FROM Mandalay, in Upper Burma, you can travel by train to Maymyo, the principal hill-station of the province, on the edge of the Shan plateau. It is rather a queer experience. You start off in the typical atmosphere of an eastern city — the scorching1 sunlight, the dusty palms, the smells of fish and spices and garlic, the squashy tropical fruits, the swarming3 dark-faced human beings — and because you are so used to it you carry this atmosphere intact, so to speak, in your railway carriage. Mentally you are still in Mandalay when the train stops at Maymyo, four thousand feet above sea — level. But in stepping out of the carriage you step into a different hemisphere. Suddenly you are breathing cool sweet air that might be that of England, and all round you are green grass, bracken, fir-trees, and hill — women with pink cheeks selling baskets of strawberries.
Getting back to Barcelona, after three and a half months at the front, reminded me of this. There was the same abrupt4 and startling change of atmosphere. In the train, all the way to Barcelona, the atmosphere of the front persisted; the dirt, the noise, the discomfort5, the ragged6 clothes the feeling of privation, comradeship, and equality. The train, already full of militiamen when it left Barbastro, was invaded by more and more peasants at every station on the line; peasants with bundles of vegetables, with terrified fowls8 which they carried head — downwards9, with sacks which looped and writhed10 all over the floor and were discovered to be full of live rabbits — finally with a quite considerable flock of sheep which were driven into the compartments11 and wedged into every empty space. The militiamen shouted revolutionary songs which drowned the rattle12 of the train and kissed their hands or waved red and black handkerchiefs to every pretty girl along the line. Bottles of wine and of anis, the filthy13 Aragonese liqueur, travelled from hand to hand. With the Spanish goat-skin water-bottles you can squirt a jet of wine right across a railway carriage into your friend’s mouth, which saves a lot of trouble. Next to me a black-eyed boy of fifteen was recounting sensational14 and, I do not doubt, completely untrue stories of his own exploits at the front to two old leather-faced peasants who listened open-mouthed. Presently the peasants undid16 their bundles and gave us some sticky dark-red wine. Everyone was profoundly happy, more happy than I can convey. But when the train had rolled through Sabadell and into Barcelona, we stepped into an atmosphere that was scarcely less alien and hostile to us and our kind than if this had been Paris or London.
Everyone who has made two visits, at intervals17 of months, to Barcelona during the war has remarked upon the extraordinary changes that took place in it. And curiously18 enough, whether they went there first in August and again in January, or, like myself, first in December and again in April, the thing they said was always the same: that the revolutionary atmosphere had vanished. No doubt to anyone who had been there in August, when the blood was scarcely dry in the streets and militia7 were quartered in the smart hotels, Barcelona in December would have seemed bourgeois19; to me, fresh from England, it was liker to a workers’ city than anything I had conceived possible. Now the tide had rolled back. Once again it was an ordinary city, a little pinched and chipped by war, but with no outward sign of working-class predominance.
The change in the aspect of the crowds was startling. The militia uniform and the blue overalls20 had almost disappeared; everyone seemed to be wearing the smart summer suits in which Spanish tailors specialize. Fat prosperous men, elegant women, and sleek21 cars were everywhere. (It appeared that there were still no private cars; nevertheless, anyone who ‘was anyone’ seemed able to command a car.) The officers of the new Popular Army, a type that had scarcely existed when I left Barcelona, swarmed22 in surprising numbers. The Popular Army was officered at the rate of one officer to ten men. A certain number of these officers had served in the militia and been brought back from the front for technical instruction, but the majority were young men who had gone to the School of War in preference to joining the militia. Their relation to their men was not quite the same as in a bourgeois army, but there was a definite social difference, expressed by the difference of pay and uniform. The men wore a kind of coarse brown overalls, the officers wore an elegant khaki uniform with a tight waist, like a British Army officer’s uniform, only a little more so. I do not suppose that more than one in twenty of them had yet been to the front, but all of them had automatic pistols strapped23 to their belts; we, at the front, could not get pistols for love or money. As we made our way up the street I noticed that people were staring at our dirty exteriors24. Of course, like all men who have been several months in the line, we were a dreadful sight. I was conscious of looking like a scarecrow. My leather jacket was in tatters, my woollen cap had lost its shape and slid perpetually over one eye, my boots consisted of very little beyond splayed-out uppers. All of us were in more or less the same state, and in addition we were dirty and unshaven, so it was no wonder that the people stared. But it dismayed me a little, and brought it home to me that some queer things had been happening in the last three months.
During the next few days I discovered by innumerable signs that my first impression had not been wrong. A deep change had come over the town. There were two facts that were the keynote of all else. One was that the people — the civil population — had lost much of their interest in the war; the other was that the normal division of society into rich and poor, upper class and lower class, was reasserting itself.
The general indifference25 to the war was surprising and rather disgusting. It horrified26 people who came to Barcelona from Madrid or even from Valencia. Partly it was due to the remoteness of Barcelona from the actual fighting; I noticed the same thing a month later in Tarragona, where the ordinary life of a smart seaside town was continuing almost undisturbed. But it was significant that all over Spain voluntary enlistment27 had dwindled28 from about January onwards. In Catalonia, in February, there had been a wave of enthusiasm over the first big drive for the Popular Army, but it had not led to any great increase in recruiting. The war was only six months old or thereabouts when the Spanish Government had to resort to conscription, which would be natural in a foreign war, but seems anomalous29 in a civil war. Undoubtedly30 it was bound up with the disappointment of the revolutionary hopes with which the war had started. The trade union members who formed themselves into militias31 and chased the Fascists32 back to Zaragoza in the first few weeks of war had done so largely because they believed themselves to be fighting for working-class control; but it was becoming more and more obvious that working-class control was a lost cause, and the common people, especially the town proletariat, who have to fill the ranks in any war, civil or foreign, could not be blamed for a certain apathy33. Nobody wanted to lose the war, but the majority were chiefly anxious for it to be over. You noticed this wherever you went. Everywhere you met with the same perfunctory remark:’ This war — terrible, isn’t it? When is it going to end?’ Politically conscious people were far more aware of the internecine34 struggle between Anarchist35 and Communist than of the fight against Franco. To the mass of the people the food shortage was the most important thing. ‘The front’ had come to be thought of as a mythical36 far-off place to which young men disappeared and either did not return or returned after three or four months with vast sums of money in their pockets. (A militiaman usually received his back pay when he went on leave.) Wounded men, even when they were hopping37 about on crutches38, did not receive any special consideration. To be in the militia was no longer fashionable. The shops, always the barometers39 of public taste, showed this clearly. When I first reached Barcelona the shops, poor and shabby though they were, had specialized40 in militiamen’s equipment. Forage-caps, zipper41 jackets, Sam Browne belts, hunting-knives, water-bottles, revolver-holsters were displayed in every window. Now the shops were markedly smarter, but the war had been thrust into the background. As I discovered later, when buying my kit42 before going back to the front, certain things that one badly needed at the front were very difficult to procure43.
Meanwhile there was going on a systematic44 propaganda against the party militias and in favour of the Popular Army. The position here was rather curious. Since February the entire armed forces had theoretically been incorporated in the Popular Army, and the militias were, on paper, reconstructed along Popular Army lines, with differential pay-rates, gazetted rank, etc., etc. The divisions were made up of ‘mixed brigades’, which were supposed to consist partly of Popular Army troops and partly of militia. But the only changes that had actually taken place were changes of name. The P.O.U.M. troops, for instance, previously45 called the Lenin Division, were now known as the 29th Division. Until June very few Popular Army troops reached the Aragon front, and in consequence the militias were able to retain their separate structure and their special character. But on every wall the Government agents had stencilled46: ‘We need a Popular Army’, and over the radio and in the Communist Press there was a ceaseless and sometimes very malignant47 jibing48 against the militias, who were described as ill-trained, undisciplined, etc., etc.; the Popular Army was always described as ‘heroic’. From much of this propaganda you would have derived49 the impression that there was something disgraceful in having gone to the front voluntarily and something praiseworthy in waiting to be conscripted. For the time being, however, the militias were holding the line while the Popular Army was training in the rear, and this fact had to be advertised as little as possible. Drafts of militia returning to the front were no longer marched through the streets with drums beating and flags flying. They were smuggled50 away by train or lorry at five o’clock in the morning. A few drafts of the Popular Army were now beginning to leave for the front, and these, as before, were marched ceremoniously through the streets; but even they, owing to the general waning51 of interest in the war, met with comparatively little enthusiasm. The fact that the militia troops were also, on paper. Popular Army troops, was skilfully52 used in the Press propaganda. Any credit that happened to be going was automatically handed to the Popular Army, while all blame was reserved for the militias. It sometimes happened that the same troops were praised in one capacity and blamed in the other.
But besides all this there was the startling change in the social atmosphere — a thing difficult to conceive unless you have actually experienced it. When I first reached Barcelona I had thought it a town where class distinctions and great differences of wealth hardly existed. Certainly that was what it looked like. ‘Smart’ clothes were an abnormality, nobody cringed or took tips, waiters and flower-women and bootblacks looked you in the eye and called you ‘comrade’. I had not grasped that this was mainly a mixture of hope and camouflage53. The working class believed in a revolution that had been begun but never consolidated54, and the bourgeoisie were scared and temporarily disguising themselves as workers. In the first months of revolution there must have been many thousands of people who deliberately55 put on overalls and shouted revolutionary slogans as a way of saving their skins. Now things were returning to normal. The smart restaurants and hotels were full of rich people wolfing expensive meals, while for the working-class population food-prices had jumped enormously without any corresponding rise in wages. Apart from the expensiveness of everything, there were recurrent shortages of this and that, which, of course, always hit the poor rather than the rich. The restaurants and hotels seemed to have little difficulty in getting whatever they wanted, but in the working-class quarters the queues for bread, olive oil, and other necessaries were hundreds of yards long. Previously in Barcelona I had been struck by the absence of beggars; now there were quantities of them. Outside the delicatessen shop at the top of the Ramblas gangs of barefooted children were always waiting to swarm2 round anyone who came out and clamour for scraps56 of food. The ‘revolutionary’ forms of speech were dropping out of use. Strangers seldom addressed you as tu and camarada nowadays; it was usually senor and usted. Buenos dias was beginning to replace salud. The waiters were back in their boiled shirts and the shop-walkers were cringing57 in the familiar manner. My wife and I went into a hosiery shop on the Ramblas to buy some stockings. The shopman bowed and rubbed his hands as they do not do even in England nowadays, though they used to do it twenty or thirty years ago. In a furtive58 indirect way the practice of tipping was coming back. The workers’ patrols had been ordered to dissolve and the pre-war police forces were back on the streets. One result of this was that the cabaret show and high-class brothels, many of which had been closed by the workers’ patrols, had promptly59 reopened.8 A small but significant instance of the way in which everything was now orientated60 in favour of the wealthier classes could be seen in the tobacco shortage. For the mass of the people the shortage of tobacco was so desperate that cigarettes filled with sliced liquorice-root were being sold in the streets. I tried some of these once. (A lot of people tried them once.) Franco held the Canaries, where all the Spanish tobacco is grown; consequently the only stocks of tobacco left on the Government side were those that had been in existence before the war. These were running so low that the tobacconists’ shops only opened once a week; after waiting for a couple of hours in a queue you might, if you were lucky, get a three-quarter-ounce packet of tobacco. Theoretically the Government would not allow tobacco to be purchased from abroad, because this meant reducing the gold-reserves, which had got to be kept for arms and other necessities. Actually there was a steady supply of smuggled foreign cigarettes of the more expensive kinds. Lucky Strikes and so forth61, which gave a grand opportunity for profiteering. You could buy the smuggled cigarettes openly in the smart hotels and hardly less openly in the streets, provided that you could pay ten pesetas (a militiaman’s daily wage) for a packet. The smuggling62 was for the benefit of wealthy people, and was therefore connived63 at. If you had enough money there was nothing that you could not get in any quantity, with the possible exception of bread, which was rationed64 fairly strictly65. This open contrast of wealth and poverty would have been impossible a few months earlier, when the working class still were or seemed to be in control. But it would not be fair to attribute it solely66 to the shift of political power. Partly it was a result of the safety of life in Barcelona, where there was little to remind one of the war except an occasional air-raid. Everyone who had been in Madrid said that it was completely different there. In Madrid the common danger forced people of almost all kinds into some sense of comradeship. A fat man eating quails67 while children are begging for bread is a disgusting sight, but you are less likely to see it when you are within sound of the guns.
8 The workers’ patrols are said to have closed 75 per cent of the brothels.
A day or two after the street-fighting I remember passing through one of the fashionable streets and coming upon a confectioner’s shop with a window full of pastries68 and bonbons69 of the most elegant kinds, at staggering prices. It was the kind of shop you see in Bond Street or the Rue15 de la Paix. And I remember feeling a vague horror and amazement70 that money could still be wasted upon such things in a hungry war-stricken country. But God forbid that I should pretend to any personal superiority. After several months of discomfort I had a ravenous71 desire for decent food and wine, cocktails72, American cigarettes, and so forth, and I admit to having wallowed in every luxury that I had money to buy. During that first week, before the street-fighting began, I had several preoccupations which interacted upon one another in a curious way. In the first place, as I have said, I was busy making myself as comfortable as I could. Secondly73, thanks to over-eating and over-drinking, I was slightly out of health all that week. I would feel a little unwell, go to bed for half a day, get up and eat another excessive meal, and then feel ill again. At the same time I was making secret negotiations74 to buy a revolver. I badly wanted a revolver — in trench-fighting much more useful than a rifle — and they were very difficult to get hold of. The Government issued them to policemen and Popular Army officers, but refused to issue them to the militia; you had to buy them, illegally, from the secret stores of the Anarchists75. After a lot of fuss and nuisance an Anarchist friend managed to procure me a tiny 26-mm. automatic pistol, a wretched weapon, useless at more than five yards but better than nothing. And besides all this I was making preliminary arrangements to leave the P.O.U.M. militia and enter some other unit that would ensure my being sent to the Madrid front.
I had told everyone for a long time past that I was going to leave the P.O.U.M. As far as my purely76 personal preferences went I would have liked to join the Anarchists. If one became a member of the C.N.T. it was possible to enter the F.A.I. militia, but I was told that the F.A.I. were likelier to send me to Teruel than to Madrid. If I wanted to go to Madrid I must join the International Column, which meant getting a recommendation from a member of the Communist Party. I sought out a Communist friend, attached to the Spanish Medical Aid, and explained my case to him. He seemed very anxious to recruit me and asked me, if possible, to persuade some of the other I.L.P. Englishmen to come with me. If I had been in better health I should probably have agreed there and then. It is hard to say now what difference this would have made. Quite possibly I should have been sent to Albacete before the Barcelona fighting started; in which case, not having seen the fighting at close quarters, I might have accepted the official version of it as truthful77. On the other hand, if I had been in Barcelona during the fighting, under Communist orders but still with a sense of personal loyalty78 to my comrades in the P.O.U.M., my position would have been impossible. But I had another week’s leave due to me and I was very anxious to get my health back before returning to the line. Also — the kind of detail that is always deciding one’s destiny — I had to wait while the boot-makers made me a new pair of marching boots. (The entire Spanish army had failed to produce a pair of boots big enough to fit me.) I told my Communist friend that I would make definite arrangements later. Meanwhile I wanted a rest. I even had a notion that we — my wife and I— might go to the seaside for two or three days. What an idea! The political atmosphere ought to have warned me that that was not the kind of thing one could do nowadays.
For under the surface-aspect of the town, under the luxury and growing poverty, under the seeming gaiety of the streets, with their flower — stalls, their many-coloured flags, their propaganda-posters, and thronging79 crowds, there was an unmistakable and horrible feeling of political rivalry80 and hatred81. People of all shades of opinion were saying forebodingly: ‘There’s going to be trouble before long.’ The danger was quite simple and intelligible82. It was the antagonism83 between those who wished the revolution to go forward and those who wished to check or prevent it — ultimately, between Anarchists and Communists. Politically there was now no power in Catalonia except the P.S.U.C. and their Liberal allies. But over against this there was the uncertain strength of the C.N.T., less well-armed and less sure of what they wanted than their adversaries84, but powerful because of their numbers and their predominance in various key industries. Given this alignment85 of forces there was bound to be trouble. From the point of view of the P.S.U.C.-controlled Generalite, the first necessity, to make their position secure, was to get the weapons out of the C.N.T. workers’ hands. As I have pointed86 out earlier, the move to break up the party militias was at bottom a manoeuvre87 towards this end. At the same time the pre-war armed police forces. Civil Guards, and so forth, had been brought back into use and were being heavily reinforced and armed. This could mean only one thing. The Civil Guards, in particular, were a gendarmerie of the ordinary continental88 type, who for nearly a century past had acted as the bodyguards89 of the possessing class. Meanwhile a decree had been issued that all arms held by private persons were to be surrendered. Naturally this order had not been obeyed; it was clear that the Anarchists’ weapons could only be taken from them by force. Throughout this time there were rumours90, always vague and contradictory91 owing to newspaper censorship, of minor92 clashes that were occurring all over Catalonia. In various places the armed police forces had made attacks on Anarchist strongholds. At Puigcerda, on the French frontier, a band of Carabineros were sent to seize the Customs Office, previously controlled by Anarchists and Antonio Martin, a well-known Anarchist, was killed. Similar incidents had occurred at Figueras and, I think, at Tarragona. In Barcelona there’ had been a series of more or less unofficial brawls93 in the working-class suburbs. C.N.T. and U.G.T. members had been murdering one another for some time past; on several occasions the murders were followed by huge, provocative94 funerals which were quite deliberately intended to stir up political hatred. A short time earlier a C.N.T. member had been murdered, and the C.N.T. had turned out in hundreds of thousands to follow the cortege. At the end of April, just after I got to Barcelona, Roldan, a prominent member of the U.G.T., was murdered, presumably by someone in the C.N.T. The Government ordered all shops to close and staged ah enormous funeral procession, largely of Popular Army troops, which took two hours to pass a given point. From the hotel window I watched it without enthusiasm. It was obvious that the so-called funeral was merely a display of strength; a little more of this kind of thing and there might be bloodshed. The same night my wife and I were woken by a fusillade of shots from the Plaza95 de Cataluna, a hundred or two hundred yards away. We learned next day that it was a C.N.T. man being bumped off, presumably by someone in the U.G.T. It was of course distinctly possible that all these murders were committed by agents provocateurs. One can gauge96 the attitude of the foreign capitalist Press towards the Communist-Anarchist feud97 by the fact that Roldan’s murder was given wide publicity98, while the answering murder was carefully unmentioned.
The 1st of May was approaching, and there was talk of a monster demonstration99 in which both the C.N.T. and the U.G.T. were to take part. The C.N.T. leaders, more moderate than many of their followers100, had long been working for a reconciliation101 with the U.G.T.; indeed the keynote of their policy was to try and form the two blocks of unions into one huge coalition102. The idea was that the C.N.T. and U.G.T. should march together and display their solidarity103. But at the last moment the demonstration was called off. It was perfectly104 clear that it would only lead to rioting. So nothing happened on 1 May. It was a queer state of affairs. Barcelona, the so-called revolutionary city, was probably the only city in non-Fascist Europe that had no celebrations that day. But I admit I was rather relieved. The I.L.P. contingent105 was expected to march in the P.O.U.M. section of the procession, and everyone expected trouble. The last thing I wished for was to be mixed up in some meaningless street-fight. To be marching up the street behind red flags inscribed106 with elevating slogans, and then to be bumped off from an upper window by some total stranger with a sub-machine-gun — that is not my idea of a useful way to die.
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scorching
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swarm
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| n.(昆虫)等一大群；vi.成群飞舞；蜂拥而入 | |
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swarming
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| 密集( swarm的现在分词 )； 云集； 成群地移动； 蜜蜂或其他飞行昆虫成群地飞来飞去 | |
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abrupt
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| adj.突然的，意外的；唐突的，鲁莽的 | |
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discomfort
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| n.不舒服，不安，难过，困难，不方便 | |
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ragged
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militia
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| n.民兵，民兵组织 | |
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fowls
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| 鸟( fowl的名词复数 )； 禽肉； 既不是这； 非驴非马 | |
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downwards
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writhed
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compartments
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| n.间隔( compartment的名词复数 )；（列车车厢的）隔间；（家具或设备等的）分隔间；隔层 | |
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rattle
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filthy
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| adj.卑劣的；恶劣的，肮脏的 | |
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sensational
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| adj.使人感动的，非常好的，轰动的，耸人听闻的 | |
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rue
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| n.懊悔，芸香，后悔；v.后悔，悲伤，懊悔 | |
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Undid
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| v. 解开, 复原 | |
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intervals
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| n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息 | |
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curiously
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| adv.有求知欲地；好问地；奇特地 | |
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bourgeois
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| adj./n.追求物质享受的(人)；中产阶级分子 | |
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overalls
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| n.（复）工装裤；长罩衣 | |
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sleek
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| adj.光滑的，井然有序的；v.使光滑，梳拢 | |
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swarmed
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| 密集( swarm的过去式和过去分词 )； 云集； 成群地移动； 蜜蜂或其他飞行昆虫成群地飞来飞去 | |
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strapped
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| adj.用皮带捆住的，用皮带装饰的；身无分文的；缺钱；手头紧v.用皮带捆扎(strap的过去式和过去分词)；用皮带抽打；包扎；给…打绷带 | |
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exteriors
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indifference
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| n.不感兴趣，不关心，冷淡，不在乎 | |
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horrified
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| a.(表现出)恐惧的 | |
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enlistment
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| n.应征入伍，获得，取得 | |
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dwindled
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anomalous
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| adj.反常的；不规则的 | |
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undoubtedly
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militias
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| n.民兵组织，民兵( militia的名词复数 ) | |
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fascists
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| n.法西斯主义的支持者( fascist的名词复数 ) | |
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apathy
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| n.漠不关心，无动于衷；冷淡 | |
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internecine
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anarchist
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mythical
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| adj.神话的；虚构的；想像的 | |
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hopping
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crutches
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| n.拐杖, 支柱 v.支撑 | |
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barometers
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| 气压计，晴雨表( barometer的名词复数 ) | |
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specialized
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| adj.专门的，专业化的 | |
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41
zipper
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| n.拉链；v.拉上拉链 | |
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42
kit
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| n.用具包，成套工具；随身携带物 | |
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43
procure
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| vt.获得，取得，促成；vi.拉皮条 | |
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44
systematic
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| adj.有系统的，有计划的，有方法的 | |
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previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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46
stencilled
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| v.用模板印（文字或图案）( stencil的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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malignant
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| adj.恶性的，致命的；恶意的，恶毒的 | |
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jibing
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| v.与…一致( jibe的现在分词 )；（与…）相符；相匹配 | |
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49
derived
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| vi.起源；由来；衍生；导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取 | |
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50
smuggled
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| 水货 | |
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51
waning
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| adj.（月亮）渐亏的，逐渐减弱或变小的n.月亏v.衰落( wane的现在分词 )；（月）亏；变小；变暗淡 | |
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52
skilfully
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| adv. (美skillfully)熟练地 | |
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53
camouflage
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| n./v.掩饰，伪装 | |
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54
consolidated
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| a.联合的 | |
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55
deliberately
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| adv.审慎地；蓄意地；故意地 | |
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56
scraps
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| 油渣 | |
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cringing
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| adj.谄媚，奉承 | |
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58
furtive
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| adj.鬼鬼崇崇的，偷偷摸摸的 | |
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promptly
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| adv.及时地，敏捷地 | |
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orientated
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| v.朝向( orientate的过去式和过去分词 )；面向；确定方向；使适应 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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62
smuggling
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| n.走私 | |
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connived
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| v.密谋 ( connive的过去式和过去分词 )；搞阴谋；默许；纵容 | |
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rationed
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| 限量供应，配给供应( ration的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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strictly
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| adv.严厉地，严格地；严密地 | |
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solely
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| adv.仅仅，唯一地 | |
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quails
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| 鹌鹑( quail的名词复数 )； 鹌鹑肉 | |
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pastries
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| n.面粉制的糕点 | |
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bonbons
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| n.小糖果( bonbon的名词复数 ) | |
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amazement
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| n.惊奇，惊讶 | |
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ravenous
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| adj.极饿的，贪婪的 | |
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cocktails
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| n.鸡尾酒( cocktail的名词复数 )；餐前开胃菜；混合物 | |
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secondly
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| adv.第二，其次 | |
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negotiations
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| 协商( negotiation的名词复数 )； 谈判； 完成（难事）； 通过 | |
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anarchists
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| 无政府主义者( anarchist的名词复数 ) | |
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purely
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| adv.纯粹地，完全地 | |
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truthful
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| adj.真实的，说实话的，诚实的 | |
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loyalty
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| n.忠诚，忠心 | |
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thronging
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| v.成群，挤满( throng的现在分词 ) | |
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rivalry
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| n.竞争，竞赛，对抗 | |
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hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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intelligible
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| adj.可理解的，明白易懂的，清楚的 | |
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antagonism
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| n.对抗，敌对，对立 | |
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adversaries
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| n.对手，敌手( adversary的名词复数 ) | |
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85
alignment
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| n.队列；结盟，联合 | |
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86
pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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manoeuvre
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| n.策略，调动；v.用策略，调动 | |
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continental
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| adj.大陆的，大陆性的，欧洲大陆的 | |
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89
bodyguards
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| n.保镖，卫士，警卫员( bodyguard的名词复数 ) | |
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rumours
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| n.传闻( rumour的名词复数 )；风闻；谣言；谣传 | |
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contradictory
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| adj.反驳的，反对的，抗辩的；n.正反对，矛盾对立 | |
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minor
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| adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修 | |
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brawls
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| 吵架，打架( brawl的名词复数 ) | |
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provocative
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| adj.挑衅的，煽动的，刺激的，挑逗的 | |
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plaza
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| n.广场，市场 | |
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96
gauge
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| v.精确计量；估计；n.标准度量；计量器 | |
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feud
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| n.长期不和；世仇；v.长期争斗；世代结仇 | |
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98
publicity
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| n.众所周知，闻名；宣传，广告 | |
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99
demonstration
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| n.表明，示范，论证，示威 | |
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100
followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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101
reconciliation
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| n.和解，和谐，一致 | |
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102
coalition
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| n.结合体，同盟，结合，联合 | |
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103
solidarity
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| n.团结；休戚相关 | |
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104
perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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105
contingent
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| adj.视条件而定的；n.一组，代表团，分遣队 | |
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106
inscribed
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| v.写，刻( inscribe的过去式和过去分词 )；内接 | |
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