THE FALL OF TROY
The story of the Iliad ends with the death of Hector, and it is from the Odyssey2 and later poems that we learn the fate of the other heroes. After the death of Hector, Troy did not immediately fall, but receiving aid from new allies still continued its resistance. One of these allies was Memnon, the ?thiopian prince, whose story we have already told. Another was Penthesilea, queen of the Amazons, who came with a band of female warriors4. All the authorities attest5 their valor6 and the fearful effect of their war cry. Penthesilea slew7 many of the bravest warriors, but was at last slain8 by Achilles. But when the hero bent9 over his fallen foe10, and contemplated11 her beauty, youth, and valor, he bitterly regretted his victory. Thersites, an insolent12 brawler13 and demagogue, ridiculed14 his grief, and was in consequence slain by the hero.
Achilles by chance had seen Polyxena, daughter of King Priam, perhaps on the occasion of the truce15 which was allowed the Trojans for the burial of Hector. He was captivated with her charms, and to win her in marriage agreed to use his influence with the Greeks to grant peace to Troy. While in the temple of Apollo, negotiating the marriage, Paris discharged at him a poisoned arrow, which, guided by Apollo, wounded Achilles in the heel, the only vulnerable part about him. For Thetis his mother had dipped him when an infant in the river Styx, which made every part of him invulnerable except the heel by which she held him.[21]
The body of Achilles so treacherously16 slain was rescued by Ajax and Ulysses. Thetis directed the Greeks to bestow17 her son’s armor on the hero who of all the survivors18 should be judged most deserving of it. Ajax and Ulysses were the only claimants; a select number of the other chiefs were appointed to award the prize. It was awarded to Ulysses, thus placing wisdom before valor; whereupon Ajax slew himself. On the spot where his blood sank into the earth a flower sprang up, called the hyacinth, bearing on its leaves the first two letters of the name of Ajax, Ai, the Greek for “woe.” Thus Ajax is a claimant with the boy Hyacinthus for the honor of giving birth to this flower. There is a species of Larkspur which represents the hyacinth of the poets in preserving the memory of this event, the Delphinium Ajacis—Ajax’s Larkspur.
It was now discovered that Troy could not be taken but by the aid of the arrows of Hercules. They were in possession of Philoctetes, the friend who had been with Hercules at the last and lighted his funeral pyre. Philoctetes had joined the Grecian expedition against Troy, but had accidentally wounded his foot with one of the poisoned arrows, and the smell from his wound proved so offensive that his companions carried him to the isle19 of Lemnos and left him there. Diomed was now sent to induce him to rejoin the army. He succeeded. Philoctetes was cured of his wound by Machaon, and Paris was the first victim of the fatal arrows. In his distress20 Paris bethought him of one whom in his prosperity he had forgotten. This was the nymph ?none, whom he had married when a youth, and had abandoned for the fatal beauty Helen. ?none, remembering the wrongs she had suffered, refused to heal the wound, and Paris went back to Troy and died. ?none quickly repented21, and hastened after him with remedies, but came too late, and in her grief hung herself.[22]
There was in Troy a celebrated22 statue of Minerva called the Palladium. It was said to have fallen from heaven, and the belief was that the city could not be taken so long as this statue remained within it. Ulysses and Diomed entered the city in disguise and succeeded in obtaining the Palladium, which they carried off to the Grecian camp.
But Troy still held out, and the Greeks began to despair of ever subduing23 it by force, and by advice of Ulysses resolved to resort to stratagem24. They pretended to be making preparations to abandon the siege, and a portion of the ships were withdrawn25 and lay hid behind a neighboring island. The Greeks then constructed an immense wooden horse, which they gave out was intended as a propitiatory27 offering to Minerva, but in fact was filled with armed men. The remaining Greeks then betook themselves to their ships and sailed away, as if for a final departure. The Trojans, seeing the encampment broken up and the fleet gone, concluded the enemy to have abandoned the siege. The gates were thrown open, and the whole population issued forth28 rejoicing at the long-prohibited liberty of passing freely over the scene of the late encampment. The great horse was the chief object of curiosity. All wondered what it could be for. Some recommended to take it into the city as a trophy29; others felt afraid of it.
While they hesitate, Laoco?n, the priest of Neptune30 exclaims, “What madness, citizens, is this? Have you not learned enough of Grecian fraud to be on your guard against it? For my part, I fear the Greeks even when they offer gifts.”[23] So saying he threw his lance at the horse’s side. It struck, and a hollow sound reverberated31 like a groan32. Then perhaps the people might have taken his advice and destroyed the fatal horse and all its contents; but just at that moment a group of people appeared, dragging forward one who seemed a prisoner and a Greek. Stupefied with terror, he was brought before the chiefs, who reassured33 him, promising34 that his life should be spared on condition of his returning true answers to the questions asked him. He informed them that he was a Greek, Sinon by name, and that in consequence of the malice35 of Ulysses he had been left behind by his countrymen at their departure. With regard to the wooden horse, he told them that it was a propitiatory offering to Minerva, and made so huge for the express purpose of preventing its being carried within the city; for Calchas the prophet had told them that if the Trojans took possession of it they would assuredly triumph over the Greeks. This language turned the tide of the people’s feelings and they began to think how they might best secure the monstrous36 horse and the favorable auguries37 connected with it, when suddenly a prodigy38 occurred which left no room to doubt. There appeared, advancing over the sea, two immense serpents. They came upon the land, and the crowd fled in all directions. The serpents advanced directly to the spot where Laoco?n stood with his two sons. They first attacked the children, winding39 round their bodies and breathing their pestilential breath in their faces. The father, attempting to rescue them, is next seized and involved in the serpents’ coils. He struggles to tear them away, but they overpower all his efforts and strangle him and the children in their poisonous folds. This event was regarded as a clear indication of the displeasure of the gods at Laoco?n’s irreverent treatment of the wooden horse, which they no longer hesitated to regard as a sacred object, and prepared to introduce with due solemnity into the city. This was done with songs and triumphal acclamations, and the day closed with festivity. In the night the armed men who were enclosed in the body of the horse, being let out by the traitor41 Sinon, opened the gates of the city to their friends, who had returned under cover of the night. The city was set on fire; the people, overcome with feasting and sleep, put to the sword, and Troy completely subdued42.
One of the most celebrated groups of statuary in existence is that of Laoco?n and his children in the embrace of the serpents. A cast of it is owned by the Boston Athen?um; the original is in the Vatican at Rome. The following lines are from the “Childe Harold” of Byron:
“Now turning to the Vatican go see
Laoco?n’s torture dignifying43 pain;
A father’s love and mortal’s agony
With an immortal’s patience blending;—vain
The struggle! vain against the coiling strain
And gripe and deepening of the dragon’s grasp
The old man’s clinch44; the long envenomed chain
Rivets45 the living links; the enormous asp
Enforces pang46 on pang and stifles47 gasp48 on gasp.”
The comic poets will also occasionally borrow a classical allusion49. The following is from Swift’s “Description of a City Shower”:
“Boxed in a chair the beau impatient sits,
While spouts50 run clattering51 o’er the roof by fits,
And ever and anon with frightful52 din40
The leather sounds; he trembles from within.
So when Troy chairmen bore the wooden steed
Pregnant with Greeks impatient to be freed,
(Those bully53 Greeks, who, as the moderns do,
Instead of paying chairmen, run them through);
Laoco?n struck the outside with a spear,
And each imprisoned54 champion quaked with fear.”
King Priam lived to see the downfall of his kingdom and was slain at last on the fatal night when the Greeks took the city. He had armed himself and was about to mingle55 with the combatants, but was prevailed on by Hecuba, his aged56 queen, to take refuge with herself and his daughters as a suppliant57 at the altar of Jupiter. While there, his youngest son Polites, pursued by Pyrrhus, the son of Achilles, rushed in wounded, and expired at the feet of his father; whereupon Priam, overcome with indignation, hurled58 his spear with feeble hand against Pyrrhus,[24] and was forthwith slain by him.
Queen Hecuba and her daughter Cassandra were carried captives to Greece. Cassandra had been loved by Apollo, and he gave her the gift of prophecy; but afterwards offended with her, he rendered the gift unavailing by ordaining59 that her predictions should never be believed. Polyxena, another daughter, who had been loved by Achilles, was demanded by the ghost of that warrior3, and was sacrificed by the Greeks upon his tomb.
MENELAUS AND HELEN
Our readers will be anxious to know the fate of Helen, the fair but guilty occasion of so much slaughter61. On the fall of Troy Menelaus recovered possession of his wife, who had not ceased to love him, though she had yielded to the might of Venus and deserted62 him for another. After the death of Paris she aided the Greeks secretly on several occasions, and in particular when Ulysses and Diomed entered the city in disguise to carry off the Palladium. She saw and recognized Ulysses, but kept the secret and even assisted them in obtaining the image. Thus she became reconciled to her husband, and they were among the first to leave the shores of Troy for their native land. But having incurred63 the displeasure of the gods they were driven by storms from shore to shore of the Mediterranean64, visiting Cyprus, Ph?nicia, and Egypt. In Egypt they were kindly65 treated and presented with rich gifts, of which Helen’s share was a golden spindle and a basket on wheels. The basket was to hold the wool and spools66 for the queen’s work.
Dyer, in his poem of the “Fleece,” thus alludes67 to this incident:
“. . . many yet adhere
To the ancient distaff, at the bosom68 fixed69,
Casting the whirling spindle as they walk.
. . . . . . .
This was of old, in no inglorious days,
The mode of spinning, when the Egyptian prince
A golden distaff gave that beauteous nymph,
Too beauteous Helen; no uncourtly gift.”
Milton also alludes to a famous recipe for an invigorating draught70, called Nepenthe, which the Egyptian queen gave to Helen:
“Not that Nepenthes which the wife of Thone
In Egypt gave to Jove-born Helena,
Is of such power to stir up joy as this,
To life so friendly or so cool to thirst.”
—Comus.
Menelaus and Helen at length arrived in safety at Sparta, resumed their royal dignity, and lived and reigned71 in splendor72; and when Telemachus, the son of Ulysses, in search of his father, arrived at Sparta, he found Menelaus and Helen celebrating the marriage of their daughter Hermione to Neoptolemus, son of Achilles.
AGAMEMNON, ORESTES, AND ELECTRA
Agamemnon, the general-in-chief of the Greeks, the brother of Menelaus, and who had been drawn26 into the quarrel to avenge73 his brother’s wrongs, not his own, was not so fortunate in the issue. During his absence his wife Clytemnestra had been false to him, and when his return was expected, she with her paramour, ?gisthus, laid a plan for his destruction, and at the banquet given to celebrate his return, murdered him.
It was intended by the conspirators74 to slay75 his son Orestes also, a lad not yet old enough to be an object of apprehension76, but from whom, if he should be suffered to grow up, there might be danger. Electra, the sister of Orestes, saved her brother’s life by sending him secretly away to his uncle Strophius, King of Phocis. In the palace of Strophius Orestes grew up with the king’s son Pylades, and formed with him that ardent77 friendship which has become proverbial. Electra frequently reminded her brother by messengers of the duty of avenging78 his father’s death, and when grown up he consulted the oracle79 of Delphi, which confirmed him in his design. He therefore repaired in disguise to Argos, pretending to be a messenger from Strophius, who had come to announce the death of Orestes, and brought the ashes of the deceased in a funeral urn1. After visiting his father’s tomb and sacrificing upon it, according to the rites80 of the ancients, he made himself known to his sister Electra, and soon after slew both ?gisthus and Clytemnestra.
This revolting act, the slaughter of a mother by her son, though alleviated81 by the guilt60 of the victim and the express command of the gods, did not fail to awaken82 in the breasts of the ancients the same abhorrence83 that it does in ours. The Eumenides, avenging deities84, seized upon Orestes, and drove him frantic85 from land to land. Pylades accompanied him in his wanderings and watched over him. At length, in answer to a second appeal to the oracle, he was directed to go to Tauris in Scythia, and to bring thence a statue of Diana which was believed to have fallen from heaven. Accordingly Orestes and Pylades went to Tauris, where the barbarous people were accustomed to sacrifice to the goddess all strangers who fell into their hands. The two friends were seized and carried bound to the temple to be made victims. But the priestess of Diana was no other than Iphigenia, the sister of Orestes, who, our readers will remember, was snatched away by Diana at the moment when she was about to be sacrificed. Ascertaining86 from the prisoners who they were, Iphigenia disclosed herself to them, and the three made their escape with the statue of the goddess, and returned to Mycen?.
But Orestes was not yet relieved from the vengeance87 of the Erinyes. At length he took refuge with Minerva at Athens. The goddess afforded him protection, and appointed the court of Areopagus to decide his fate. The Erinyes brought forward their accusation88, and Orestes made the command of the Delphic oracle his excuse. When the court voted and the voices were equally divided, Orestes was acquitted89 by the command of Minerva.
Byron, in “Childe Harold,” Canto90 IV., alludes to the story of Orestes:
“O thou who never yet of human wrong
Left the unbalanced scale, great Nemesis91!
Thou who didst call the Furies from the abyss,
And round Orestes bade them howl and hiss92,
For that unnatural93 retribution,—just,
Had it but been from hands less near,—in this,
Thy former realm, I call thee from the dust!”
One of the most pathetic scenes in the ancient drama is that in which Sophocles represents the meeting of Orestes and Electra, on his return from Phocis. Orestes, mistaking Electra for one of the domestics, and desirous of keeping his arrival a secret till the hour of vengeance should arrive, produces the urn in which his ashes are supposed to rest. Electra, believing him to be really dead, takes the urn and, embracing it, pours forth her grief in language full of tenderness and despair.
Milton, in one of his sonnets94, says:
“. . . The repeated air
Of sad Electra’s poet had the power
To save the Athenian walls from ruin bare.”
This alludes to the story that when, on one occasion, the city of Athens was at the mercy of her Spartan95 foes96, and it was proposed to destroy it, the thought was rejected upon the accidental quotation97, by some one, of a chorus of Euripides.
TROY
The facts relating to the city of Troy are still unknown to history. Antiquarians have long sought for the actual city and some record of its rulers. The most interesting explorations were those conducted about 1890 by the German scholar, Henry Schliemann, who believed that at the mound98 of Hissarlik, the traditional site of Troy, he had uncovered the ancient capital. Schliemann excavated99 down below the ruins of three or four settlements, each revealing an earlier civilization, and finally came upon some royal jewels and other relics100 said to be “Priam’s Treasure.” Scholars are by no means agreed as to the historic value of these discoveries.
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1
urn
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| n.（有座脚的）瓮；坟墓；骨灰瓮 | |
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odyssey
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| n.长途冒险旅行；一连串的冒险 | |
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warrior
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| n.勇士，武士，斗士 | |
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warriors
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| 武士，勇士，战士( warrior的名词复数 ) | |
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attest
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| vt.证明，证实；表明 | |
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valor
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| n.勇气，英勇 | |
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slew
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| v.（使）旋转；n.大量，许多 | |
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slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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bent
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| n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的 | |
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foe
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| n.敌人，仇敌 | |
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contemplated
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| adj. 预期的 动词contemplate的过去分词形式 | |
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insolent
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| adj.傲慢的，无理的 | |
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brawler
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| 争吵者，打架者 | |
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ridiculed
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| v.嘲笑，嘲弄，奚落( ridicule的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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truce
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| n.休战，(争执，烦恼等的)缓和；v.以停战结束 | |
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treacherously
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| 背信弃义地； 背叛地； 靠不住地； 危险地 | |
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bestow
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| v.把…赠与，把…授予；花费 | |
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survivors
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| 幸存者，残存者，生还者( survivor的名词复数 ) | |
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isle
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| n.小岛，岛 | |
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distress
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| n.苦恼，痛苦，不舒适；不幸；vt.使悲痛 | |
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repented
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| 对（自己的所为）感到懊悔或忏悔( repent的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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subduing
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| 征服( subdue的现在分词 )； 克制； 制服； 色变暗 | |
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stratagem
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| n.诡计，计谋 | |
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withdrawn
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| vt.收回；使退出；vi.撤退，退出 | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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propitiatory
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| adj.劝解的；抚慰的；谋求好感的；哄人息怒的 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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trophy
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| n.优胜旗，奖品，奖杯，战胜品，纪念品 | |
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Neptune
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| n.海王星 | |
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reverberated
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| 回响，回荡( reverberate的过去式和过去分词 )； 使反响，使回荡，使反射 | |
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32
groan
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| vi./n.呻吟，抱怨；(发出)呻吟般的声音 | |
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reassured
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| adj.使消除疑虑的；使放心的v.再保证，恢复信心( reassure的过去式和过去分词) | |
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promising
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| adj.有希望的，有前途的 | |
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malice
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| n.恶意，怨恨，蓄意；[律]预谋 | |
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monstrous
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| adj.巨大的；恐怖的；可耻的，丢脸的 | |
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auguries
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| n.（古罗马）占卜术，占卜仪式( augury的名词复数 )；预兆 | |
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prodigy
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| n.惊人的事物，奇迹，神童，天才，预兆 | |
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winding
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| n.绕，缠，绕组，线圈 | |
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din
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| n.喧闹声，嘈杂声 | |
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traitor
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| n.叛徒，卖国贼 | |
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subdued
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| adj. 屈服的，柔和的，减弱的 动词subdue的过去式和过去分词 | |
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43
dignifying
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| 使显得威严( dignify的现在分词 )； 使高贵； 使显赫； 夸大 | |
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clinch
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| v.敲弯，钉牢；确定；扭住对方 [参]clench | |
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45
rivets
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| 铆钉( rivet的名词复数 ) | |
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pang
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| n.剧痛，悲痛，苦闷 | |
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stifles
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| （使）窒息， （使）窒闷( stifle的第三人称单数 )； 镇压，遏制 | |
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gasp
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| n.喘息，气喘；v.喘息；气吁吁他说 | |
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allusion
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| n.暗示，间接提示 | |
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spouts
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| n.管口( spout的名词复数 )；（喷出的）水柱；（容器的）嘴；在困难中v.（指液体）喷出( spout的第三人称单数 )；滔滔不绝地讲；喋喋不休地说；喷水 | |
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clattering
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| 发出咔哒声（clatter的现在分词形式） | |
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frightful
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| adj.可怕的；讨厌的 | |
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bully
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| n.恃强欺弱者，小流氓；vt.威胁，欺侮 | |
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imprisoned
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| 下狱，监禁( imprison的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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mingle
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| vt.使混合，使相混；vi.混合起来；相交往 | |
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aged
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| adj.年老的，陈年的 | |
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suppliant
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| adj.哀恳的；n.恳求者，哀求者 | |
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hurled
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| v.猛投，用力掷( hurl的过去式和过去分词 )；大声叫骂 | |
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ordaining
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| v.任命（某人）为牧师( ordain的现在分词 )；授予（某人）圣职；（上帝、法律等）命令；判定 | |
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guilt
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| n.犯罪；内疚；过失，罪责 | |
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slaughter
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| n.屠杀，屠宰；vt.屠杀，宰杀 | |
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deserted
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| adj.荒芜的，荒废的，无人的，被遗弃的 | |
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incurred
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| [医]招致的，遭受的； incur的过去式 | |
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Mediterranean
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| adj.地中海的；地中海沿岸的 | |
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kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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spools
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| n.（绕线、铁线、照相软片等的）管( spool的名词复数 )；络纱；纺纱机；绕圈轴工人v.把…绕到线轴上（或从线轴上绕下来）( spool的第三人称单数 )；假脱机（输出或输入） | |
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alludes
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| 提及，暗指( allude的第三人称单数 ) | |
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bosom
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| n.胸，胸部；胸怀；内心；adj.亲密的 | |
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fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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draught
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| n.拉，牵引，拖；一网（饮，吸，阵)；顿服药量，通风；v.起草，设计 | |
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reigned
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| vi.当政，统治（reign的过去式形式） | |
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72
splendor
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| n.光彩；壮丽，华丽；显赫，辉煌 | |
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avenge
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| v.为...复仇，为...报仇 | |
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conspirators
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| n.共谋者，阴谋家( conspirator的名词复数 ) | |
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slay
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| v.杀死，宰杀，杀戮 | |
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apprehension
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| n.理解，领悟；逮捕，拘捕；忧虑 | |
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ardent
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，强烈的，烈性的 | |
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avenging
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| adj.报仇的，复仇的v.为…复仇，报…之仇( avenge的现在分词 )；为…报复 | |
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oracle
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| n.神谕，神谕处，预言 | |
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rites
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| 仪式，典礼( rite的名词复数 ) | |
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alleviated
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| 减轻，缓解，缓和( alleviate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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awaken
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| vi.醒，觉醒；vt.唤醒，使觉醒，唤起，激起 | |
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83
abhorrence
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| n.憎恶；可憎恶的事 | |
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84
deities
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| n.神，女神( deity的名词复数 )；神祗；神灵；神明 | |
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frantic
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| adj.狂乱的，错乱的，激昂的 | |
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86
ascertaining
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| v.弄清，确定，查明( ascertain的现在分词 ) | |
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vengeance
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| n.报复，报仇，复仇 | |
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accusation
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| n.控告，指责，谴责 | |
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acquitted
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| 宣判…无罪( acquit的过去式和过去分词 )； 使（自己）作出某种表现 | |
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canto
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| n.长篇诗的章 | |
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nemesis
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| n.给以报应者，复仇者，难以对付的敌手 | |
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hiss
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| v.发出嘶嘶声；发嘘声表示不满 | |
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unnatural
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| adj.不自然的；反常的 | |
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sonnets
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| n.十四行诗( sonnet的名词复数 ) | |
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spartan
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| adj.简朴的，刻苦的；n.斯巴达；斯巴达式的人 | |
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foes
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| 敌人，仇敌( foe的名词复数 ) | |
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quotation
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| n.引文，引语，语录；报价，牌价，行情 | |
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mound
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| n.土墩，堤，小山；v.筑堤，用土堆防卫 | |
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excavated
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| v.挖掘( excavate的过去式和过去分词 )；开凿；挖出；发掘 | |
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relics
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| [pl.］n.遗物，遗迹，遗产；遗体，尸骸 | |
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