Menelaus called upon his brother chieftains of Greece to fulfil their pledge, and join him in his efforts to recover his wife. They generally came forward, but Ulysses, who had married Penelope, and was very happy in his wife and child, had no disposition15 to embark16 in such a troublesome affair. He therefore hung back and Palamedes was sent to urge him. When Palamedes arrived at Ithaca Ulysses pretended to be mad. He yoked17 an ass18 and an ox together to the plough and began to sow salt. Palamedes, to try him, placed the infant Telemachus before the plough, whereupon the father turned the plough aside, showing plainly that he was no madman, and after that could no longer refuse to fulfil his promise. Being now himself gained for the undertaking20, he lent his aid to bring in other reluctant chiefs, especially Achilles. This hero was the son of that Thetis at whose marriage the apple of Discord had been thrown among the goddesses. Thetis was herself one of the immortals21, a sea-nymph, and knowing that her son was fated to perish before Troy if he went on the expedition, she endeavored to prevent his going. She sent him away to the court of King Lycomedes, and induced him to conceal22 himself in the disguise of a maiden23 among the daughters of the king. Ulysses, hearing he was there, went disguised as a merchant to the palace and offered for sale female ornaments24, among which he had placed some arms. While the king’s daughters were engrossed25 with the other contents of the merchant’s pack, Achilles handled the weapons and thereby26 betrayed himself to the keen eye of Ulysses, who found no great difficulty in persuading him to disregard his mother’s prudent27 counsels and join his countrymen in the war.
Priam was king of Troy, and Paris, the shepherd and seducer28 of Helen, was his son. Paris had been brought up in obscurity, because there were certain ominous29 forebodings connected with him from his infancy30 that he would be the ruin of the state. These forebodings seemed at length likely to be realized, for the Grecian armament now in preparation was the greatest that had ever been fitted out. Agamemnon, king of Mycen?, and brother of the injured Menelaus, was chosen commander-in-chief. Achilles was their most illustrious warrior31. After him ranked Ajax, gigantic in size and of great courage, but dull of intellect; Diomede, second only to Achilles in all the qualities of a hero; Ulysses, famous for his sagacity; and Nestor, the oldest of the Grecian chiefs, and one to whom they all looked up for counsel. But Troy was no feeble enemy. Priam, the king, was now old, but he had been a wise prince and had strengthened his state by good government at home and numerous alliances with his neighbors. But the principal stay and support of his throne was his son Hector, one of the noblest characters painted by heathen antiquity. He felt, from the first, a presentiment32 of the fall of his country, but still persevered34 in his heroic resistance, yet by no means justified35 the wrong which brought this danger upon her. He was united in marriage with Andromache, and as a husband and father his character was not less admirable than as a warrior. The principal leaders on the side of the Trojans, besides Hector, were ?neas and Deiphobus, Glaucus and Sarpedon.
After two years of preparation the Greek fleet and army assembled in the port of Aulis in B?otia. Here Agamemnon in hunting killed a stag which was sacred to Diana, and the goddess in return visited the army with pestilence36, and produced a calm which prevented the ships from leaving the port. Calchas, the soothsayer, thereupon announced that the wrath37 of the virgin38 goddess could only be appeased39 by the sacrifice of a virgin on her altar, and that none other but the daughter of the offender40 would be acceptable. Agamemnon, however reluctant, yielded his consent, and the maiden Iphigenia was sent for under the pretence41 that she was to be married to Achilles. When she was about to be sacrificed the goddess relented and snatched her away, leaving a hind42 in her place, and Iphigenia, enveloped43 in a cloud, was carried to Tauris, where Diana made her priestess of her temple.
Tennyson, in his “Dream of Fair Women,” makes Iphigenia thus describe her feelings at the moment of sacrifice:
“I was cut off from hope in that sad place,
Which yet to name my spirit loathes44 and fears;
My father held his hand upon his face;
I, blinded by my tears,
“Still strove to speak; my voice was thick with sighs,
As in a dream. Dimly I could descry45
The stern black-bearded kings, with wolfish eyes,
Waiting to see me die.
“The tall masts quivered as they lay afloat,
The temples and the people and the shore;
One drew a sharp knife through my tender throat
Slowly,—and—nothing more.”
The wind now proving fair the fleet made sail and brought the forces to the coast of Troy. The Trojans came to oppose their landing, and at the first onset46 Protesilaus fell by the hand of Hector. Protesilaus had left at home his wife, Laodamia, who was most tenderly attached to him. When the news of his death reached her she implored47 the gods to be allowed to converse48 with him only three hours. The request was granted. Mercury led Protesilaus back to the upper world, and when he died a second time Laodamia died with him. There was a story that the nymphs planted elm trees round his grave which grew very well till they were high enough to command a view of Troy, and then withered49 away, while fresh branches sprang from the roots.
Wordsworth has taken the story of Protesilaus and Laodamia for the subject of a poem. It seems the oracle50 had declared that victory should be the lot of that party from which should fall the first victim to the war. The poet represents Protesilaus, on his brief return to earth, as relating to Laodamia the story of his fate:
“?‘The wished-for wind was given; I then revolved51
The oracle, upon the silent sea;
And if no worthier52 led the way, resolved
That of a thousand vessels53 mine should be
The foremost prow54 impressing to the strand,—
Mine the first blood that tinged55 the Trojan sand.
“?‘Yet bitter, ofttimes bitter was the pang56
When of thy loss I thought, beloved wife!
On thee too fondly did my memory hang,
And on the joys we shared in mortal life,
The paths which we had trod,—these fountains, flowers;
My new planned cities and unfinished towers.
“?‘But should suspense57 permit the foe58 to cry,
“Behold they tremble! haughty59 their array,
Yet of their number no one dares to die?”
In soul I swept the indignity60 away:
Old frailties61 then recurred62: but lofty thought
In act embodied63 my deliverance wrought64.’
. . . . . . .
“. . . upon the side
Of Hellespont (such faith was entertained)
A knot of spiry65 trees for ages grew
From out the tomb of him for whom she died;
And ever when such stature66 they had gained
That Ilium’s walls were subject to their view,
The trees’ tall summits withered at the sight,
A constant interchange of growth and blight67!”
“THE ILIAD”
The war continued without decisive results for nine years. Then an event occurred which seemed likely to be fatal to the cause of the Greeks, and that was a quarrel between Achilles and Agamemnon. It is at this point that the great poem of Homer, “The Iliad,” begins. The Greeks, though unsuccessful against Troy, had taken the neighboring and allied68 cities, and in the division of the spoil a female captive, by name Chryseis, daughter of Chryses, priest of Apollo, had fallen to the share of Agamemnon. Chryses came bearing the sacred emblems69 of his office, and begged the release of his daughter. Agamemnon refused. Thereupon Chryses implored Apollo to afflict70 the Greeks till they should be forced to yield their prey71. Apollo granted the prayer of his priest, and sent pestilence into the Grecian camp. Then a council was called to deliberate how to allay72 the wrath of the gods and avert73 the plague. Achilles boldly charged their misfortunes upon Agamemnon as caused by his withholding74 Chryseis. Agamemnon, enraged, consented to relinquish75 his captive, but demanded that Achilles should yield to him in her stead Briseis, a maiden who had fallen to Achilles’ share in the division of the spoil. Achilles submitted, but forthwith declared that he would take no further part in the war. He withdrew his forces from the general camp and openly avowed77 his intention of returning home to Greece.
The gods and goddesses interested themselves as much in this famous war as the parties themselves. It was well known to them that fate had decreed that Troy should fall, at last, if her enemies should persevere33 and not voluntarily abandon the enterprise. Yet there was room enough left for chance to excite by turns the hopes and fears of the powers above who took part with either side. Juno and Minerva, in consequence of the slight put upon their charms by Paris, were hostile to the Trojans; Venus for the opposite cause favored them. Venus enlisted78 her admirer Mars on the same side, but Neptune79 favored the Greeks. Apollo was neutral, sometimes taking one side, sometimes the other, and Jove himself, though he loved the good King Priam, yet exercised a degree of impartiality80; not, however, without exceptions.
Thetis, the mother of Achilles, warmly resented the injury done to her son. She repaired immediately to Jove’s palace and besought81 him to make the Greeks repent82 of their injustice83 to Achilles by granting success to the Trojan arms. Jupiter consented, and in the battle which ensued the Trojans were completely successful. The Greeks were driven from the field and took refuge in their ships.
Then Agamemnon called a council of his wisest and bravest chiefs. Nestor advised that an embassy should be sent to Achilles to persuade him to return to the field; that Agamemnon should yield the maiden, the cause of the dispute, with ample gifts to atone84 for the wrong he had done. Agamemnon consented, and Ulysses, Ajax, and Ph?nix were sent to carry to Achilles the penitent85 message. They performed that duty, but Achilles was deaf to their entreaties86. He positively87 refused to return to the field, and persisted in his resolution to embark for Greece without delay.
The Greeks had constructed a rampart around their ships, and now instead of besieging88 Troy they were in a manner besieged89 themselves, within their rampart. The next day after the unsuccessful embassy to Achilles, a battle was fought, and the Trojans, favored by Jove, were successful, and succeeded in forcing a passage through the Grecian rampart, and were about to set fire to the ships. Neptune, seeing the Greeks so pressed, came to their rescue. He appeared in the form of Calchas the prophet, encouraged the warriors91 with his shouts, and appealed to each individually till he raised their ardor92 to such a pitch that they forced the Trojans to give way. Ajax performed prodigies93 of valor94, and at length encountered Hector. Ajax shouted defiance95, to which Hector replied, and hurled96 his lance at the huge warrior. It was well aimed and struck Ajax, where the belts that bore his sword and shield crossed each other on the breast. The double guard prevented its penetrating97 and it fell harmless. Then Ajax, seizing a huge stone, one of those that served to prop90 the ships, hurled it at Hector. It struck him in the neck and stretched him on the plain. His followers98 instantly seized him and bore him off, stunned99 and wounded.
While Neptune was thus aiding the Greeks and driving back the Trojans, Jupiter saw nothing of what was going on, for his attention had been drawn100 from the field by the wiles101 of Juno. That goddess had arrayed herself in all her charms, and to crown all had borrowed of Venus her girdle, called “Cestus,” which had the effect to heighten the wearer’s charms to such a degree that they were quite irresistible102. So prepared, Juno went to join her husband, who sat on Olympus watching the battle. When he beheld103 her she looked so charming that the fondness of his early love revived, and, forgetting the contending armies and all other affairs of state, he thought only of her and let the battle go as it would.
But this absorption did not continue long, and when, upon turning his eyes downward, he beheld Hector stretched on the plain almost lifeless from pain and bruises104, he dismissed Juno in a rage, commanding her to send Iris105 and Apollo to him. When Iris came he sent her with a stern message to Neptune, ordering him instantly to quit the field. Apollo was despatched to heal Hector’s bruises and to inspirit his heart. These orders were obeyed with such speed that, while the battle still raged, Hector returned to the field and Neptune betook himself to his own dominions107.
An arrow from Paris’s bow wounded Machaon, son of ?sculapius, who inherited his father’s art of healing, and was therefore of great value to the Greeks as their surgeon, besides being one of their bravest warriors. Nestor took Machaon in his chariot and conveyed him from the field. As they passed the ships of Achilles, that hero, looking out over the field, saw the chariot of Nestor and recognized the old chief, but could not discern who the wounded chief was. So calling Patroclus, his companion and dearest friend, he sent him to Nestor’s tent to inquire.
Patroclus, arriving at Nestor’s tent, saw Machaon wounded, and having told the cause of his coming would have hastened away, but Nestor detained him, to tell him the extent of the Grecian calamities108. He reminded him also how, at the time of departing for Troy, Achilles and himself had been charged by their respective fathers with different advice: Achilles to aspire109 to the highest pitch of glory, Patroclus, as the elder, to keep watch over his friend, and to guide his inexperience. “Now,” said Nestor, “is the time for such influence. If the gods so please, thou mayest win him back to the common cause; but if not let him at least send his soldiers to the field, and come thou, Patroclus, clad in his armor, and perhaps the very sight of it may drive back the Trojans.”
Patroclus was strongly moved with this address, and hastened back to Achilles, revolving110 in his mind all he had seen and heard. He told the prince the sad condition of affairs at the camp of their late associates: Diomede, Ulysses, Agamemnon, Machaon, all wounded, the rampart broken down, the enemy among the ships preparing to burn them, and thus to cut off all means of return to Greece. While they spoke111 the flames burst forth76 from one of the ships. Achilles, at the sight, relented so far as to grant Patroclus his request to lead the Myrmidons (for so were Achilles’ soldiers called) to the field, and to lend him his armor, that he might thereby strike more terror into the minds of the Trojans. Without delay the soldiers were marshalled, Patroclus put on the radiant armor and mounted the chariot of Achilles, and led forth the men ardent112 for battle. But before he went, Achilles strictly113 charged him that he should be content with repelling114 the foe. “Seek not,” said he, “to press the Trojans without me, lest thou add still more to the disgrace already mine.” Then exhorting115 the troops to do their best he dismissed them full of ardor to the fight.
Patroclus and his Myrmidons at once plunged116 into the contest where it raged hottest; at the sight of which the joyful117 Grecians shouted and the ships re?choed the acclaim118. The Trojans, at the sight of the well-known armor, struck with terror, looked everywhere for refuge. First those who had got possession of the ship and set it on fire left and allowed the Grecians to retake it and extinguish the flames. Then the rest of the Trojans fled in dismay. Ajax, Menelaus, and the two sons of Nestor performed prodigies of valor. Hector was forced to turn his horses’ heads and retire from the enclosure, leaving his men entangled119 in the fosse to escape as they could. Patroclus drove them before him, slaying120 many, none daring to make a stand against him.
At last Sarpedon, son of Jove, ventured to oppose himself in fight to Patroclus. Jupiter looked down upon him and would have snatched him from the fate which awaited him, but Juno hinted that if he did so it would induce all others of the inhabitants of heaven to interpose in like manner whenever any of their offspring were endangered; to which reason Jove yielded. Sarpedon threw his spear, but missed Patroclus, but Patroclus threw his with better success. It pierced Sarpedon’s breast and he fell, and, calling to his friends to save his body from the foe, expired. Then a furious contest arose for the possession of the corpse122. The Greeks succeeded and stripped Sarpedon of his armor; but Jove would not allow the remains123 of his son to be dishonored, and by his command Apollo snatched from the midst of the combatants the body of Sarpedon and committed it to the care of the twin brothers Death and Sleep, by whom it was transported to Lycia, the native land of Sarpedon, where it received due funeral rites124.
Thus far Patroclus had succeeded to his utmost wish in repelling the Trojans and relieving his countrymen, but now came a change of fortune. Hector, borne in his chariot, confronted him. Patroclus threw a vast stone at Hector, which missed its aim, but smote125 Cebriones, the charioteer, and knocked him from the car. Hector leaped from the chariot to rescue his friend, and Patroclus also descended126 to complete his victory. Thus the two heroes met face to face. At this decisive moment the poet, as if reluctant to give Hector the glory, records that Ph?bus took part against Patroclus. He struck the helmet from his head and the lance from his hand. At the same moment an obscure Trojan wounded him in the back, and Hector, pressing forward, pierced him with his spear. He fell mortally wounded.
Then arose a tremendous conflict for the body of Patroclus, but his armor was at once taken possession of by Hector, who retiring a short distance divested127 himself of his own armor and put on that of Achilles, then returned to the fight. Ajax and Menelaus defended the body, and Hector and his bravest warriors struggled to capture it. The battle raged with equal fortunes, when Jove enveloped the whole face of heaven with a dark cloud. The lightning flashed, the thunder roared, and Ajax, looking round for some one whom he might despatch106 to Achilles to tell him of the death of his friend, and of the imminent129 danger that his remains would fall into the hands of the enemy, could see no suitable messenger. It was then that he exclaimed in those famous lines so often quoted,
“Father of heaven and earth! deliver thou
Achaia’s host from darkness; clear the skies;
Give day; and, since thy sovereign will is such,
Destruction with it; but, O, give us day.”
—Cowper.
Or, as rendered by Pope,
“. . . Lord of earth and air!
O king! O father! hear my humble130 prayer!
Dispel131 this cloud, the light of heaven restore;
Give me to see and Ajax asks no more;
If Greece must perish we thy will obey,
But let us perish in the face of day.”
Jupiter heard the prayer and dispersed132 the clouds. Then Ajax sent Antilochus to Achilles with the intelligence of Patroclus’s death, and of the conflict raging for his remains. The Greeks at last succeeded in bearing off the body to the ships, closely pursued by Hector and ?neas and the rest of the Trojans.
Achilles heard the fate of his friend with such distress133 that Antilochus feared for a while that he would destroy himself. His groans134 reached the ears of his mother, Thetis, far down in the deeps of ocean where she abode135, and she hastened to him to inquire the cause. She found him overwhelmed with self-reproach that he had indulged his resentment136 so far, and suffered his friend to fall a victim to it. But his only consolation137 was the hope of revenge. He would fly instantly in search of Hector. But his mother reminded him that he was now without armor, and promised him, if he would but wait till the morrow, she would procure138 for him a suit of armor from Vulcan more than equal to that he had lost. He consented, and Thetis immediately repaired to Vulcan’s palace. She found him busy at his forge making tripods for his own use, so artfully constructed that they moved forward of their own accord when wanted, and retired139 again when dismissed. On hearing the request of Thetis, Vulcan immediately laid aside his work and hastened to comply with her wishes. He fabricated a splendid suit of armor for Achilles, first a shield adorned140 with elaborate devices, then a helmet crested141 with gold, then a corselet and greaves of impenetrable temper, all perfectly142 adapted to his form, and of consummate143 workmanship. It was all done in one night, and Thetis, receiving it, descended with it to earth, and laid it down at Achilles’ feet at the dawn of day.
The first glow of pleasure that Achilles had felt since the death of Patroclus was at the sight of this splendid armor. And now, arrayed in it, he went forth into the camp, calling all the chiefs to council. When they were all assembled he addressed them. Renouncing144 his displeasure against Agamemnon and bitterly lamenting145 the miseries146 that had resulted from it, he called on them to proceed at once to the field. Agamemnon made a suitable reply, laying all the blame on Ate, the goddess of discord; and thereupon complete reconcilement took place between the heroes.
Then Achilles went forth to battle inspired with a rage and thirst for vengeance147 that made him irresistible. The bravest warriors fled before him or fell by his lance. Hector, cautioned by Apollo, kept aloof148; but the god, assuming the form of one of Priam’s sons, Lycaon, urged ?neas to encounter the terrible warrior. ?neas, though he felt himself unequal, did not decline the combat. He hurled his spear with all his force against the shield the work of Vulcan. It was formed of five metal plates; two were of brass149, two of tin, and one of gold. The spear pierced two thicknesses, but was stopped in the third. Achilles threw his with better success. It pierced through the shield of ?neas, but glanced near his shoulder and made no wound. Then ?neas seized a stone, such as two men of modern times could hardly lift, and was about to throw it, and Achilles, with sword drawn, was about to rush upon him, when Neptune, who looked out upon the contest, moved with pity for ?neas, who he saw would surely fall a victim if not speedily rescued, spread a cloud between the combatants, and lifting ?neas from the ground, bore him over the heads of warriors and steeds to the rear of the battle. Achilles, when the mist cleared away, looked round in vain for his adversary150, and acknowledging the prodigy151, turned his arms against other champions. But none dared stand before him, and Priam looking down from the city walls beheld his whole army in full flight towards the city. He gave command to open wide the gates to receive the fugitives152, and to shut them as soon as the Trojans should have passed, lest the enemy should enter likewise. But Achilles was so close in pursuit that that would have been impossible if Apollo had not, in the form of Agenor, Priam’s son, encountered Achilles for a while, then turned to fly, and taken the way apart from the city. Achilles pursued and had chased his supposed victim far from the walls, when Apollo disclosed himself, and Achilles, perceiving how he had been deluded153, gave up the chase.
But when the rest had escaped into the town Hector stood without determined154 to await the combat. His old father called to him from the walls and begged him to retire nor tempt8 the encounter. His mother, Hecuba, also besought him to the same effect, but all in vain. “How can I,” said he to himself, “by whose command the people went to this day’s contest, where so many have fallen, seek safety for myself against a single foe? But what if I offer him to yield up Helen and all her treasures and ample of our own beside? Ah, no! it is too late. He would not even hear me through, but slay121 me while I spoke.” While he thus ruminated155, Achilles approached, terrible as Mars, his armor flashing lightning as he moved. At that sight Hector’s heart failed him and he fled. Achilles swiftly pursued. They ran, still keeping near the walls, till they had thrice encircled the city. As often as Hector approached the walls Achilles intercepted156 him and forced him to keep out in a wider circle. But Apollo sustained Hector’s strength and would not let him sink in weariness. Then Pallas, assuming the form of Deiphobus, Hector’s bravest brother, appeared suddenly at his side. Hector saw him with delight, and thus strengthened stopped his flight and turned to meet Achilles. Hector threw his spear, which struck the shield of Achilles and bounded back. He turned to receive another from the hand of Deiphobus, but Deiphobus was gone. Then Hector understood his doom157 and said, “Alas! it is plain this is my hour to die! I thought Deiphobus at hand, but Pallas deceived me, and he is still in Troy. But I will not fall inglorious.” So saying he drew his falchion from his side and rushed at once to combat. Achilles, secured behind his shield, waited the approach of Hector. When he came within reach of his spear, Achilles choosing with his eye a vulnerable part where the armor leaves the neck uncovered, aimed his spear at that part and Hector fell, death-wounded, and feebly said, “Spare my body! Let my parents ransom158 it, and let me receive funeral rites from the sons and daughters of Troy.” To which Achilles replied, “Dog, name not ransom nor pity to me, on whom you have brought such dire159 distress. No! trust me, naught160 shall save thy carcass from the dogs. Though twenty ransoms161 and thy weight in gold were offered, I would refuse it all.”
So saying he stripped the body of its armor, and fastening cords to the feet tied them behind his chariot, leaving the body to trail along the ground. Then mounting the chariot he lashed128 the steeds and so dragged the body to and fro before the city. What words can tell the grief of King Priam and Queen Hecuba at this sight! His people could scarce restrain the old king from rushing forth. He threw himself in the dust and besought them each by name to give him way. Hecuba’s distress was not less violent. The citizens stood round them weeping. The sound of the mourning reached the ears of Andromache, the wife of Hector, as she sat among her maidens162 at work, and anticipating evil she went forth to the wall. When she saw the sight there presented, she would have thrown herself headlong from the wall, but fainted and fell into the arms of her maidens. Recovering, she bewailed her fate, picturing to herself her country ruined, herself a captive, and her son dependent for his bread on the charity of strangers.
When Achilles and the Greeks had taken their revenge on the killer163 of Patroclus they busied themselves in paying due funeral rites to their friend. A pile was erected164, and the body burned with due solemnity; and then ensued games of strength and skill, chariot races, wrestling, boxing, and archery. Then the chiefs sat down to the funeral banquet and after that retired to rest. But Achilles neither partook of the feast nor of sleep. The recollection of his lost friend kept him awake, remembering their companionship in toil166 and dangers, in battle or on the perilous167 deep. Before the earliest dawn he left his tent, and joining to his chariot his swift steeds, he fastened Hector’s body to be dragged behind. Twice he dragged him around the tomb of Patroclus, leaving him at length stretched in the dust. But Apollo would not permit the body to be torn or disfigured with all this abuse, but preserved it free from all taint168 or defilement169.
While Achilles indulged his wrath in thus disgracing brave Hector, Jupiter in pity summoned Thetis to his presence. He told her to go to her son and prevail on him to restore the body of Hector to his friends. Then Jupiter sent Iris to King Priam to encourage him to go to Achilles and beg the body of his son. Iris delivered her message, and Priam immediately prepared to obey. He opened his treasuries170 and took out rich garments and cloths, with ten talents in gold and two splendid tripods and a golden cup of matchless workmanship. Then he called to his sons and bade them draw forth his litter and place in it the various articles designed for a ransom to Achilles. When all was ready, the old king with a single companion as aged4 as himself, the herald171 Id?us, drove forth from the gates, parting there with Hecuba, his queen, and all his friends, who lamented172 him as going to certain death.
But Jupiter, beholding173 with compassion174 the venerable king, sent Mercury to be his guide and protector. Mercury, assuming the form of a young warrior, presented himself to the aged couple, and while at the sight of him they hesitated whether to fly or yield, the god approached, and grasping Priam’s hand offered to be their guide to Achilles’ tent. Priam gladly accepted his offered service, and he, mounting the carriage, assumed the reins175 and soon conveyed them to the tent of Achilles. Mercury’s wand put to sleep all the guards, and without hinderance he introduced Priam into the tent where Achilles sat, attended by two of his warriors. The old king threw himself at the feet of Achilles, and kissed those terrible hands which had destroyed so many of his sons. “Think, O Achilles,” he said, “of thy own father, full of days like me, and trembling on the gloomy verge176 of life. Perhaps even now some neighbor chief oppresses him and there is none at hand to succor177 him in his distress. Yet doubtless knowing that Achilles lives he still rejoices, hoping that one day he shall see thy face again. But no comfort cheers me, whose bravest sons, so late the flower of Ilium, all have fallen. Yet one I had, one more than all the rest the strength of my age, whom, fighting for his country, thou hast slain178. I come to redeem179 his body, bringing inestimable ransom with me. Achilles! reverence180 the gods! recollect165 thy father! for his sake show compassion to me!” These words moved Achilles, and he wept; remembering by turns his absent father and his lost friend. Moved with pity of Priam’s silver locks and beard, he raised him from the earth, and thus spake: “Priam, I know that thou hast reached this place conducted by some god, for without aid divine no mortal even in his prime of youth had dared the attempt. I grant thy request, moved thereto by the evident will of Jove.” So saying he arose, and went forth with his two friends, and unloaded of its charge the litter, leaving two mantles181 and a robe for the covering of the body, which they placed on the litter, and spread the garments over it, that not unveiled it should be borne back to Troy. Then Achilles dismissed the old king with his attendants, having first pledged himself to allow a truce182 of twelve days for the funeral solemnities.
As the litter approached the city and was descried183 from the walls, the people poured forth to gaze once more on the face of their hero. Foremost of all, the mother and the wife of Hector came, and at the sight of the lifeless body renewed their lamentations. The people all wept with them, and to the going down of the sun there was no pause or abatement184 of their grief.
The next day preparations were made for the funeral solemnities. For nine days the people brought wood and built the pile, and on the tenth they placed the body on the summit and applied185 the torch; while all Troy thronging186 forth encompassed187 the pile. When it had completely burned, they quenched188 the cinders189 with wine, collected the bones and placed them in a golden urn19, which they buried in the earth, and reared a pile of stones over the spot.
“Such honors Ilium to her hero paid,
And peaceful slept the mighty190 Hector’s shade.”
—Pope.
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1
nuptials
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| n.婚礼；婚礼( nuptial的名词复数 ) | |
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2
discord
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| n.不和，意见不合，争论，（音乐）不和谐 | |
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3
enraged
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| 使暴怒( enrage的过去式和过去分词 )； 歜； 激愤 | |
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4
aged
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| adj.年老的，陈年的 | |
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5
exclusion
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| n.拒绝，排除，排斥，远足，远途旅行 | |
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6
inscription
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| n.（尤指石块上的）刻印文字，铭文，碑文 | |
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7
renown
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| n.声誉，名望 | |
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8
tempt
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| vt.引诱，勾引，吸引，引起…的兴趣 | |
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9
bias
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| n.偏见，偏心，偏袒；vt.使有偏见 | |
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10
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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11
hospitably
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| 亲切地，招待周到地，善于款待地 | |
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12
destined
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| adj.命中注定的；(for)以…为目的地的 | |
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13
avenge
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| v.为...复仇，为...报仇 | |
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14
antiquity
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| n.古老；高龄；古物，古迹 | |
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15
disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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16
embark
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| vi.乘船，着手，从事，上飞机 | |
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17
yoked
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| 结合（yoke的过去式形式） | |
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18
ass
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| n.驴；傻瓜，蠢笨的人 | |
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19
urn
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| n.（有座脚的）瓮；坟墓；骨灰瓮 | |
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20
undertaking
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| n.保证，许诺，事业 | |
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21
immortals
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| 不朽的人物( immortal的名词复数 )； 永生不朽者 | |
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22
conceal
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| v.隐藏，隐瞒，隐蔽 | |
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23
maiden
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| n.少女，处女；adj.未婚的，纯洁的，无经验的 | |
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24
ornaments
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| n.装饰( ornament的名词复数 )；点缀；装饰品；首饰v.装饰，点缀，美化( ornament的第三人称单数 ) | |
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25
engrossed
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| adj.全神贯注的 | |
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26
thereby
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| adv.因此，从而 | |
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27
prudent
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| adj.谨慎的，有远见的，精打细算的 | |
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28
seducer
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| n.诱惑者,骗子,玩弄女性的人 | |
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29
ominous
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| adj.不祥的，不吉的，预兆的，预示的 | |
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30
infancy
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| n.婴儿期；幼年期；初期 | |
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31
warrior
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| n.勇士，武士，斗士 | |
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32
presentiment
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| n.预感，预觉 | |
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33
persevere
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| v.坚持，坚忍，不屈不挠 | |
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34
persevered
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| v.坚忍，坚持( persevere的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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35
justified
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| a.正当的，有理的 | |
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36
pestilence
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| n.瘟疫 | |
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37
wrath
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| n.愤怒，愤慨，暴怒 | |
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38
virgin
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| n.处女，未婚女子；adj.未经使用的；未经开发的 | |
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39
appeased
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| 安抚，抚慰( appease的过去式和过去分词 )； 绥靖（满足另一国的要求以避免战争） | |
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40
offender
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| n.冒犯者，违反者，犯罪者 | |
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41
pretence
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| n.假装，作假；借口，口实；虚伪；虚饰 | |
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42
hind
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| adj.后面的，后部的 | |
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43
enveloped
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| v.包围，笼罩，包住( envelop的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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44
loathes
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| v.憎恨，厌恶( loathe的第三人称单数 )；极不喜欢 | |
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45
descry
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| v.远远看到；发现；责备 | |
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46
onset
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| n.进攻，袭击，开始，突然开始 | |
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47
implored
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| 恳求或乞求（某人）( implore的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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48
converse
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| vi.谈话，谈天，闲聊；adv.相反的，相反 | |
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49
withered
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| adj. 枯萎的，干瘪的，（人身体的部分器官）因病萎缩的或未发育良好的 动词wither的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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50
oracle
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| n.神谕，神谕处，预言 | |
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51
revolved
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| v.（使）旋转( revolve的过去式和过去分词 )；细想 | |
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52
worthier
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| 应得某事物( worthy的比较级 )； 值得做某事； 可尊敬的； 有（某人或事物）的典型特征 | |
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53
vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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54
prow
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| n.(飞机)机头，船头 | |
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55
tinged
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| v.（使）发丁丁声( ting的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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56
pang
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| n.剧痛，悲痛，苦闷 | |
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57
suspense
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| n.（对可能发生的事）紧张感，担心，挂虑 | |
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58
foe
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| n.敌人，仇敌 | |
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59
haughty
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| adj.傲慢的，高傲的 | |
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60
indignity
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| n.侮辱，伤害尊严，轻蔑 | |
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61
frailties
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| n.脆弱( frailty的名词复数 )；虚弱；（性格或行为上的）弱点；缺点 | |
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62
recurred
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| 再发生，复发( recur的过去式和过去分词 )； 治愈 | |
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63
embodied
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| v.表现( embody的过去式和过去分词 )；象征；包括；包含 | |
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64
wrought
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| v.引起；以…原料制作；运转；adj.制造的 | |
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65
spiry
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| adj.尖端的，尖塔状的，螺旋状的 | |
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66
stature
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| n.（高度）水平，（高度）境界，身高，身材 | |
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67
blight
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| n.枯萎病；造成破坏的因素；vt.破坏，摧残 | |
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68
allied
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| adj.协约国的；同盟国的 | |
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69
emblems
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| n.象征，标记( emblem的名词复数 ) | |
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70
afflict
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| vt.使身体或精神受痛苦，折磨 | |
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71
prey
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| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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72
allay
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| v.消除，减轻(恐惧、怀疑等) | |
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73
avert
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| v.防止，避免；转移(目光、注意力等) | |
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74
withholding
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| 扣缴税款 | |
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75
relinquish
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| v.放弃，撤回，让与，放手 | |
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76
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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77
avowed
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| adj.公开声明的，承认的v.公开声明，承认( avow的过去式和过去分词) | |
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78
enlisted
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|
| adj.应募入伍的v.（使）入伍， （使）参军( enlist的过去式和过去分词 )；获得（帮助或支持） | |
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79
Neptune
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| n.海王星 | |
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80
impartiality
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|
| n. 公平, 无私, 不偏 | |
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81
besought
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| v.恳求，乞求（某事物）( beseech的过去式和过去分词 )；(beseech的过去式与过去分词) | |
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82
repent
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| v.悔悟，悔改，忏悔，后悔 | |
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83
injustice
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| n.非正义，不公正，不公平，侵犯（别人的）权利 | |
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84
atone
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| v.赎罪，补偿 | |
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85
penitent
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| adj.后悔的；n.后悔者；忏悔者 | |
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86
entreaties
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| n.恳求，乞求( entreaty的名词复数 ) | |
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87
positively
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| adv.明确地，断然，坚决地；实在，确实 | |
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88
besieging
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| 包围，围困，围攻( besiege的现在分词 ) | |
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89
besieged
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| 包围，围困，围攻( besiege的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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90
prop
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| vt.支撑；n.支柱，支撑物；支持者，靠山 | |
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91
warriors
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| 武士，勇士，战士( warrior的名词复数 ) | |
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92
ardor
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| n.热情，狂热 | |
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93
prodigies
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| n.奇才，天才（尤指神童）( prodigy的名词复数 ) | |
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94
valor
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| n.勇气，英勇 | |
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95
defiance
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| n.挑战，挑衅，蔑视，违抗 | |
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96
hurled
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| v.猛投，用力掷( hurl的过去式和过去分词 )；大声叫骂 | |
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97
penetrating
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|
| adj.（声音）响亮的，尖锐的adj.（气味）刺激的adj.（思想）敏锐的，有洞察力的 | |
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98
followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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99
stunned
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| adj. 震惊的，惊讶的 动词stun的过去式和过去分词 | |
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100
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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101
wiles
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| n.（旨在欺骗或吸引人的）诡计，花招；欺骗，欺诈( wile的名词复数 ) | |
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102
irresistible
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| adj.非常诱人的，无法拒绝的，无法抗拒的 | |
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103
beheld
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| v.看，注视( behold的过去式和过去分词 )；瞧；看呀；（叙述中用于引出某人意外的出现）哎哟 | |
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104
bruises
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| n.瘀伤，伤痕，擦伤( bruise的名词复数 ) | |
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105
iris
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| n.虹膜，彩虹 | |
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106
despatch
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| n./v.(dispatch)派遣；发送；n.急件；新闻报道 | |
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107
dominions
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| 统治权( dominion的名词复数 )； 领土； 疆土； 版图 | |
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108
calamities
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| n.灾祸，灾难( calamity的名词复数 )；不幸之事 | |
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109
aspire
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| vi.(to，after)渴望，追求，有志于 | |
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110
revolving
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| adj.旋转的，轮转式的；循环的v.（使）旋转( revolve的现在分词 )；细想 | |
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111
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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112
ardent
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，强烈的，烈性的 | |
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113
strictly
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| adv.严厉地，严格地；严密地 | |
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114
repelling
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| v.击退( repel的现在分词 )；使厌恶；排斥；推开 | |
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115
exhorting
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| v.劝告，劝说( exhort的现在分词 ) | |
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116
plunged
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| v.颠簸( plunge的过去式和过去分词 )；暴跌；骤降；突降 | |
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117
joyful
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| adj.欢乐的，令人欢欣的 | |
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118
acclaim
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| v.向…欢呼，公认；n.欢呼，喝彩，称赞 | |
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119
entangled
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| adj.卷入的；陷入的；被缠住的；缠在一起的v.使某人（某物/自己）缠绕，纠缠于（某物中），使某人（自己）陷入（困难或复杂的环境中）( entangle的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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120
slaying
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| 杀戮。 | |
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121
slay
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| v.杀死，宰杀，杀戮 | |
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122
corpse
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| n.尸体，死尸 | |
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123
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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124
rites
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| 仪式，典礼( rite的名词复数 ) | |
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125
smote
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| v.猛打，重击，打击( smite的过去式 ) | |
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126
descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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127
divested
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| v.剥夺( divest的过去式和过去分词 )；脱去（衣服）；2。从…取去…；1。（给某人）脱衣服 | |
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128
lashed
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| adj.具睫毛的v.鞭打( lash的过去式和过去分词 )；煽动；紧系；怒斥 | |
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129
imminent
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| adj.即将发生的，临近的，逼近的 | |
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130
humble
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| adj.谦卑的，恭顺的；地位低下的；v.降低，贬低 | |
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131
dispel
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| vt.驱走，驱散，消除 | |
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132
dispersed
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| adj. 被驱散的, 被分散的, 散布的 | |
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133
distress
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| n.苦恼，痛苦，不舒适；不幸；vt.使悲痛 | |
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134
groans
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| n.呻吟，叹息( groan的名词复数 )；呻吟般的声音v.呻吟( groan的第三人称单数 )；发牢骚；抱怨；受苦 | |
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135
abode
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| n.住处，住所 | |
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136
resentment
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| n.怨愤，忿恨 | |
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137
consolation
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| n.安慰，慰问 | |
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138
procure
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| vt.获得，取得，促成；vi.拉皮条 | |
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139
retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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140
adorned
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| [计]被修饰的 | |
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141
crested
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| adj.有顶饰的，有纹章的，有冠毛的v.到达山顶（或浪峰）( crest的过去式和过去分词 )；到达洪峰，达到顶点 | |
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142
perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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143
consummate
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| adj.完美的；v.成婚；使完美 [反]baffle | |
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144
renouncing
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| v.声明放弃( renounce的现在分词 )；宣布放弃；宣布与…决裂；宣布摒弃 | |
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145
lamenting
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| adj.悲伤的，悲哀的v.（为…）哀悼，痛哭，悲伤( lament的现在分词 ) | |
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146
miseries
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| n.痛苦( misery的名词复数 )；痛苦的事；穷困；常发牢骚的人 | |
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147
vengeance
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| n.报复，报仇，复仇 | |
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148
aloof
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| adj.远离的；冷淡的，漠不关心的 | |
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149
brass
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| n.黄铜；黄铜器，铜管乐器 | |
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150
adversary
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| adj.敌手，对手 | |
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151
prodigy
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| n.惊人的事物，奇迹，神童，天才，预兆 | |
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152
fugitives
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| n.亡命者，逃命者( fugitive的名词复数 ) | |
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153
deluded
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| v.欺骗，哄骗( delude的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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154
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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155
ruminated
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| v.沉思( ruminate的过去式和过去分词 )；反复考虑；反刍；倒嚼 | |
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156
intercepted
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| 拦截( intercept的过去式和过去分词 )； 截住； 截击； 拦阻 | |
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157
doom
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| n.厄运，劫数；v.注定，命定 | |
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158
ransom
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| n.赎金，赎身；v.赎回，解救 | |
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159
dire
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| adj.可怕的，悲惨的，阴惨的，极端的 | |
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160
naught
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| n.无，零 [=nought] | |
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161
ransoms
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| 付赎金救人，赎金( ransom的名词复数 ) | |
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162
maidens
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| 处女( maiden的名词复数 )； 少女； 未婚女子； （板球运动）未得分的一轮投球 | |
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163
killer
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| n.杀人者，杀人犯，杀手，屠杀者 | |
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164
ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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165
recollect
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| v.回忆，想起，记起，忆起，记得 | |
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166
toil
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| vi.辛劳工作，艰难地行动；n.苦工，难事 | |
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167
perilous
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| adj.危险的，冒险的 | |
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168
taint
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| n.污点；感染；腐坏；v.使感染；污染 | |
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169
defilement
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| n.弄脏，污辱，污秽 | |
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170
treasuries
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| n.（政府的）财政部( treasury的名词复数 )；国库，金库 | |
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171
herald
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| vt.预示...的来临，预告，宣布，欢迎 | |
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172
lamented
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| adj.被哀悼的，令人遗憾的v.（为…）哀悼，痛哭，悲伤( lament的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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173
beholding
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| v.看，注视( behold的现在分词 )；瞧；看呀；（叙述中用于引出某人意外的出现）哎哟 | |
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174
compassion
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| n.同情，怜悯 | |
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175
reins
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| 感情，激情； 缰( rein的名词复数 )； 控制手段； 掌管； （成人带着幼儿走路以防其走失时用的）保护带 | |
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176
verge
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| n.边，边缘；v.接近，濒临 | |
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177
succor
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| n.援助，帮助；v.给予帮助 | |
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178
slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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179
redeem
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| v.买回，赎回，挽回，恢复，履行（诺言等） | |
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180
reverence
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| n.敬畏，尊敬，尊严；Reverence:对某些基督教神职人员的尊称；v.尊敬，敬畏，崇敬 | |
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181
mantles
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| vt.&vi.覆盖（mantle的第三人称单数形式） | |
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182
truce
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| n.休战，(争执，烦恼等的)缓和；v.以停战结束 | |
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183
descried
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| adj.被注意到的，被发现的，被看到的 | |
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184
abatement
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| n.减(免)税，打折扣，冲销 | |
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185
applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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186
thronging
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| v.成群，挤满( throng的现在分词 ) | |
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187
encompassed
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| v.围绕( encompass的过去式和过去分词 )；包围；包含；包括 | |
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188
quenched
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| 解（渴）( quench的过去式和过去分词 )； 终止（某事物）； （用水）扑灭（火焰等）； 将（热物体）放入水中急速冷却 | |
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189
cinders
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| n.煤渣( cinder的名词复数 )；炭渣；煤渣路；煤渣跑道 | |
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190
mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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