troops than of any other troops in the world; and that, hence the English can put more men into the rank, on the day of action, on the field of battle, than any other army. Before the bombardment of the Danish forts in the Baltic, Nelson spent day after day, himself in the boats, on the exhausting service of sounding the channel. Clerk of Eldin’s celebrated119 man;oeuvre of breaking the line of sea-battle, and Nelson’s feat88 of doubling, or stationing his ships one on the outer bow, and another on the outer quarter of each of the enemy’s were only translations into naval120 tactics of Bonaparte’s rule of concentration. Lord Collingwood was accustomed to tell his men, that, if they could fire three well-directed broadsides in five minutes, no vessel121 could resist them; and, from constant practice, they came to do it in three minutes and a half.
But conscious that no race of better men exists, they rely most on the simplest means; and do not like ponderous122 and difficult tactics, but delight to bring the affair hand to hand, where the victory lies with the strength, courage, and endurance of the individual combatants. They adopt every improvement in rig, in motor, in weapons, but they fundamentally believe that the best stratagem123 in naval war, is to lay your ship close alongside of the enemy’s ship, and bring all your guns to bear on him, until you or he go to the bottom. This is the old fashion, which never goes out of fashion, neither in nor out of England.
It is not usually a point of honor, nor a religious sentiment, and never any whim125 that they will shed their blood for; but usually property, and right measured by property, that breeds revolution. They have no Indian taste for a tomahawk-dance, no French taste for a badge or a proclamation. The Englishman is peaceably minding his business, and earning his day’s wages. But if you offer to lay hand on his day’s wages, on his cow, or his right in common, or his shop, he will fight to the Judgment. Magna-charta, jury-trial, habeas-corpus, star-chamber126, ship-money, Popery, Plymouth-colony, American Revolution, are all questions involving a yeoman’s right to his dinner, and, except as touching128 that, would not have lashed129 the British nation to rage and revolt.
Whilst they are thus instinct with a spirit of order, and of calculation, it must be owned they are capable of larger views; but the indulgence is expensive to them, costs great crises, or accumulations of mental power. In common, the horse works best with blinders. Nothing is more in the line of English thought, than our unvarnished Connecticut question, “Pray, sir, how do you get your living when you are at home?” The questions of freedom, of taxation130, of privilege, are money questions. Heavy fellows, steeped in beer and fleshpots, they are hard of hearing and dim of sight. Their drowsy131 minds need to be flagellated by war and trade and politics and persecution132. They cannot well read a principle, except by the light of fagots and of burning towns.
Tacitus says of the Germans, “powerful only in sudden efforts, they are impatient of toil and labor.” This highly-destined race, if it had not somewhere added the chamber of patience to its brain, would not have built London. I know not from which of the tribes and temperaments133 that went to the composition of the people this tenacity134 was supplied, but they clinch135 every nail they drive. They have no running for luck, and no immoderate speed. They spend largely on their fabric136, and await the slow return. Their leather lies tanning seven years in the vat137. At Rogers’s mills, in Sheffield, where I was shown the process of making a razor and a penknife, I was told there is no luck in making good steel; that they make no mistakes, every blade in the hundred and in the thousand is good. And that is characteristic of all their work, — no more is attempted than is done.
When Thor and his companions arrive at Utgard, he is told that “nobody is permitted to remain here, unless he understand some art, and excel in it all other men.” The same question is still put to the posterity138 of Thor. A nation of laborers139, every man is trained to some one art or detail, and aims at perfection in that; not content unless he has something in which he thinks he surpasses all other men. He would rather not do any thing at all, than not do it well. I suppose no people have such thoroughness; — from the highest to the lowest, every man meaning to be master of his art.
“To show capacity,” a Frenchman described as the end of a speech in debate: “no,” said an Englishman, “but to set your shoulder at the wheel, — to advance the business.” Sir Samuel Romilly refused to speak in popular assemblies, confining himself to the House of Commons, where a measure can be carried by a speech. The business of the House of Commons is conducted by a few persons, but these are hard-worked. Sir Robert Peel “knew the Blue Books by heart.” His colleagues and rivals carry Hansard in their heads. The high civil and legal offices are not beds of ease, but posts which exact frightful140 amounts of mental labor. Many of the great leaders, like Pitt, Canning, Castlereagh, Romilly, are soon worked to death. They are excellent judges England of a good worker, and when they find one, like Clarendon, Sir Philip Warwick, Sir William Coventry, Ashley, Burke, Thurlow, Mansfield, Pitt, Eldon, Peel, or Russell, there is nothing too good or too high for him.
They have a wonderful heat in the pursuit of a public aim Private persons exhibit, in scientific and antiquarian researches, the same pertinacity141 as the nation showed in the coalitions142 in which it yoked143 Europe against the empire of Bonaparte, one after the other defeated, and still renewed, until the sixth hurled144 him from his seat.
Sir John Herschel, in completion of the work of his father, who had made the catalogue of the stars of the northern hemisphere, expatriated himself for years at the Cape145 of Good Hope, finished his inventory146 of the southern heaven, came home, and redacted it in eight years more; — a work whose value does not begin until thirty years have elapsed, and thenceforward a record to all ages of the highest import. The Admiralty sent out the Arctic expeditions year after year, in search of Sir John Franklin, until, at last, they have threaded their way through polar pack and Behring’s Straits, and solved the geographical147 problem. Lord Elgin, at Athens, saw the imminent148 ruin of the Greek remains149, set up his scaffoldings, in spite of epigrams, and, after five years’ labor to collect them, got his marbles on shipboard. The ship struck a rock, and went to the bottom. He had them all fished up, by divers, at a vast expense, and brought to London; not knowing that Haydon, Fuseli, and Canova, and all good heads in all the world, were to be his applauders. In the same spirit, were the excavation150 and research by Sir Charles Fellowes, for the Xanthian monument; and of Layard, for his Nineveh sculptures.
The nation sits in the immense city they have builded, a London extended into every man’s mind, though he live in Van Dieman’s Land or Capetown. Faithful performance of what is undertaken to be performed, they honor in themselves, and exact in others, as certificate of equality with themselves. The modern world is theirs. They have made and make it day by day. The commercial relations of the world are so intimately drawn151 to London, that every dollar on earth contributes to the strength of the English government. And if all the wealth in the planet should perish by war or deluge152, they know themselves competent to replace it.
They have approved their Saxon blood, by their sea-going qualities; their descent from Odin’s smiths, by their hereditary153 skill in working in iron; their British birth, by husbandry and immense wheat harvests; and justified154 their occupancy of the centre of habitable land, by their supreme ability and cosmopolitan155 spirit. They have tilled, builded, forged, spun156, and woven. They have made the island a thoroughfare; and London a shop, a law-court, a record-office, and scientific bureau, inviting157 to strangers; a sanctuary158 to refugees of every political and religious opinion; and such a city, that almost every active man, in any nation, finds himself, at one time or other, forced to visit it.
In every path of practical activity, they have gone even with the best. There is no secret of war, in which they have not shown mastery. The steam-chamber of Watt, the locomotive of Stephenson, the cotton-mule of Roberts, perform the labor of the world. There is no department of literature, of science, or of useful art, in which they have not produced a first-rate book. It is England, whose opinion is waited for on the merit of a new invention, an improved science. And in the complications of the trade and politics of their vast empire, they have been equal to every exigency159, with counsel and with conduct. Is it their luck, or is it in the chambers160 of their brain, — it is their commercial advantage, that whatever light appears in better method or happy invention, breaks out in their race. They are a family to which a destiny attaches, and the Banshee has sworn that a male heir shall never be wanting. They have a wealth of men to fill important posts, and the vigilance of party criticism insures the selection of a competent person.
A proof of the energy of the British people, is the highly artificial construction of the whole fabric. The climate and geography, I said, were factitious, as if the hands of man had arranged the conditions. The same character pervades161 the whole kingdom. Bacon said, “Rome was a state not subject to paradoxes;” but England subsists162 by antagonisms163 and contradictions. The foundations of its greatness are the rolling waves; and, from first to last, it is a museum of anomalies. This foggy and rainy country furnishes the world with astronomical164 observations. Its short rivers do not afford water-power, but the land shakes under the thunder of the mills. There is no gold mine of any importance, but there is more gold in England than in all other countries. It is too far north for the culture of the vine, but the wines of all countries are in its docks. The French Comte de Lauraguais said, “no fruit ripens165 in England but a baked apple”; but oranges and pine-apples are as cheap in London as in the Mediterranean166. The Mark-Lane Express, or the Custom House Returns bear out to the letter the vaunt of Pope,
“Let India boast her palms, nor envy we
The weeping amber127, nor the spicy167 tree,
While, by our oaks, those precious loads are borne,
And realms commanded which those trees adorn168.”
The native cattle are extinct, but the island is full of artificial breeds. The agriculturist Bakewell, created sheep and cows and horses to order, and breeds in which every thing was omitted but what is economical. The cow is sacrificed to her bag, the ox to his surloin. Stall-feeding makes sperm-mills of the cattle, and converts the stable to a chemical factory. The rivers, lakes and ponds, too much fished, or obstructed169 by factories, are artificially filled with the eggs of salmon170, turbot and herring.
Chat Moss171 and the fens172 of Lincolnshire and Cambridgeshire are unhealthy and too barren to pay rent. By cylindrical173 tiles, and guttapercha tubes, five millions of acres of bad land have been drained and put on equality with the best, for rape-culture and grass. The climate too, which was already believed to have become milder and drier by the enormous consumption of coal, is so far reached by this new action, that fogs and storms are said to disappear. In due course, all England will be drained, and rise a second time out of the waters. The latest step was to call in the aid of steam to agriculture. Steam is almost an Englishman. I do not know but they will send him to Parliament, next, to make laws. He weaves, forges, saws, pounds, fans, and now he must pump, grind, dig, and plough for the farmer. The markets created by the manufacturing population have erected agriculture into a great thriving and spending industry. The value of the houses in Britain is equal to the value of the soil. Artificial aids of all kinds are cheaper than the natural resources. No man can afford to walk, when the parliamentary-train carries him for a penny a mile. Gas-burners are cheaper than daylight in numberless floors in the cities. All the houses in London buy their water. The English trade does not exist for the exportation of native products, but on its manufactures, or the making well every thing which is ill made elsewhere. They make ponchos174 for the Mexican, bandannas175 for the Hindoo, ginseng for the Chinese, beads176 for the Indian, laces for the Flemings, telescopes for astronomers177, cannons178 for kings.
The Board of Trade caused the best models of Greece and Italy to be placed within the reach of every manufacturing population. They caused to be translated from foreign languages and illustrated179 by elaborate drawings, the most approved works of Munich, Berlin, and Paris. They have ransacked180 Italy to find new forms, to add a grace to the products of their looms181, their potteries182, and their foundries. 5
The nearer we look, the more artificial is their social system. Their law is a network of fictions. Their property, a scrip or certificate of right to interest on money that no man ever saw. Their social classes are made by statute183. Their ratios of power and representation are historical and legal. The last Reform-bill took away political power from a mound184, a ruin, and a stone-wall, whilst Birmingham and Manchester, whose mills paid for the wars of Europe, had no representative. Purity in the elective Parliament is secured by the purchase of seats. 6 Foreign power is kept by armed colonies; power at home, by a standing73 army of police. The pauper185 lives better than the free laborer; the thief better than the pauper; and the transported felon186 better than the one under imprisonment187. The crimes are factitious, as smuggling188, poaching, non-conformity, heresy189 and treason. Better, they say in England, kill a man than a hare. The sovereignty of the seas is maintained by the impressment of seamen190. “The impressment of seamen,” said Lord Eldon, “is the life of our navy.” Solvency191 is maintained by means of a national debt, on the principle, “if you will not lend me the money, how can I pay you?” For the administration of justice, Sir Samuel Romilly’s expedient42 for clearing the arrears192 of business in Chancery, was, the Chancellor193’s staying away entirely194 from his court. Their system of education is factitious. The Universities galvanize dead languages into a semblance195 of life. Their church is artificial. The manners and customs of society are artificial; — made up men with made up manners; — and thus the whole is Birminghamized, and we have a nation whose existence is a work of art; — a cold, barren, almost arctic isle196, being made the most fruitful, luxurious197 and imperial land in the whole earth.
Man in England submits to be a product of political economy. On a bleak198 moor199, a mill is built, a banking-house is opened, and men come in, as water in a sluice-way, and towns and cities rise. Man is made as a Birmingham button. The rapid doubling of the population dates from Watt’s steam-engine. A landlord, who owns a province, says, “the tenantry are unprofitable; let me have sheep.” He unroofs the houses, and ships the population to America. The nation is accustomed to the instantaneous creation of wealth. It is the maxim200 of their economists201, “that the greater part in value of the wealth now existing in England, has been produced by human hands within the last twelve months.” Meantime, three or four days’ rain will reduce hundreds to starving in London.
One secret of their power is their mutual202 good understanding. Not only good minds are born among them, but all the people have good minds. Every nation has yielded some good wit, if, as has chanced to many tribes, only one. But the intellectual organization of the English admits a communicableness of knowledge and ideas among them all. An electric touch by any of their national ideas, melts them into one family, and brings the hoards203 of power which their individuality is always hiving, into use and play for all. Is it the smallness of the country, or is it the pride and affection of race, — they have solidarity204, or responsibleness, and trust in each other.
Their minds, like wool, admit of a dye which is more lasting than the cloth. They embrace their cause with more tenacity than their life. Though not military, yet every common subject by the poll is fit to make a soldier of. These private reserved mute family-men can adopt a public end with all their heat, and this strength of affection makes the romance of their heroes. The difference of rank does not divide the national heart. The Danish poet Ohlenschlager complains, that who writes in Danish, writes to two hundred readers. In Germany, there is one speech for the learned, and another for the masses, to that extent, that, it is said, no sentiment or phrase from the works of any great German writer is ever heard among the lower classes. But in England, the language of the noble is the language of the poor. In Parliament, in pulpits, in theatres, when the speakers rise to thought and passion, the language becomes idiomatic205; the people in the street best understand the best words. And their language seems drawn from the Bible, the common law, and the works of Shakspeare, Bacon, Milton, Pope, Young, Cowper, Burns, and Scott. The island has produced two or three of the greatest men that ever existed, but they were not solitary206 in their own time. Men quickly embodied207 what Newton found out, in Greenwich observatories208, and practical navigation. The boys know all that Hutton knew of strata124, or Dalton of atoms, or Harvey of blood-vessels; and these studies, once dangerous, are in fashion. So what is invented or known in agriculture, or in trade, or in war, or in art, or in literature, and antiquities209. A great ability, not amassed210 on a few giants, but poured into the general mind, so that each of them could at a pinch stand in the shoes of the other; and they are more bound in character, than differenced in ability or in rank. The laborer is a possible lord. The lord is a possible basket-maker. Every man carries the English system in his brain, knows what is confided211 to him, and does therein the best he can. The chancellor carries England on his mace212, the midshipman at the point of his dirk, the smith on his hammer, the cook in the bowl of his spoon; the postilion cracks his whip for England, and the sailor times his oars102 to “God save the King!” The very felons213 have their pride in each other’s English stanchness. In politics and in war, they hold together as by hooks of steel. The charm in Nelson’s history, is, the unselfish greatness; the assurance of being supported to the uttermost by those whom he supports to the uttermost. Whilst they are some ages ahead of the rest of the world in the art of living; whilst in some directions they do not represent the modern spirit, but constitute it,— this vanguard of civility and power they coldly hold, marching in phalanx, lockstep, foot after foot, file after file of heroes, ten thousand deep.
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mythically
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dominant
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| adj.支配的，统治的；占优势的；显性的；n.主因，要素，主要的人(或物)；显性基因 | |
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3
culminated
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| v.达到极点( culminate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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4
supplant
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| vt.排挤；取代 | |
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5
ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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adhesiveness
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| 粘[附着，胶粘]性，粘附[胶粘]度 | |
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harried
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| v.使苦恼( harry的过去式和过去分词 )；不断烦扰；一再袭击；侵扰 | |
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8
longevity
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| n.长命；长寿 | |
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9
baron
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| n.男爵；(商业界等)巨头，大王 | |
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10
dictate
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| v.口授；(使)听写；指令，指示，命令 | |
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conspired
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| 密谋( conspire的过去式和过去分词 )； 搞阴谋； （事件等）巧合； 共同导致 | |
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12
lucrative
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| adj.赚钱的，可获利的 | |
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13
labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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14
feudal
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| adj.封建的，封地的，领地的 | |
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15
tenure
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| n.终身职位；任期；(土地)保有权，保有期 | |
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16
thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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17
vivacious
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| adj.活泼的，快活的 | |
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18
extort
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| v.勒索，敲诈，强要 | |
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19
contriving
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| （不顾困难地）促成某事( contrive的现在分词 )； 巧妙地策划，精巧地制造（如机器）； 设法做到 | |
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20
toil
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| vi.辛劳工作，艰难地行动；n.苦工，难事 | |
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21
repose
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| v.(使)休息；n.安息 | |
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22
appreciation
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| n.评价；欣赏；感谢；领会，理解；价格上涨 | |
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23
dint
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| n.由于，靠；凹坑 | |
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24
faculty
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| n.才能；学院，系；(学院或系的)全体教学人员 | |
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25
liking
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| n.爱好；嗜好；喜欢 | |
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26
monstrous
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| adj.巨大的；恐怖的；可耻的，丢脸的 | |
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27
fret
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| v.(使)烦恼；(使)焦急；(使)腐蚀，(使)磨损 | |
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28
skilful
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| (=skillful)adj.灵巧的，熟练的 | |
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29
stevedores
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| n.码头装卸工人，搬运工( stevedore的名词复数 ) | |
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30
reapers
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| n.收割者，收获者( reaper的名词复数 )；收割机 | |
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31
watt
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| n.瓦，瓦特 | |
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32
renown
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| n.声誉，名望 | |
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33
impunity
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| n.(惩罚、损失、伤害等的)免除 | |
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34
enchantments
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| n.魅力( enchantment的名词复数 )；迷人之处；施魔法；着魔 | |
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35
shingle
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| n.木瓦板；小招牌(尤指医生或律师挂的营业招牌)；v.用木瓦板盖（屋顶）；把（女子头发）剪短 | |
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36
laborer
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| n.劳动者，劳工 | |
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37
bent
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| n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的 | |
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38
yoke
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| n.轭；支配；v.给...上轭，连接，使成配偶 | |
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39
texture
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| n.(织物)质地；(材料)构造；结构；肌理 | |
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40
temperament
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| n.气质，性格，性情 | |
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41
expedients
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| n.应急有效的，权宜之计的( expedient的名词复数 ) | |
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42
expedient
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| adj.有用的，有利的；n.紧急的办法，权宜之计 | |
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43
irresistible
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| adj.非常诱人的，无法拒绝的，无法抗拒的 | |
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44
afflicted
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| 使受痛苦，折磨( afflict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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45
tenant
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| n.承租人；房客；佃户；v.租借，租用 | |
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46
renowned
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| adj.著名的，有名望的，声誉鹊起的 | |
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47
antiquity
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| n.古老；高龄；古物，古迹 | |
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48
bilious
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| adj.胆汁过多的；易怒的 | |
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49
subservient
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| adj.卑屈的，阿谀的 | |
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50
tug
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| v.用力拖(或拉)；苦干；n.拖；苦干；拖船 | |
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51
dodging
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| n.避开，闪过，音调改变v.闪躲( dodge的现在分词 )；回避 | |
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52
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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53
subtlety
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| n.微妙，敏锐，精巧；微妙之处，细微的区别 | |
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54
waylay
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| v.埋伏，伏击 | |
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55
assassinate
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| vt.暗杀，行刺，中伤 | |
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56
hustings
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| n.竞选活动 | |
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57
artifice
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| n.妙计，高明的手段；狡诈，诡计 | |
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58
breach
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| n.违反，不履行；破裂；vt.冲破，攻破 | |
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59
dealing
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| n.经商方法，待人态度 | |
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60
ballot
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| n.（不记名）投票，投票总数，投票权；vi.投票 | |
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61
opposition
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| n.反对，敌对 | |
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62
prospect
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| n.前景，前途；景色，视野 | |
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63
mortifying
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| adj.抑制的，苦修的v.使受辱( mortify的现在分词 )；伤害（人的感情）；克制；抑制（肉体、情感等） | |
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64
graceful
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| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
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65
propounds
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| v.提出（问题、计划等）供考虑[讨论]，提议( propound的第三人称单数 ) | |
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66
syllogism
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| n.演绎法，三段论法 | |
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67
whatsoever
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| adv.（用于否定句中以加强语气）任何；pron.无论什么 | |
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68
deficient
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| adj.不足的，不充份的，有缺陷的 | |
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69
divers
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| adj.不同的；种种的 | |
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70
exterior
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| adj.外部的，外在的；表面的 | |
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71
discourses
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| 论文( discourse的名词复数 )； 演说； 讲道； 话语 | |
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72
logic
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| n.逻辑(学)；逻辑性 | |
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73
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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74
instinctive
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| adj.(出于)本能的；直觉的；(出于)天性的 | |
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75
impair
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| v.损害，损伤；削弱，减少 | |
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76
serial
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| n.连本影片，连本电视节目；adj.连续的 | |
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77
addicted
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| adj.沉溺于....的，对...上瘾的 | |
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78
conceal
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| v.隐藏，隐瞒，隐蔽 | |
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79
lawful
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| adj.法律许可的，守法的，合法的 | |
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80
supreme
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| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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81
oar
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| n.桨，橹，划手；v.划行 | |
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82
spacious
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| adj.广阔的，宽敞的 | |
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83
entangling
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| v.使某人（某物/自己）缠绕，纠缠于（某物中），使某人（自己）陷入（困难或复杂的环境中）( entangle的现在分词 ) | |
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84
minor
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| adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修 | |
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85
loyalty
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| n.忠诚，忠心 | |
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86
obstinate
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| adj.顽固的，倔强的，不易屈服的，较难治愈的 | |
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87
grievance
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| n.怨愤，气恼，委屈 | |
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88
feat
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| n.功绩；武艺，技艺；adj.灵巧的，漂亮的，合适的 | |
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89
infusion
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| n.灌输 | |
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90
boxer
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| n.制箱者，拳击手 | |
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91
judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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92
abide
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| vi.遵守；坚持；vt.忍受 | |
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93
assassination
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| n.暗杀；暗杀事件 | |
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94
friction
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| n.摩擦，摩擦力 | |
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95
cramped
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| a.狭窄的 | |
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96
sterile
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| adj.不毛的，不孕的，无菌的，枯燥的，贫瘠的 | |
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97
unconditional
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| adj.无条件的，无限制的，绝对的 | |
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98
bias
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| n.偏见，偏心，偏袒；vt.使有偏见 | |
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99
pebble
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| n.卵石，小圆石 | |
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100
axis
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| n.轴，轴线，中心线；坐标轴，基准线 | |
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101
adroit
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| adj.熟练的，灵巧的 | |
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102
oars
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| n.桨，橹( oar的名词复数 )；划手v.划（行）( oar的第三人称单数 ) | |
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103
jewelry
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| n.（jewllery）（总称）珠宝 | |
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104
mosaics
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| n.马赛克( mosaic的名词复数 )；镶嵌；镶嵌工艺；镶嵌图案 | |
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105
staples
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| n.（某国的）主要产品( staple的名词复数 )；钉书钉；U 形钉；主要部份v.用钉书钉钉住( staple的第三人称单数 ) | |
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106
pottery
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| n.陶器，陶器场 | |
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107
quail
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| n.鹌鹑；vi.畏惧，颤抖 | |
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108
poultry
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| n.家禽，禽肉 | |
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109
pertaining
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| 与…有关系的，附属…的，为…固有的(to) | |
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110
dwellings
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| n.住处，处所( dwelling的名词复数 ) | |
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111
ruffle
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| v.弄皱，弄乱；激怒，扰乱；n.褶裥饰边 | |
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112
lasting
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| adj.永久的，永恒的；vbl.持续，维持 | |
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113
diffused
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| 散布的，普及的，扩散的 | |
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114
machinery
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| n.(总称)机械，机器；机构 | |
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115
despatch
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| n./v.(dispatch)派遣；发送；n.急件；新闻报道 | |
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116
providence
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| n.深谋远虑，天道，天意；远见；节约；上帝 | |
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117
battalion
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| n.营；部队；大队(的人) | |
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118
cannon
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| n.大炮，火炮；飞机上的机关炮 | |
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119
celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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120
naval
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| adj.海军的，军舰的，船的 | |
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121
vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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122
ponderous
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| adj.沉重的，笨重的，(文章)冗长的 | |
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123
stratagem
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| n.诡计，计谋 | |
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124
strata
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| n.地层（复数）；社会阶层 | |
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125
whim
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| n.一时的兴致，突然的念头；奇想，幻想 | |
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126
chamber
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| n.房间，寝室；会议厅；议院；会所 | |
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127
amber
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| n.琥珀；琥珀色；adj.琥珀制的 | |
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128
touching
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| adj.动人的，使人感伤的 | |
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129
lashed
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| adj.具睫毛的v.鞭打( lash的过去式和过去分词 )；煽动；紧系；怒斥 | |
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130
taxation
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| n.征税，税收，税金 | |
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131
drowsy
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| adj.昏昏欲睡的，令人发困的 | |
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132
persecution
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| n. 迫害,烦扰 | |
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133
temperaments
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| 性格( temperament的名词复数 )； （人或动物的）气质； 易冲动； （性情）暴躁 | |
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134
tenacity
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| n.坚韧 | |
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135
clinch
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| v.敲弯，钉牢；确定；扭住对方 [参]clench | |
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136
fabric
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| n.织物，织品，布；构造，结构，组织 | |
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137
vat
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| n.(=value added tax)增值税，大桶 | |
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138
posterity
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| n.后裔，子孙，后代 | |
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139
laborers
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| n.体力劳动者，工人( laborer的名词复数 )；（熟练工人的）辅助工 | |
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140
frightful
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| adj.可怕的；讨厌的 | |
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141
pertinacity
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| n.执拗，顽固 | |
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142
coalitions
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| 结合体，同盟( coalition的名词复数 )； （两党或多党）联合政府 | |
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143
yoked
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| 结合（yoke的过去式形式） | |
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144
hurled
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| v.猛投，用力掷( hurl的过去式和过去分词 )；大声叫骂 | |
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145
cape
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| n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风 | |
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146
inventory
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| n.详细目录，存货清单 | |
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147
geographical
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| adj.地理的；地区(性)的 | |
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148
imminent
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| adj.即将发生的，临近的，逼近的 | |
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149
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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150
excavation
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| n.挖掘，发掘；被挖掘之地 | |
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151
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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152
deluge
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| n./vt.洪水，暴雨，使泛滥 | |
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153
hereditary
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| adj.遗传的，遗传性的，可继承的，世袭的 | |
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154
justified
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| a.正当的，有理的 | |
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155
cosmopolitan
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| adj.世界性的，全世界的，四海为家的，全球的 | |
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156
spun
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| v.纺，杜撰，急转身 | |
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157
inviting
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| adj.诱人的，引人注目的 | |
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158
sanctuary
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| n.圣所，圣堂，寺庙；禁猎区，保护区 | |
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159
exigency
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| n.紧急；迫切需要 | |
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160
chambers
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| n.房间( chamber的名词复数 )；（议会的）议院；卧室；会议厅 | |
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161
pervades
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| v.遍及，弥漫( pervade的第三人称单数 ) | |
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162
subsists
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| v.（靠很少的钱或食物）维持生活，生存下去( subsist的第三人称单数 ) | |
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antagonisms
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| 对抗，敌对( antagonism的名词复数 ) | |
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164
astronomical
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| adj.天文学的，（数字）极大的 | |
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165
ripens
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| v.成熟，使熟( ripen的第三人称单数 ) | |
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166
Mediterranean
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| adj.地中海的；地中海沿岸的 | |
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167
spicy
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| adj.加香料的；辛辣的，有风味的 | |
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adorn
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| vt.使美化，装饰 | |
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169
obstructed
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| 阻塞( obstruct的过去式和过去分词 )； 堵塞； 阻碍； 阻止 | |
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170
salmon
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| n.鲑，大马哈鱼，橙红色的 | |
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171
moss
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| n.苔，藓，地衣 | |
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172
fens
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| n.（尤指英格兰东部的）沼泽地带( fen的名词复数 ) | |
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173
cylindrical
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| adj.圆筒形的 | |
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174
ponchos
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| n.斗篷( poncho的名词复数 ) | |
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175
bandannas
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| n.印花大手帕( bandanna的名词复数 ) | |
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176
beads
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| n.（空心）小珠子( bead的名词复数 )；水珠；珠子项链 | |
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177
astronomers
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| n.天文学者，天文学家( astronomer的名词复数 ) | |
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178
cannons
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| n.加农炮，大炮，火炮( cannon的名词复数 ) | |
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179
illustrated
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| adj. 有插图的，列举的 动词illustrate的过去式和过去分词 | |
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180
ransacked
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| v.彻底搜查( ransack的过去式和过去分词 )；抢劫，掠夺 | |
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181
looms
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| n.织布机( loom的名词复数 )v.隐约出现，阴森地逼近( loom的第三人称单数 )；隐约出现，阴森地逼近 | |
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182
potteries
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| n.陶器( pottery的名词复数 )；陶器厂；陶土；陶器制造（术） | |
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183
statute
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| n.成文法，法令，法规；章程，规则，条例 | |
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184
mound
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| n.土墩，堤，小山；v.筑堤，用土堆防卫 | |
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185
pauper
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| n.贫民，被救济者，穷人 | |
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186
felon
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| n.重罪犯；adj.残忍的 | |
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187
imprisonment
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| n.关押，监禁，坐牢 | |
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188
smuggling
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| n.走私 | |
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189
heresy
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| n.异端邪说；异教 | |
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190
seamen
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| n.海员 | |
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191
solvency
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| n.偿付能力，溶解力 | |
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192
arrears
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| n.到期未付之债，拖欠的款项；待做的工作 | |
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193
chancellor
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| n.(英)大臣；法官；(德、奥)总理；大学校长 | |
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194
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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195
semblance
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| n.外貌，外表 | |
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196
isle
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| n.小岛，岛 | |
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197
luxurious
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| adj.精美而昂贵的；豪华的 | |
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198
bleak
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| adj.(天气)阴冷的；凄凉的；暗淡的 | |
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199
moor
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| n.荒野，沼泽；vt.(使)停泊；vi.停泊 | |
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200
maxim
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| n.格言，箴言 | |
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201
economists
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| n.经济学家，经济专家( economist的名词复数 ) | |
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202
mutual
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| adj.相互的，彼此的；共同的，共有的 | |
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203
hoards
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| n.（钱财、食物或其他珍贵物品的）储藏，积存( hoard的名词复数 )v.积蓄并储藏（某物）( hoard的第三人称单数 ) | |
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204
solidarity
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| n.团结；休戚相关 | |
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205
idiomatic
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| adj.成语的，符合语言习惯的 | |
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206
solitary
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| adj.孤独的，独立的，荒凉的；n.隐士 | |
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207
embodied
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| v.表现( embody的过去式和过去分词 )；象征；包括；包含 | |
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208
observatories
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| n.天文台，气象台( observatory的名词复数 ) | |
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209
antiquities
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| n.古老( antiquity的名词复数 )；古迹；古人们；古代的风俗习惯 | |
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210
amassed
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| v.积累，积聚( amass的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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211
confided
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| v.吐露（秘密，心事等）( confide的过去式和过去分词 )；（向某人）吐露（隐私、秘密等） | |
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212
mace
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| n.狼牙棒，豆蔻干皮 | |
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213
felons
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| n.重罪犯( felon的名词复数 )；瘭疽；甲沟炎；指头脓炎 | |
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