THE PH?NIX
Ovid tells the story of the Ph?nix as follows: “Most beings spring from other individuals; but there is a certain kind which reproduces itself. The Assyrians call it the Ph?nix. It does not live on fruit or flowers, but on frankincense and odoriferous gums. When it has lived five hundred years, it builds itself a nest in the branches of an oak, or on the top of a palm tree. In this it collects cinnamon, and spikenard, and myrrh, and of these materials builds a pile on which it deposits itself, and dying, breathes out its last breath amidst odors. From the body of the parent bird, a young Ph?nix issues forth5, destined6 to live as long a life as its predecessor7. When this has grown up and gained sufficient strength, it lifts its nest from the tree (its own cradle and its parent’s sepulchre), and carries it to the city of Heliopolis in Egypt, and deposits it in the temple of the Sun.”
Such is the account given by a poet. Now let us see that of a philosophic8 historian. Tacitus says, “In the consulship9 of Paulus Fabius (A.D. 34) the miraculous10 bird known to the world by the name of the Ph?nix, after disappearing for a series of ages, revisited Egypt. It was attended in its flight by a group of various birds, all attracted by the novelty, and gazing with wonder at so beautiful an appearance.” He then gives an account of the bird, not varying materially from the preceding, but adding some details. “The first care of the young bird as soon as fledged, and able to trust to his wings, is to perform the obsequies of his father. But this duty is not undertaken rashly. He collects a quantity of myrrh, and to try his strength makes frequent excursions with a load on his back. When he has gained sufficient confidence in his own vigor11, he takes up the body of his father and flies with it to the altar of the Sun, where he leaves it to be consumed in flames of fragrance12.” Other writers add a few particulars. The myrrh is compacted in the form of an egg, in which the dead Ph?nix is enclosed. From the mouldering13 flesh of the dead bird a worm springs, and this worm, when grown large, is transformed into a bird. Herodotus describes the bird, though he says, “I have not seen it myself, except in a picture. Part of his plumage is gold-colored, and part crimson14; and he is for the most part very much like an eagle in outline and bulk.”
The first writer who disclaimed15 a belief in the existence of the Ph?nix was Sir Thomas Browne, in his “Vulgar Errors,” published in 1646. He was replied to a few years later by Alexander Ross, who says, in answer to the objection of the Ph?nix so seldom making his appearance, “His instinct teaches him to keep out of the way of the tyrant16 of the creation, man, for if he were to be got at, some wealthy glutton17 would surely devour18 him, though there were no more in the world.”
Dryden in one of his early poems has this allusion19 to the Ph?nix:
“So when the new-born Ph?nix first is seen,
Her feathered subjects all adore their queen,
And while she makes her progress through the East,
From every grove20 her numerous train’s increased;
Each poet of the air her glory sings,
And round him the pleased audience clap their wings.”
Milton, in “Paradise Lost,” Book V., compares the angel Raphael descending21 to earth to a Ph?nix:
“. . . Down thither22, prone23 in flight
He speeds, and through the vast ethereal sky
Sails between worlds and worlds, with steady wing,
Now on the polar winds, then with quick fan
Winnows24 the buxom25 air; till within soar
Of towering eagles, to all the fowls26 he seems
A Ph?nix, gazed by all; as that sole bird
When, to enshrine his relics27 in the sun’s
Bright temple, to Egyptian Thebes he flies.”
THE COCKATRICE, OR BASILISK
This animal was called the king of the serpents. In confirmation28 of his royalty29, he was said to be endowed with a crest30, or comb upon the head, constituting a crown. He was supposed to be produced from the egg of a cock hatched under toads31 or serpents. There were several species of this animal. One species burned up whatever they approached; a second were a kind of wandering Medusa’s heads, and their look caused an instant horror which was immediately followed by death. In Shakspeare’s play of “Richard the Third,” Lady Anne, in answer to Richard’s compliment on her eyes, says, “Would they were basilisk’s, to strike thee dead!”
The basilisks were called kings of serpents because all other serpents and snakes, behaving like good subjects, and wisely not wishing to be burned up or struck dead, fled the moment they heard the distant hiss32 of their king, although they might be in full feed upon the most delicious prey33, leaving the sole enjoyment34 of the banquet to the royal monster.
The Roman naturalist35 Pliny thus describes him: “He does not impel36 his body, like other serpents, by a multiplied flexion, but advances lofty and upright. He kills the shrubs37, not only by contact, but by breathing on them, and splits the rocks, such power of evil is there in him.” It was formerly38 believed that if killed by a spear from on horseback the power of the poison conducted through the weapon killed not only the rider, but the horse also. To this Lucan alludes39 in these lines:
“What though the Moor40 the basilisk hath slain41,
And pinned him lifeless to the sandy plain,
Up through the spear the subtle venom42 flies,
The hand imbibes43 it, and the victor dies.”
Such a prodigy44 was not likely to be passed over in the legends of the saints. Accordingly we find it recorded that a certain holy man, going to a fountain in the desert, suddenly beheld45 a basilisk. He immediately raised his eyes to heaven, and with a pious46 appeal to the Deity47 laid the monster dead at his feet.
These wonderful powers of the basilisk are attested48 by a host of learned persons, such as Galen, Avicenna, Scaliger, and others. Occasionally one would demur49 to some part of the tale while he admitted the rest. Jonston, a learned physician, sagely50 remarks, “I would scarcely believe that it kills with its look, for who could have seen it and lived to tell the story?” The worthy52 sage51 was not aware that those who went to hunt the basilisk of this sort took with them a mirror, which reflected back the deadly glare upon its author, and by a kind of poetical53 justice slew54 the basilisk with his own weapon.
But what was to attack this terrible and unapproachable monster? There is an old saying that “everything has its enemy”—and the cockatrice quailed55 before the weasel. The basilisk might look daggers56, the weasel cared not, but advanced boldly to the conflict. When bitten, the weasel retired57 for a moment to eat some rue58, which was the only plant the basilisks could not wither59, returned with renewed strength and soundness to the charge, and never left the enemy till he was stretched dead on the plain. The monster, too, as if conscious of the irregular way in which he came into the world, was supposed to have a great antipathy60 to a cock; and well he might, for as soon as he heard the cock crow he expired.
The basilisk was of some use after death. Thus we read that its carcass was suspended in the temple of Apollo, and in private houses, as a sovereign remedy against spiders, and that it was also hung up in the temple of Diana, for which reason no swallow ever dared enter the sacred place.
The reader will, we apprehend61, by this time have had enough of absurdities62, but still we can imagine his anxiety to know what a cockatrice was like. The following is from Aldrovandus, a celebrated63 naturalist of the sixteenth century, whose work on natural history, in thirteen folio volumes, contains with much that is valuable a large proportion of fables64 and inutilities. In particular he is so ample on the subject of the cock and the bull that from his practice, all rambling65, gossiping tales of doubtful credibility are called cock and bull stories. Aldrovandus, however, deserves our respect and esteem66 as the founder67 of a botanic garden, and as a pioneer in the now prevalent custom of making scientific collections for purposes of investigation68 and research.
Shelley, in his “Ode to Naples,” full of the enthusiasm excited by the intelligence of the proclamation of a Constitutional Government at Naples, in 1820, thus uses an allusion to the basilisk:
“What though Cimmerian anarchs dare blaspheme
Freedom and thee? a new Act?on’s error
Shall theirs have been,—devoured by their own hounds!
Be thou like the imperial basilisk,
Killing69 thy foe70 with unapparent wounds!
Gaze on oppression, till at that dread71 risk,
Aghast she pass from the earth’s disk.
Fear not, but gaze,—for freemen mightier72 grow,
And slaves more feeble, gazing on their foe.”
THE UNICORN73
Pliny, the Roman naturalist, out of whose account of the unicorn most of the modern unicorns74 have been described and figured, records it as “a very ferocious75 beast, similar in the rest of its body to a horse, with the head of a deer, the feet of an elephant, the tail of a boar, a deep, bellowing76 voice, and a single black horn, two cubits in length, standing77 out in the middle of its forehead.” He adds that “it cannot be taken alive;” and some such excuse may have been necessary in those days for not producing the living animal upon the arena78 of the amphitheatre.
The unicorn seems to have been a sad puzzle to the hunters, who hardly knew how to come at so valuable a piece of game. Some described the horn as movable at the will of the animal, a kind of small sword, in short, with which no hunter who was not exceedingly cunning in fence could have a chance. Others maintained that all the animal’s strength lay in its horn, and that when hard pressed in pursuit, it would throw itself from the pinnacle79 of the highest rocks horn foremost, so as to pitch upon it, and then quietly march off not a whit80 the worse for its fall.
But it seems they found out how to circumvent81 the poor unicorn at last. They discovered that it was a great lover of purity and innocence82, so they took the field with a young virgin83, who was placed in the unsuspecting admirer’s way. When the unicorn spied her, he approached with all reverence84, couched beside her, and laying his head in her lap, fell asleep. The treacherous85 virgin then gave a signal, and the hunters made in and captured the simple beast.
Modern zo?logists, disgusted as they well may be with such fables as these, disbelieve generally the existence of the unicorn. Yet there are animals bearing on their heads a bony protuberance more or less like a horn, which may have given rise to the story. The rhinoceros86 horn, as it is called, is such a protuberance, though it does not exceed a few inches in height, and is far from agreeing with the descriptions of the horn of the unicorn. The nearest approach to a horn in the middle of the forehead is exhibited in the bony protuberance on the forehead of the giraffe; but this also is short and blunt, and is not the only horn of the animal, but a third horn, standing in front of the two others. In fine, though it would be presumptuous87 to deny the existence of a one-horned quadruped other than the rhinoceros, it may be safely stated that the insertion of a long and solid horn in the living forehead of a horse-like or deer-like animal is as near an impossibility as anything can be.
THE SALAMANDER
The following is from the “Life of Benvenuto Cellini,” an Italian artist of the sixteenth century, written by himself: “When I was about five years of age, my father, happening to be in a little room in which they had been washing, and where there was a good fire of oak burning, looked into the flames and saw a little animal resembling a lizard88, which could live in the hottest part of that element. Instantly perceiving what it was, he called for my sister and me, and after he had shown us the creature, he gave me a box on the ear. I fell a-crying, while he, soothing89 me with caresses90, spoke91 these words: ‘My dear child, I do not give you that blow for any fault you have committed, but that you may recollect92 that the little creature you see in the fire is a salamander; such a one as never was beheld before to my knowledge.’ So saying he embraced me, and gave me some money.”
It seems unreasonable93 to doubt a story of which Signor Cellini was both an eye and ear witness. Add to which the authority of numerous sage philosophers, at the head of whom are Aristotle and Pliny, affirms this power of the salamander. According to them, the animal not only resists fire, but extinguishes it, and when he sees the flame charges it as an enemy which he well knows how to vanquish94.
That the skin of an animal which could resist the action of fire should be considered proof against that element is not to be wondered at. We accordingly find that a cloth made of the skin of salamanders (for there really is such an animal, a kind of lizard) was incombustible, and very valuable for wrapping up such articles as were too precious to be intrusted to any other envelopes. These fire-proof cloths were actually produced, said to be made of salamander’s wool, though the knowing ones detected that the substance of which they were composed was asbestos, a mineral, which is in fine filaments95 capable of being woven into a flexible cloth.
The foundation of the above fables is supposed to be the fact that the salamander really does secrete96 from the pores of his body a milky97 juice, which when he is irritated is produced in considerable quantity, and would doubtless, for a few moments, defend the body from fire. Then it is a hibernating98 animal, and in winter retires to some hollow tree or other cavity, where it coils itself up and remains99 in a torpid100 state till the spring again calls it forth. It may therefore sometimes be carried with the fuel to the fire, and wake up only time enough to put forth all its faculties101 for its defence. Its viscous102 juice would do good service, and all who profess103 to have seen it, acknowledge that it got out of the fire as fast as its legs could carry it; indeed, too fast for them ever to make prize of one, except in one instance, and in that one the animal’s feet and some parts of its body were badly burned.
Dr. Young, in the “Night Thoughts,” with more quaintness104 than good taste, compares the sceptic who can remain unmoved in the contemplation of the starry105 heavens to a salamander unwarmed in the fire:
“An undevout astronomer106 is mad!
. . . . . . .
“O, what a genius must inform the skies!
And is Lorenzo’s salamander-heart
Cold and untouched amid these sacred fires?”
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1
chimeras
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| n.（由几种动物的各部分构成的）假想的怪兽( chimera的名词复数 )；不可能实现的想法；幻想；妄想 | |
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superstitions
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| 迷信，迷信行为( superstition的名词复数 ) | |
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superseded
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| [医]被代替的，废弃的 | |
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narrations
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| 叙述事情的经过，故事( narration的名词复数 ) | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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destined
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| adj.命中注定的；(for)以…为目的地的 | |
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7
predecessor
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| n.前辈，前任 | |
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philosophic
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| adj.哲学的，贤明的 | |
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consulship
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| 领事的职位或任期 | |
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miraculous
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| adj.像奇迹一样的，不可思议的 | |
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vigor
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| n.活力，精力，元气 | |
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12
fragrance
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| n.芬芳，香味，香气 | |
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13
mouldering
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| v.腐朽( moulder的现在分词 )；腐烂，崩塌 | |
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14
crimson
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| n./adj.深(绯)红色(的)；vi.脸变绯红色 | |
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15
disclaimed
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| v.否认( disclaim的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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16
tyrant
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| n.暴君，专制的君主，残暴的人 | |
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17
glutton
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| n.贪食者，好食者 | |
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18
devour
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| v.吞没；贪婪地注视或谛听，贪读；使着迷 | |
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19
allusion
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| n.暗示，间接提示 | |
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20
grove
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| n.林子，小树林，园林 | |
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21
descending
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| n. 下行 adj. 下降的 | |
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22
thither
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| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
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23
prone
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| adj.(to)易于…的，很可能…的；俯卧的 | |
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24
winnows
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| v.扬( winnow的第三人称单数 )；辨别；选择；除去 | |
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25
buxom
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| adj.（妇女）丰满的，有健康美的 | |
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26
fowls
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| 鸟( fowl的名词复数 )； 禽肉； 既不是这； 非驴非马 | |
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27
relics
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| [pl.］n.遗物，遗迹，遗产；遗体，尸骸 | |
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28
confirmation
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| n.证实，确认，批准 | |
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29
royalty
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| n.皇家，皇族 | |
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30
crest
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| n.顶点；饰章；羽冠；vt.达到顶点；vi.形成浪尖 | |
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31
toads
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| n.蟾蜍，癞蛤蟆( toad的名词复数 ) | |
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32
hiss
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| v.发出嘶嘶声；发嘘声表示不满 | |
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33
prey
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| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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34
enjoyment
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| n.乐趣；享有；享用 | |
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35
naturalist
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| n.博物学家(尤指直接观察动植物者) | |
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36
impel
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| v.推动；激励，迫使 | |
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37
shrubs
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| 灌木( shrub的名词复数 ) | |
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38
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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alludes
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| 提及，暗指( allude的第三人称单数 ) | |
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40
moor
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| n.荒野，沼泽；vt.(使)停泊；vi.停泊 | |
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41
slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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42
venom
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| n.毒液，恶毒，痛恨 | |
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43
imbibes
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| v.吸收( imbibe的第三人称单数 )；喝；吸取；吸气 | |
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44
prodigy
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| n.惊人的事物，奇迹，神童，天才，预兆 | |
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45
beheld
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| v.看，注视( behold的过去式和过去分词 )；瞧；看呀；（叙述中用于引出某人意外的出现）哎哟 | |
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46
pious
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| adj.虔诚的；道貌岸然的 | |
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47
deity
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| n.神，神性；被奉若神明的人(或物) | |
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48
attested
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| adj.经检验证明无病的，经检验证明无菌的v.证明( attest的过去式和过去分词 )；证实；声称…属实；使宣誓 | |
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49
demur
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| v．表示异议，反对 | |
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50
sagely
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| adv. 贤能地，贤明地 | |
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51
sage
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| n.圣人，哲人；adj.贤明的，明智的 | |
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52
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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53
poetical
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| adj.似诗人的；诗一般的；韵文的；富有诗意的 | |
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54
slew
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| v.（使）旋转；n.大量，许多 | |
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55
quailed
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| 害怕，发抖，畏缩( quail的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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56
daggers
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| 匕首，短剑( dagger的名词复数 ) | |
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57
retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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58
rue
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| n.懊悔，芸香，后悔；v.后悔，悲伤，懊悔 | |
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59
wither
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| vt.使凋谢，使衰退，(用眼神气势等)使畏缩；vi.枯萎，衰退，消亡 | |
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60
antipathy
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| n.憎恶；反感，引起反感的人或事物 | |
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61
apprehend
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| vt.理解，领悟，逮捕，拘捕，忧虑 | |
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62
absurdities
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| n.极端无理性( absurdity的名词复数 )；荒谬；谬论；荒谬的行为 | |
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celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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64
fables
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| n.寓言( fable的名词复数 )；神话，传说 | |
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65
rambling
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| adj.[建]凌乱的，杂乱的 | |
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66
esteem
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| n.尊敬，尊重；vt.尊重，敬重；把…看作 | |
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67
Founder
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| n.创始者，缔造者 | |
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68
investigation
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| n.调查，调查研究 | |
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69
killing
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| n.巨额利润；突然赚大钱，发大财 | |
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70
foe
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| n.敌人，仇敌 | |
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71
dread
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| vt.担忧，忧虑；惧怕，不敢；n.担忧，畏惧 | |
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72
mightier
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| adj. 强有力的，强大的，巨大的 adv. 很，极其 | |
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73
unicorn
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| n.(传说中的)独角兽 | |
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unicorns
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| n.（传说中身体似马的）独角兽( unicorn的名词复数 )；一角鲸；独角兽标记 | |
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ferocious
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| adj.凶猛的，残暴的，极度的，十分强烈的 | |
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bellowing
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| v.发出吼叫声，咆哮（尤指因痛苦）( bellow的现在分词 )；（愤怒地）说出（某事），大叫 | |
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standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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arena
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| n.竞技场，运动场所；竞争场所，舞台 | |
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pinnacle
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| n.尖塔，尖顶，山峰；(喻)顶峰 | |
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whit
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| n.一点，丝毫 | |
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circumvent
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| vt.环绕，包围；对…用计取胜，智胜 | |
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innocence
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| n.无罪；天真；无害 | |
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virgin
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| n.处女，未婚女子；adj.未经使用的；未经开发的 | |
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reverence
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| n.敬畏，尊敬，尊严；Reverence:对某些基督教神职人员的尊称；v.尊敬，敬畏，崇敬 | |
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treacherous
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| adj.不可靠的，有暗藏的危险的；adj.背叛的，背信弃义的 | |
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86
rhinoceros
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| n.犀牛 | |
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presumptuous
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| adj.胆大妄为的，放肆的，冒昧的，冒失的 | |
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lizard
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| n.蜥蜴，壁虎 | |
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soothing
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| adj.慰藉的；使人宽心的；镇静的 | |
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caresses
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| 爱抚，抚摸( caress的名词复数 ) | |
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spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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recollect
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| v.回忆，想起，记起，忆起，记得 | |
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unreasonable
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| adj.不讲道理的，不合情理的，过度的 | |
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vanquish
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| v.征服，战胜；克服；抑制 | |
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filaments
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| n.（电灯泡的）灯丝( filament的名词复数 )；丝极；细丝；丝状物 | |
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secrete
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| vt.分泌；隐匿，使隐秘 | |
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milky
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| adj.牛奶的，多奶的；乳白色的 | |
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hibernating
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| （某些动物）冬眠，蛰伏( hibernate的现在分词 ) | |
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remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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torpid
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| adj.麻痹的，麻木的，迟钝的 | |
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101
faculties
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| n.能力( faculty的名词复数 )；全体教职员；技巧；院 | |
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102
viscous
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| adj.粘滞的，粘性的 | |
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103
profess
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| v.声称，冒称，以...为业，正式接受入教，表明信仰 | |
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104
quaintness
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| n.离奇有趣，古怪的事物 | |
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starry
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| adj.星光照耀的, 闪亮的 | |
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astronomer
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| n.天文学家 | |
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