Though certain species of molluscs have their respective habitats, and that which is considered rare in one part may be common in another, there are few which have not a general interest for the scientific conchologist. Collectors prize shells on account of their rarity and beauty; the man of science because of the assistance they afford in the working out of the universal problems of nature. Neither a collector nor a scientific student, my attitude towards marine1 objects is that of a mere2 observer — an interested and often wonder-struck observer — so that when I classify one species of mollusc as common and another as rare I am judging them in accordance with my own environment and information, not from a general knowledge of one of the most entertaining branches of natural history. From this standpoint I may refer to four or five species which stand out from the rest in interest and comparative rarity.
An oyster3 (OSTREA DENDOSTREA FOLIUM), too mean of proportions, too dull and commonplace of colour to be termed pretty, worth nothing, and justifying4, in appearances its worthlessness, is remarkable5 for the exercise of a certain sort of deliberate wit in accordance with special conditions. Nature provides various species of the great oyster family with respective methods of holding their own in the sea, and in the case under review she permits the individual to exercise a choice of two different methods of fixture6 as chance and the drift of circumstances decide its location. From the bases of the valves spring three or more pairs of hook-like processes which, if Fate decides upon a certain coral host, encircle a slim “twig7,” creating for the mollusc a curious resemblance to a short-limbed sloth8 hugging tightly the branch of a tree. When the spat9 happens to settle in places where coral is not available the hooks or arms are but crudely developed. It becomes a club-footed cripple, its feet adherent10 by agglutination or fusion11 to a rock or other and larger mollusc, dead or alive. In fact, the shrewd little oyster responds to its environment, clasping a twig with claws or cementing itself to an unembraceable host in accordance as contingencies12 insist.
Another mollusc (AVICULA LATA), sometimes found in company with the clinging oyster, resembles, when the fragile valves are expanded, a decapitated butterfly, brick-red in colour, with an overshirt of fine and elaborate network, orange tinted14. The interior is scarcely less attractive, the nacre having a pink and bluish lustre15, while the “lip” is dark red. This is found (in my experience) only in association with a certain species of coral (GORGONIA), which flourishes in strong currents on a stony16 bottom three or four fathoms17 deep. Apart from the unusual shape and pleasing colours of the shell, it is remarkable because it seems to be actually incorporated with its host. The foot of the mollusc is extended into a peduncle, consisting of fibres and tendons, by which the animal is a fixture to a spur of coral. At the point of union (to facilitate which there is a hiatus in the margins18 of the peduncle) the sarcode or “flesh” of the coral is denuded19, its place being occupied by ligaments, which by minute ramifications20 adhere so intimately to the coral stock or stem that severance21 therefrom cannot be effected without loss of life to the mollusc.
On a single spray of ruddy Gorgonia several of these commensal molluscs may occur in various stages of development — the smaller no bigger than the wing of a fly and almost as frail22, the larger three and four inches long, and each whatsoever23 its proportions securely budded on and growing from a spur, while frequently the valves of the large are bossed with limpets and other encumbrances24. In appearance the shell represents a deformity in usurpation25 of a thin pencilate “growth” of coral a foot long, for the exterior26 colouration is that of the coral. Quite independent of their host for existence, these molluscs are not to be stigmatised as parasites27, though the individual spur to which each is attached is invariably destroyed by the union, merely sufficient remaining for the support of the intruder. Natural science provides many illustrations of symbiosis28, or the intimate association of two distinct organisms. This example may be out of the common, and therefore worthy29 of inclusion in a general reference to the life of the coral reef.
A third species, rare in a certain sense only, is of a most retiring, not to say secretive, disposition30. For several years I sought in vain a living specimen31 of a flattened32 elongated33 bivalve (VALSELLA), buff-coloured externally, very lustrous34 within, with a hinge the centre of which resembles a split pearl. The blacks could offer no information beyond that which was delightfully35 indefinite. “That fella plenty alonga reef. You look out. B’mbi might you catch ’em!” “Tom,” who never wilfully37 parades his ignorance, boldly asserted that they favoured rocks, but he had no name for them, and no living specimen was ever forthcoming to substantiate38 confident opinions.
An exceptionally low tide revealed several hitherto cautiously preserved secrets of the reef, among them the location of a species of sponge, dark brown, some semi-spherical, some turreted39 in fantastic fashion. Embedded40 upright in the sponges, like almonds in plum-puddings, so that merely the extremities41 of the valves were visible as narrow slits42, were the long-sought-for molluscs. Judging by the extreme care of the species for its own protection — for it is ill-fitted in model and texture43 for a rough-and-tumble struggle for existence — one is inclined to the opinion that it must have many enemies. The valves are frail and brittle44, and only when they gape45 are they revealed, and the gape is self consciously polite. The sponge embraces the slender mollusc so maternally46 that rude yawning is forbidden. It may lisp only and in smooth phrases, such as “prunes” and “prisms”; and, moreover, the host further insures it against molestation47 by the diffusion49 of an exceptionally powerful odour, which, though to my sense of smell resembles phosphorus, is, I am informed on indubitable authority, derivable50 from the active form of oxygen known as ozone51. Experimentally I have placed these molluscs in fresh water, to find it quickly dyed to a rich amber52 colour while acquiring quite remarkable pungency53. Even after the third change the water was impregnated.
Interest in the mollusc became secondary upon the discovery of the host and in consideration of the part it plays in the production of one of the special effects of coral reefs; but the mollusc serves another and timely purpose — purely54 personal and yet not to be disregarded. It indicates a dilemma55 with which the wilful36 amateur in the first-hand study of conchology is confronted. Although, as I have said, no local knowledge of identity was available, reference to a well-disposed expert secured the information that its title in science is VULSELLA LINGULATA; that some twenty species are known; that they all associate with sponges, and that possibly different species inhabit different kinds of sponges. It may seem unpardonably gratuitous56 on the part of one professedly ignorant to offer general observations upon natural phenomena57; but as I find myself among the great majority who do not know and who may be more or less interested and anxious to learn, I claim justification58 in describing that which to me is novel and rare. In this splendid isolation59 I cannot hope to illuminate60 primary investigations61 with the searching light in which science basks62 unblinkingly, for the nearest library of text-books is close on a thousand miles away. Nor can I keep all my observations to myself. There are some which, like murder, “will out,” conscious though I am of meriting the censure63 of the learned.
With this off my mind, let me return to the tenement64 sponges, which may be likened to so many independent and flourishing manufactories of ozone. Apart from the odour of brine common to every ocean and the scents65 of the algae67 and some of the flowering plants of the sea, which are similar all over the world, a coral reef has a strong and specific effluence. The skeletonless coral (ALCYONARIA) has a sulphurous savour of its own, and the echini and bêche-de-mer are also to be separately distinguished68 by their fumes69. Anemones70, great and small, seem to disperse71 a recognisable scent66 as from a mild and watery72 solution of fish and phosphorus. But of all the occupants of the reef none are so powerful or so characteristic in this respect as sponges. Puissant73 and aggressive, these exhalations are at times so strong as to almost make the eyes water, while exciting vivid reminiscences of old-fashioned matches and chemical experiments. Substantial, wholesome74, and clean — though generated by a wet, helpless creature having no personal charms, and which, having passed the phase of life in which it enjoyed the gift of locomotion75, has become a plant-like fixture to one spot — the gas mingles76 with other diffusions of the reef, recalling villanous salt-petre and sheepdips and brimstone and treacle77 to the stimulation78 of the mental faculties79 generally.
Invariably an afternoon’s exploration of the coral reef is followed by a drowsy80 evening and a night of exceptionally sweet repose81. No ill dreams molest48 the soothing82 hours during which the nervous system is burnished83 and lubricated, and you wake refreshed and invigorated beyond measure. I have endeavoured to account for the undoubted physical replenishment84 and mental exhilaration largely from the breathing of air saturated85 with emanations from the coral and sea things generally.
In the course of three hours’ parade and splashing in the tepid86 water, ever so many varieties of gas more or less pungent87 and vitalising — gas which seems to search and strengthen the mechanism88 of the lungs with chemically enriched air, to tonic89 the whole system, and to brighten the perceptive90 faculties, have been imbibed91. Exercise and the eagerness with which wonders are sought out and admired may account in part for present elation92 and balmy succeeding sleep, but the vital functions seem, if my own sensations are typical, to receive also a general toning up. Twice a month at least a man should spend an afternoon on a coral reef for the betterment of body and brain. On the face of it this is counsel of perfection. Only to the happy few is such agreeable and blest physic proffered93 gratis94. Yet the whole world might be brighter and better if coral reefs were more generously distributed. Breathing such subtle and sturdy air, men would live longer; while the extravagant95 life of the reef, appealing to him in fine colours and strange shapes, would avert96 his thoughts from paltry97 and mean amusements and over-exciting pleasures. The pomp of the world he would find personated by coral polyps; its vanities by coy and painted fish; its artfulness represented by crabs98 that think and plan; its scavenging performed by aureoled worms.
Although students of conchology are familiar with several species of LIMA, I am eager to include it in these haphazard99 references, because my first acquaintance with a living specimen afforded yet another experience of the versatility100 of the designs of Nature. It is truly one of the “strange fellows” which Nature in her time has framed. Living obscurely in cavities, under stones, inoffensive and humble101, the Lima enjoys the distinction of being, the permanent exemplification of the misfit, its body being several sizes too large as well as too robust102 for its fragile, shelly covering. The valves are obtusely103 oblong, while the animal is almost a flattened oval, the mantle104 being fringed with numerous bright pink tentacles105, almost electrical in their sensitiveness.
Though anything but rotund, so full in habit (comparatively speaking) is the body of the lima that the valves cannot compress it. Except at the hinges they are for ever divorced, an unfair proportion of the bulging106 body being exposed naked to the inclemency107 and hostility108 of the world. “All too full in the bud” for those frail unpuritanical stays, the animal seems to be at a palpable disadvantage in the battle of life, yet the lima is equipped with special apparatus109 for the maintenance of its right to live. By the expansion and partial closing of the valves it swims or is propelled with a curiously110 energetic, fussy111, mechanical action, while the ever-active pink rays — a living, nimbus — beat rhythmically112, imperiously waving intruders off the track.
The appearance and activities of the creature are such as to establish the delusion113 that it is not altogether amicable114 in its attitude towards even such a bumptious115 and authoritative116 product of Nature as man. Its agitated117 demonstrations118 — whatever their vital purpose may be — to the superficial observer are danger signals, a means of self-preservation119, as a substitute for the hard calcareous armour120 bestowed121 upon other molluscs. The fussy red rays may impose upon enemies a sense of discretion122 which constrains123 them to avoid the lima, which, though hostile in appearance, is one of the mildest of creatures. The tentacles, too, have a certain sort of independence, for they occasionally separate themselves from the animal upon the touch of man, adhering to the fingers, while maintaining harmonic action, just as the tip of a lizard’s tail wriggles124 and squirms after severance.
Most of the blocks of submerged, denuded coral are the homes of certain species of burrowing125 molluscs, the most notable of which are the “date mussels” (LITHOPHAGA). The adult of that designated L. TERES is over two inches long and half an inch in diameter; glossy127 black, with the surface delicately sculptured in wavy128 lines; the interior nacreous, with a bluish tinge13. This excavates129 a perfectly130 cylindrical131 tunnel, upon the sides of which are exposed the stellar structure of the coral. A closely related species (STRAMINEA), slightly longer, and generally of smooth exterior, partially132 coated with plaster, muddy grey in colour, adds to the comfort and security of existence by lining133 its tunnel with a smooth material, a distinction which cannot fail to impress the observer. In each case the mollusc is a loose fit in its burrow126, having ample room for rotation134, but the aperture135 of the latter is what is known as a cassinian oval, and generally projects slightly above the surface of the coral.
The animal is a voluntary life prisoner, for the aperture has the least dimension of the tunnel. The genus is known to be self luminous136 — a decided137 advantage in so dark and narrow an habitation. It seems to me to be worthy of special note that an animal enclosed by Nature in tightly fitting valves should also be endowed with the power of mixing plaster or secreting138 the enamel139 with which its tunnel is lined and of depositing it with like regularity140 and, smoothness to that exhibited in its more personal covering which grows with its growth. The mollusc in its burrow in the depths of a block of coral, white as marble, with its own light and its self-constructed independent wall, appeals to my mind as evidence of the care of Nature for the preservation of types, while from such retiring yet virile141 creatures man learns earth-shifting lessons. A quotation142 from Lyell’s “Principles of Geology” says that the perforations of Lithophagi in limestone143 cliffs and in the three upright columns of the Temple of Jupiter Serapis at Puzzuoli afford conclusive144 evidence of changes in the level of sea-coasts in modern times — the borings of the mollusc prove that the pillars of the temple must have been depressed145 to a corresponding depth in the sea, and to have been raised up again without losing their perpendicularity146.
The date-mussels play an important part in the conversion147 of sea-contained minerals into dry land. Massive blocks of lime secreted148 by coral polyps being weakened by the tunnels of the mussels are the more easily broken by wave force; and being reduced finally to mud, the lime, in association with sand and other constituents149, forms solid rock.
A feature of another of the coral rock disintegrating150 agents is its extreme weakness. It is a rotund mollusc with frail white valves, closely fitting the cavity in which it lives. As it cannot revolve151, the excavation152 of the cavity is, possibly, effected by persistent153 but necessarily extremely slight “play” of the valves; but the animal appears to be quite content in its cramped154 cell with a tiny circular aperture (generally so obscured as to be invisible), through which it accepts the doles155 of the teeming156, incessant157 sea.
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1
marine
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| adj.海的；海生的；航海的；海事的；n.水兵 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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oyster
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| n.牡蛎；沉默寡言的人 | |
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justifying
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| 证明…有理( justify的现在分词 )； 为…辩护； 对…作出解释； 为…辩解（或辩护） | |
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remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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fixture
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| n.固定设备；预定日期；比赛时间；定期存款 | |
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twig
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| n.小树枝，嫩枝；v.理解 | |
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sloth
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| n.[动]树懒；懒惰，懒散 | |
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spat
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| n.口角，掌击；v.发出呼噜呼噜声 | |
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adherent
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| n.信徒，追随者，拥护者 | |
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fusion
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| n.溶化；熔解；熔化状态，熔和；熔接 | |
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contingencies
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| n.偶然发生的事故，意外事故( contingency的名词复数 )；以备万一 | |
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tinge
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| vt.(较淡)着色于，染色；使带有…气息；n.淡淡色彩，些微的气息 | |
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tinted
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| adj. 带色彩的 动词tint的过去式和过去分词 | |
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lustre
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| n.光亮，光泽；荣誉 | |
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stony
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| adj.石头的，多石头的，冷酷的，无情的 | |
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fathoms
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| 英寻( fathom的名词复数 ) | |
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margins
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| 边( margin的名词复数 )； 利润； 页边空白； 差数 | |
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denuded
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| adj.[医]变光的，裸露的v.使赤裸( denude的过去式和过去分词 )；剥光覆盖物 | |
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ramifications
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| n.结果，后果( ramification的名词复数 ) | |
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severance
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| n.离职金；切断 | |
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frail
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| adj.身体虚弱的；易损坏的 | |
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whatsoever
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| adv.（用于否定句中以加强语气）任何；pron.无论什么 | |
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encumbrances
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| n.负担( encumbrance的名词复数 )；累赘；妨碍；阻碍 | |
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usurpation
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| n.篡位；霸占 | |
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exterior
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| adj.外部的，外在的；表面的 | |
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parasites
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| 寄生物( parasite的名词复数 )； 靠他人为生的人； 诸虫 | |
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symbiosis
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| n.共生（关系），共栖 | |
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worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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specimen
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| n.样本，标本 | |
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flattened
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| [医]（水）平扁的，弄平的 | |
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elongated
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| v.延长，加长( elongate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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lustrous
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| adj.有光泽的；光辉的 | |
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delightfully
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| 大喜，欣然 | |
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wilful
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| adj.任性的，故意的 | |
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wilfully
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| adv.任性固执地；蓄意地 | |
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substantiate
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| v.证实；证明...有根据 | |
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turreted
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| a.(像炮塔般)旋转式的 | |
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embedded
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| a.扎牢的 | |
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extremities
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| n.端点( extremity的名词复数 )；尽头；手和足；极窘迫的境地 | |
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slits
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| n.狭长的口子，裂缝( slit的名词复数 )v.切开，撕开( slit的第三人称单数 )；在…上开狭长口子 | |
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texture
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| n.(织物)质地；(材料)构造；结构；肌理 | |
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brittle
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| adj.易碎的；脆弱的；冷淡的；(声音)尖利的 | |
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gape
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| v.张口，打呵欠，目瞪口呆地凝视 | |
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maternally
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molestation
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| n.骚扰，干扰，调戏；折磨 | |
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molest
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| vt.骚扰，干扰，调戏 | |
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49
diffusion
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| n.流布；普及；散漫 | |
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50
derivable
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| adj.可引出的，可推论的，可诱导的 | |
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ozone
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| n.臭氧，新鲜空气 | |
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52
amber
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| n.琥珀；琥珀色；adj.琥珀制的 | |
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53
pungency
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| n.（气味等的）刺激性；辣；（言语等的）辛辣；尖刻 | |
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purely
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| adv.纯粹地，完全地 | |
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dilemma
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| n.困境，进退两难的局面 | |
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gratuitous
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| adj.无偿的，免费的；无缘无故的，不必要的 | |
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phenomena
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| n.现象 | |
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58
justification
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| n.正当的理由；辩解的理由 | |
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isolation
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| n.隔离，孤立，分解，分离 | |
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illuminate
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| vt.照亮，照明；用灯光装饰；说明，阐释 | |
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investigations
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| （正式的）调查( investigation的名词复数 )； 侦查； 科学研究； 学术研究 | |
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basks
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| v.晒太阳，取暖( bask的第三人称单数 )；对…感到乐趣；因他人的功绩而出名；仰仗…的余泽 | |
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censure
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| v./n.责备；非难；责难 | |
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tenement
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| n.公寓；房屋 | |
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scents
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| n.香水( scent的名词复数 )；气味；（动物的）臭迹；（尤指狗的）嗅觉 | |
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scent
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| n.气味，香味，香水，线索，嗅觉；v.嗅，发觉 | |
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algae
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| n.水藻，海藻 | |
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distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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fumes
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| n.(强烈而刺激的)气味，气体 | |
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anemones
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| n.银莲花( anemone的名词复数 )；海葵 | |
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71
disperse
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| vi.使分散；使消失；vt.分散；驱散 | |
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72
watery
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| adj.有水的，水汪汪的；湿的，湿润的 | |
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73
puissant
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| adj.强有力的 | |
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74
wholesome
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| adj.适合；卫生的；有益健康的；显示身心健康的 | |
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75
locomotion
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| n.运动，移动 | |
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76
mingles
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| 混合，混入( mingle的第三人称单数 )； 混进，与…交往[联系] | |
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77
treacle
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| n.糖蜜 | |
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78
stimulation
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| n.刺激，激励，鼓舞 | |
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79
faculties
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| n.能力( faculty的名词复数 )；全体教职员；技巧；院 | |
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80
drowsy
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| adj.昏昏欲睡的，令人发困的 | |
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81
repose
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| v.(使)休息；n.安息 | |
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82
soothing
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| adj.慰藉的；使人宽心的；镇静的 | |
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83
burnished
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| adj.抛光的，光亮的v.擦亮（金属等），磨光( burnish的过去式和过去分词 )；被擦亮，磨光 | |
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84
replenishment
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| n.补充(货物) | |
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85
saturated
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| a.饱和的，充满的 | |
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86
tepid
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| adj.微温的，温热的，不太热心的 | |
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87
pungent
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| adj.（气味、味道）刺激性的，辛辣的；尖锐的 | |
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88
mechanism
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| n.机械装置；机构，结构 | |
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89
tonic
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| n./adj.滋补品，补药，强身的，健体的 | |
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90
perceptive
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| adj.知觉的，有洞察力的，感知的 | |
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91
imbibed
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| v.吸收( imbibe的过去式和过去分词 )；喝；吸取；吸气 | |
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92
elation
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| n.兴高采烈，洋洋得意 | |
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93
proffered
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| v.提供，贡献，提出( proffer的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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94
gratis
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| adj.免费的 | |
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95
extravagant
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| adj.奢侈的；过分的；(言行等)放肆的 | |
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96
avert
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| v.防止，避免；转移(目光、注意力等) | |
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97
paltry
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| adj.无价值的，微不足道的 | |
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98
crabs
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| n.蟹( crab的名词复数 )；阴虱寄生病；蟹肉v.捕蟹( crab的第三人称单数 ) | |
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99
haphazard
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| adj.无计划的，随意的，杂乱无章的 | |
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100
versatility
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| n.多才多艺，多样性，多功能 | |
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101
humble
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| adj.谦卑的，恭顺的；地位低下的；v.降低，贬低 | |
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102
robust
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| adj.强壮的，强健的，粗野的，需要体力的，浓的 | |
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103
obtusely
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| adv.钝地，圆头地 | |
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104
mantle
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| n.斗篷，覆罩之物，罩子；v.罩住，覆盖，脸红 | |
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105
tentacles
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| n.触手( tentacle的名词复数 )；触角；触须；触毛 | |
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106
bulging
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| 膨胀； 凸出（部）； 打气； 折皱 | |
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107
inclemency
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| n.险恶，严酷 | |
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108
hostility
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| n.敌对，敌意；抵制［pl.］交战，战争 | |
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109
apparatus
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| n.装置，器械；器具，设备 | |
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110
curiously
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| adv.有求知欲地；好问地；奇特地 | |
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111
fussy
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| adj.为琐事担忧的，过分装饰的，爱挑剔的 | |
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112
rhythmically
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| adv.有节奏地 | |
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113
delusion
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| n.谬见，欺骗，幻觉，迷惑 | |
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114
amicable
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| adj.和平的，友好的；友善的 | |
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115
bumptious
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| adj.傲慢的 | |
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116
authoritative
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| adj.有权威的，可相信的；命令式的；官方的 | |
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117
agitated
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| adj.被鼓动的，不安的 | |
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118
demonstrations
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| 证明( demonstration的名词复数 )； 表明； 表达； 游行示威 | |
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119
preservation
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| n.保护，维护，保存，保留，保持 | |
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120
armour
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| （=armor）n.盔甲；装甲部队 | |
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121
bestowed
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| 赠给，授予( bestow的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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122
discretion
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| n.谨慎；随意处理 | |
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123
constrains
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| 强迫( constrain的第三人称单数 )； 强使； 限制； 约束 | |
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124
wriggles
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| n.蠕动，扭动( wriggle的名词复数 )v.扭动，蠕动，蜿蜒行进( wriggle的第三人称单数 )；（使身体某一部位）扭动；耍滑不做，逃避（应做的事等） | |
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125
burrowing
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| v.挖掘（洞穴），挖洞( burrow的现在分词 )；翻寻 | |
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126
burrow
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| vt.挖掘(洞穴)；钻进；vi.挖洞；翻寻；n.地洞 | |
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127
glossy
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| adj.平滑的；有光泽的 | |
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128
wavy
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| adj.有波浪的，多浪的，波浪状的，波动的，不稳定的 | |
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129
excavates
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| v.挖掘( excavate的第三人称单数 )；开凿；挖出；发掘 | |
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130
perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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131
cylindrical
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| adj.圆筒形的 | |
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132
partially
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| adv.部分地，从某些方面讲 | |
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133
lining
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| n.衬里，衬料 | |
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134
rotation
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| n.旋转；循环，轮流 | |
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135
aperture
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| n.孔，隙，窄的缺口 | |
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136
luminous
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| adj.发光的，发亮的；光明的；明白易懂的；有启发的 | |
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137
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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138
secreting
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| v.（尤指动物或植物器官）分泌( secrete的现在分词 )；隐匿，隐藏 | |
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139
enamel
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| n.珐琅，搪瓷，瓷釉；(牙齿的)珐琅质 | |
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140
regularity
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| n.规律性，规则性；匀称，整齐 | |
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141
virile
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| adj.男性的；有男性生殖力的；有男子气概的；强有力的 | |
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142
quotation
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| n.引文，引语，语录；报价，牌价，行情 | |
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143
limestone
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| n.石灰石 | |
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144
conclusive
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| adj.最后的，结论的；确凿的，消除怀疑的 | |
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145
depressed
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| adj.沮丧的，抑郁的，不景气的，萧条的 | |
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146
perpendicularity
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| n.垂直，直立；垂直度 | |
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147
conversion
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| n.转化，转换，转变 | |
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148
secreted
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| v.（尤指动物或植物器官）分泌( secrete的过去式和过去分词 )；隐匿，隐藏 | |
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149
constituents
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| n.选民( constituent的名词复数 )；成分；构成部分；要素 | |
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150
disintegrating
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| v.（使）破裂[分裂，粉碎]，（使）崩溃( disintegrate的现在分词 ) | |
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151
revolve
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| vi.(使)旋转；循环出现 | |
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152
excavation
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| n.挖掘，发掘；被挖掘之地 | |
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153
persistent
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| adj.坚持不懈的，执意的；持续的 | |
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154
cramped
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| a.狭窄的 | |
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155
doles
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| 救济物( dole的名词复数 )； 失业救济金 | |
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156
teeming
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| adj.丰富的v.充满( teem的现在分词 )；到处都是；（指水、雨等）暴降；倾注 | |
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157
incessant
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| adj.不停的，连续的 | |
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