According to the earliest accounts, Albion, a giant, and son of Neptune1, a contemporary of Hercules, ruled over the island, to which he gave his name. Presuming to oppose the progress of Hercules in his western march, he was slain2 by him.
Another story is that Histion, the son of Japhet, the son of Noah, had four sons, Francus, Romanus, Alemannus, and Britto, from whom descended3 the French, Roman, German, and British people.
Rejecting these and other like stories, Milton gives more regard to the story of Brutus, the Trojan, which, he says, is supported by “descents of ancestry4 long continued, laws and exploits not plainly seeming to be borrowed or devised, which on the common belief have wrought5 no small impression; defended by many, denied utterly6 by few.” The principal authority is Geoffrey of Monmouth, whose history, written in the twelfth century, purports7 to be a translation of a history of Britain brought over from the opposite shore of France, which, under the name of Brittany, was chiefly peopled by natives of Britain who, from time to time, emigrated thither8, driven from their own country by the inroads of the Picts and Scots. According to this authority, Brutus was the son of Silvius, and he of Ascanius, the son of ?neas, whose flight from Troy and settlement in Italy are narrated9 in “Stories of Gods and Heroes.”
Brutus, at the age of fifteen, attending his father to the chase, unfortunately killed him with an arrow. Banished10 therefor by his kindred, he sought refuge in that part of Greece where Helenus, with a band of Trojan exiles, had become established. But Helenus was now dead and the descendants of the Trojans were oppressed by Pandrasus, the king of the country. Brutus, being kindly11 received among them, so throve in virtue12 and in arms as to win the regard of all the eminent13 of the land above all others of his age. In consequence of this the Trojans not only began to hope, but secretly to persuade him to lead them the way to liberty. To encourage them, they had the promise of help from Assaracus, a noble Greek youth, whose mother was a Trojan. He had suffered wrong at the hands of the king, and for that reason the more willingly cast in his lot with the Trojan exiles.
Choosing a fit opportunity, Brutus with his countrymen withdrew to the woods and hills, as the safest place from which to expostulate, and sent this message to Pandrasus: “That the Trojans, holding it unworthy of their ancestors to serve in a foreign land, had retreated to the woods, choosing rather a savage15 life than a slavish one. If that displeased16 him, then, with his leave, they would depart to some other country.” Pandrasus, not expecting so bold a message from the sons of captives, went in pursuit of them, with such forces as he could gather, and met them on the banks of the Achelous, where Brutus got the advantage, and took the king captive. The result was, that the terms demanded by the Trojans were granted; the king gave his daughter Imogen in marriage to Brutus, and furnished shipping17, money, and fit provision for them all to depart from the land.
The marriage being solemnized, and shipping from all parts got together, the Trojans, in a fleet of no less than three hundred and twenty sail, betook themselves to the sea. On the third day they arrived at a certain island, which they found destitute18 of inhabitants, though there were appearances of former habitation, and among the ruins a temple of Diana. Brutus, here performing sacrifice at the shrine19 of the goddess, invoked20 an oracle21 for his guidance, in these lines:
“Goddess of shades, and huntress, who at will
Walk’st on the rolling sphere, and through the deep;
On thy third realm, the earth, look now, and tell
What land, what seat of rest, thou bidd’st me seek;
What certain seat where I may worship thee
For aye, with temples vowed22 and virgin23 choirs24.”
To whom, sleeping before the altar, Diana in a vision thus answered:
“Brutus! far to the west, in the ocean wide,
Beyond the realm of Gaul, a land there lies,
Seagirt it lies, where giants dwelt of old;
Now, void, it fits thy people: thither bend
Thy course; there shalt thou find a lasting25 seat;
There to thy sons another Troy shall rise,
And kings be born of thee, whose dreaded26 might
Shall awe27 the world, and conquer nations bold.”
Brutus, guided now, as he thought, by divine direction, sped his course towards the west, and, arriving at a place on the Tyrrhene sea, found there the descendants of certain Trojans who, with Antenor, came into Italy, of whom Corineus was the chief. These joined company, and the ships pursued their way till they arrived at the mouth of the river Loire, in France, where the expedition landed, with a view to a settlement, but were so rudely assaulted by the inhabitants that they put to sea again, and arrived at a part of the coast of Britain, now called Devonshire, where Brutus felt convinced that he had found the promised end of his voyage, landed his colony, and took possession.
The island, not yet Britain, but Albion, was in a manner desert and inhospitable, occupied only by a remnant of the giant race whose excessive force and tyranny had destroyed the others. The Trojans encountered these and extirpated28 them, Corineus, in particular, signalizing himself by his exploits against them; from whom Cornwall takes its name, for that region fell to his lot, and there the hugest giants dwelt, lurking29 in rocks and caves, till Corineus rid the land of them.
Brutus built his capital city, and called it Trojanova (New Troy), changed in time to Trinovantus, now London;[39] and, having governed the isle30 twenty-four years, died, leaving three sons, Locrine, Albanact and Camber. Locrine had the middle part, Camber the west, called Cambria from him, and Albanact Albania, now Scotland. Locrine was married to Guendolen, the daughter of Corineus, but having seen a fair maid named Estrildis, who had been brought captive from Germany, he became enamoured of her, and had by her a daughter, whose name was Sabra. This matter was kept secret while Corineus lived, but after his death Locrine divorced Guendolen, and made Estrildis his queen. Guendolen, all in rage, departed to Cornwall, where Madan, her son, lived, who had been brought up by Corineus, his grandfather. Gathering31 an army of her father’s friends and subjects, she gave battle to her husband’s forces and Locrine was slain. Guendolen caused her rival, Estrildis, with her daughter Sabra, to be thrown into the river, from which cause the river thenceforth bore the maiden’s name, which by length of time is now changed into Sabrina or Severn. Milton alludes33 to this in his address to the rivers,—
“Severn swift, guilty of maiden’s death”;—
and in his “Comus” tells the story with a slight variation, thus:
“There is a gentle nymph not far from hence,
That with moist curb34 sways the smooth Severn stream;
Sabrina is her name, a virgin pure:
Whilom she was the daughter of Locrine,
That had the sceptre from his father, Brute35,
She, guiltless damsel, flying the mad pursuit
Of her enragéd step-dame, Guendolen,
Commended her fair innocence36 to the flood,
That stayed her flight with his cross-flowing course
The water-nymphs that in the bottom played,
Held up their pearléd wrists and took her in,
Bearing her straight to aged37 Nereus’ hall,
Who, piteous of her woes38, reared her lank39 head,
And gave her to his daughters to imbathe
In nectared lavers strewed40 with asphodel,
And through the porch and inlet of each sense
Dropped in ambrosial41 oils till she revived,
And underwent a quick, immortal42 change,
Made goddess of the river,” etc.
If our readers ask when all this took place, we must answer, in the first place, that mythology43 is not careful of dates; and next, that, as Brutus was the great-grandson of ?neas, it must have been not far from a century subsequent to the Trojan war, or about eleven hundred years before the invasion of the island by Julius C?sar. This long interval44 is filled with the names of princes whose chief occupation was in warring with one another. Some few, whose names remain connected with places, or embalmed45 in literature, we will mention.
BLADUD
Bladud built the city of Bath, and dedicated46 the medicinal waters to Minerva. He was a man of great invention, and practised the arts of magic, till, having made him wings to fly, he fell down upon the temple of Apollo, in Trinovant, and so died, after twenty years’ reign14.
LEIR
Leir, who next reigned47, built Leicester, and called it after his name. He had no male issue, but only three daughters. When grown old he determined48 to divide his kingdom among his daughters, and bestow49 them in marriage. But first, to try which of them loved him best, he determined to ask them solemnly in order, and judge of the warmth of their affection by their answers. Goneril, the eldest50, knowing well her father’s weakness, made answer that she loved him “above her soul.” “Since thou so honorest my declining age,” said the old man, “to thee and to thy husband I give the third part of my realm.” Such good success for a few words soon uttered was ample instruction to Regan, the second daughter, what to say. She therefore to the same question replied that “she loved him more than all the world beside;” and so received an equal reward with her sister. But Cordeilla, the youngest, and hitherto the best beloved, though having before her eyes the reward of a little easy soothing51, and the loss likely to attend plain-dealing, yet was not moved from the solid purpose of a sincere and virtuous52 answer, and replied: “Father, my love towards you is as my duty bids. They who pretend beyond this flatter.” When the old man, sorry to hear this, and wishing her to recall these words, persisted in asking, she still restrained her expressions so as to say rather less than more than the truth. Then Leir, all in a passion, burst forth32: “Since thou hast not reverenced53 thy aged father like thy sisters, think not to have any part in my kingdom or what else I have;”—and without delay, giving in marriage his other daughters, Goneril to the Duke of Albany, and Regan to the Duke of Cornwall, he divides his kingdom between them, and goes to reside with his eldest daughter, attended only by a hundred knights54. But in a short time his attendants, being complained of as too numerous and disorderly, are reduced to thirty. Resenting that affront55, the old king betakes him to his second daughter; but she, instead of soothing his wounded pride, takes part with her sister, and refuses to admit a retinue56 of more than five. Then back he returns to the other, who now will not receive him with more than one attendant. Then the remembrance of Cordeilla comes to his thoughts, and he takes his journey into France to seek her, with little hope of kind consideration from one whom he had so injured, but to pay her the last recompense he can render,—confession of his injustice57. When Cordeilla is informed of his approach, and of his sad condition, she pours forth true filial tears. And, not willing that her own or others’ eyes should see him in that forlorn condition, she sends one of her trusted servants to meet him, and convey him privately58 to some comfortable abode59, and to furnish him with such state as befitted his dignity. After which Cordeilla, with the king her husband, went in state to meet him, and, after an honorable reception, the king permitted his wife, Cordeilla, to go with an army and set her father again upon his throne. They prospered60, subdued61 the wicked sisters and their consorts62, and Leir obtained the crown and held it three years. Cordeilla succeeded him and reigned five years; but the sons of her sisters, after that, rebelled against her, and she lost both her crown and life.
Shakspeare has chosen this story as the subject of his tragedy of “King Lear,” varying its details in some respects. The madness of Leir, and the ill success of Cordeilla’s attempt to reinstate her father, are the principal variations, and those in the names will also be noticed. Our narrative63 is drawn64 from Milton’s “History;” and thus the reader will perceive that the story of Leir has had the distinguished65 honor of being told by the two acknowledged chiefs of British literature.
FERREX AND PORREX
Ferrex and Porrex were brothers, who held the kingdom after Leir. They quarrelled about the supremacy66, and Porrex expelled his brother, who, obtaining aid from Suard, king of the Franks, returned and made war upon Porrex. Ferrex was slain in battle and his forces dispersed67. When their mother came to hear of her son’s death, who was her favorite, she fell into a great rage, and conceived a mortal hatred68 against the survivor69. She took, therefore, her opportunity when he was asleep, fell upon him, and, with the assistance of her women, tore him in pieces. This horrid70 story would not be worth relating, were it not for the fact that it has furnished the plot for the first tragedy which was written in the English language. It was entitled “Gorboduc,” but in the second edition “Ferrex and Porrex,” and was the production of Thomas Sackville, afterwards Earl of Dorset, and Thomas Norton, a barrister. Its date was 1561.
DUNWALLO MOLMUTIUS
This is the next name of note. Molmutius established the Molmutine laws, which bestowed72 the privilege of sanctuary73 on temples, cities, and the roads leading to them, and gave the same protection to ploughs, extending a religious sanction to the labors74 of the field. Shakspeare alludes to him in “Cymbeline,” Act III., Scene 1:
“. . . Molmutius made our laws;
Who was the first of Britain which did put
His brows within a golden crown, and called
Himself a king.”
BRENNUS AND BELINUS,
the sons of Molmutius, succeeded him. They quarrelled, and Brennus was driven out of the island, and took refuge in Gaul, where he met with such favor from the king of the Allobroges that he gave him his daughter in marriage, and made him his partner on the throne. Brennus is the name which the Roman historians give to the famous leader of the Gauls who took Rome in the time of Camillus. Geoffrey of Monmouth claims the glory of the conquest for the British prince, after he had become king of the Allobroges.
ELIDURE
After Belinus and Brennus there reigned several kings of little note, and then came Elidure. Arthgallo, his brother, being king, gave great offence to his powerful nobles, who rose against him, deposed75 him, and advanced Elidure to the throne. Arthgallo fled, and endeavored to find assistance in the neighboring kingdoms to reinstate him, but found none. Elidure reigned prosperously and wisely. After five years’ possession of the kingdom, one day, when hunting, he met in the forest his brother, Arthgallo, who had been deposed. After long wandering, unable longer to bear the poverty to which he was reduced, he had returned to Britain, with only ten followers76, designing to repair to those who had formerly77 been his friends. Elidure, at the sight of his brother in distress78, forgetting all animosities, ran to him, and embraced him. He took Arthgallo home with him, and concealed79 him in the palace. After this he feigned80 himself sick, and, calling his nobles about him, induced them, partly by persuasion81, partly by force, to consent to his abdicating82 the kingdom, and reinstating his brother on the throne. The agreement being ratified83, Elidure took the crown from his own head, and put it on his brother’s head. Arthgallo after this reigned ten years, well and wisely, exercising strict justice towards all men.
He died, and left the kingdom to his sons, who reigned with various fortunes, but were not long-lived, and left no offspring, so that Elidure was again advanced to the throne, and finished the course of his life in just and virtuous actions, receiving the name of the pious84, from the love and admiration85 of his subjects.
Wordsworth has taken the story of Artegal and Elidure for the subject of a poem, which is No. 2 of “Poems founded on the Affections.”
LUD
After Elidure, the Chronicle names many kings, but none of special note, till we come to Lud, who greatly enlarged Trinovant, his capital, and surrounded it with a wall. He changed its name, bestowing86 upon it his own, so that henceforth it was called Lud’s town, afterwards London. Lud was buried by the gate of the city called after him Ludgate. He had two sons, but they were not old enough at the time of their father’s death to sustain the cares of government, and therefore their uncle, Caswallaun, or Cassibellaunus, succeeded to the kingdom. He was a brave and magnificent prince, so that his fame reached to distant countries.
CASSIBELLAUNUS
About this time it happened (as is found in the Roman histories) that Julius C?sar, having subdued Gaul, came to the shore opposite Britain. And having resolved to add this island also to his conquests, he prepared ships and transported his army across the sea, to the mouth of the River Thames. Here he was met by Cassibellaun with all his forces, and a battle ensued, in which Nennius, the brother of Cassibellaun, engaged in single combat with C?sar. After several furious blows given and received, the sword of C?sar stuck so fast in the shield of Nennius that it could not be pulled out, and the combatants being separated by the intervention87 of the troops Nennius remained possessed88 of this trophy89. At last, after the greater part of the day was spent, the Britons poured in so fast that C?sar was forced to retire to his camp and fleet. And finding it useless to continue the war any longer at that time, he returned to Gaul.
Shakspeare alludes to Cassibellaunus, in “Cymbeline”:
“The famed Cassibelan, who was once at point
(O giglot fortune!) to master C?sar’s sword,
Made Lud’s town with rejoicing fires bright,
And Britons strut90 with courage.”
KYMBELINUS, OR CYMBELINE
C?sar, on a second invasion of the island, was more fortunate, and compelled the Britons to pay tribute. Cymbeline, the nephew of the king, was delivered to the Romans as a hostage for the faithful fulfilment of the treaty, and, being carried to Rome by C?sar, he was there brought up in the Roman arts and accomplishments91. Being afterwards restored to his country, and placed on the throne, he was attached to the Romans, and continued through all his reign at peace with them. His sons, Guiderius and Arviragus, who made their appearance in Shakspeare’s play of “Cymbeline,” succeeded their father, and, refusing to pay tribute to the Romans, brought on another invasion. Guiderius was slain, but Arviragus afterward71 made terms with the Romans, and reigned prosperously many years.
ARMORICA
The next event of note is the conquest and colonization92 of Armorica, by Maximus, a Roman general, and Conan, lord of Miniadoc or Denbigh-land, in Wales. The name of the country was changed to Brittany, or Lesser93 Britain; and so completely was it possessed by the British colonists94, that the language became assimilated to that spoken in Wales, and it is said that to this day the peasantry of the two countries can understand each other when speaking their native language.
The Romans eventually succeeded in establishing themselves in the island, and after the lapse95 of several generations they became blended with the natives so that no distinction existed between the two races. When at length the Roman armies were withdrawn96 from Britain, their departure was a matter of regret to the inhabitants, as it left them without protection against the barbarous tribes, Scots, Picts, and Norwegians, who harassed97 the country incessantly98. This was the state of things when the era of King Arthur began.
The adventure of Albion, the giant, with Hercules is alluded99 to by Spenser, “Faery Queene,” Book IV., Canto100 xi:
“For Albion the son of Neptune was;
Who for the proof of his great puissance,
Out of his Albion did on dry foot pass
Into old Gaul that now is cleped France,
To fight with Hercules, that did advance
To vanquish101 all the world with matchless might:
And there his mortal part by great mischance
Was slain.”
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1
Neptune
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| n.海王星 | |
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2
slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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3
descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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4
ancestry
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| n.祖先，家世 | |
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5
wrought
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| v.引起；以…原料制作；运转；adj.制造的 | |
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6
utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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7
purports
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| v.声称是…，（装得）像是…的样子( purport的第三人称单数 ) | |
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8
thither
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| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
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9
narrated
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| v.故事( narrate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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10
banished
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| v.放逐，驱逐( banish的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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11
kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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12
virtue
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| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
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13
eminent
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| adj.显赫的，杰出的，有名的，优良的 | |
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14
reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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15
savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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displeased
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| a.不快的 | |
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shipping
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| n.船运（发货，运输，乘船） | |
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destitute
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| adj.缺乏的；穷困的 | |
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shrine
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| n.圣地，神龛，庙；v.将...置于神龛内，把...奉为神圣 | |
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invoked
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| v.援引( invoke的过去式和过去分词 )；行使（权利等）；祈求救助；恳求 | |
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oracle
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| n.神谕，神谕处，预言 | |
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22
vowed
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| 起誓，发誓（vow的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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virgin
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| n.处女，未婚女子；adj.未经使用的；未经开发的 | |
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choirs
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| n.教堂的唱诗班( choir的名词复数 )；唱诗队；公开表演的合唱团；（教堂）唱经楼 | |
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lasting
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| adj.永久的，永恒的；vbl.持续，维持 | |
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26
dreaded
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| adj.令人畏惧的；害怕的v.害怕，恐惧，担心( dread的过去式和过去分词) | |
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awe
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| n.敬畏，惊惧；vt.使敬畏，使惊惧 | |
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extirpated
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| v.消灭，灭绝( extirpate的过去式和过去分词 )；根除 | |
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lurking
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| 潜在 | |
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isle
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| n.小岛，岛 | |
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gathering
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| n.集会，聚会，聚集 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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alludes
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| 提及，暗指( allude的第三人称单数 ) | |
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curb
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| n.场外证券市场，场外交易；vt.制止，抑制 | |
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35
brute
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| n.野兽，兽性 | |
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innocence
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| n.无罪；天真；无害 | |
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aged
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| adj.年老的，陈年的 | |
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woes
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| 困境( woe的名词复数 )； 悲伤； 我好苦哇； 某人就要倒霉 | |
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lank
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| adj.瘦削的；稀疏的 | |
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40
strewed
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| v.撒在…上( strew的过去式和过去分词 )；散落于；点缀；撒满 | |
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ambrosial
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| adj.美味的 | |
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immortal
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| adj.不朽的；永生的，不死的；神的 | |
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mythology
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| n.神话，神话学，神话集 | |
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interval
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| n.间隔，间距；幕间休息，中场休息 | |
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embalmed
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| adj.用防腐药物保存（尸体）的v.保存（尸体）不腐( embalm的过去式和过去分词 )；使不被遗忘；使充满香气 | |
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dedicated
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| adj.一心一意的；献身的；热诚的 | |
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47
reigned
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| vi.当政，统治（reign的过去式形式） | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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bestow
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| v.把…赠与，把…授予；花费 | |
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eldest
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| adj.最年长的，最年老的 | |
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soothing
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| adj.慰藉的；使人宽心的；镇静的 | |
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virtuous
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| adj.有品德的，善良的，贞洁的，有效力的 | |
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reverenced
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| v.尊敬，崇敬( reverence的过去式和过去分词 )；敬礼 | |
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knights
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| 骑士； （中古时代的）武士( knight的名词复数 )； 骑士； 爵士； （国际象棋中）马 | |
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affront
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| n./v.侮辱，触怒 | |
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retinue
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| n.侍从；随员 | |
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injustice
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| n.非正义，不公正，不公平，侵犯（别人的）权利 | |
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privately
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| adv.以私人的身份，悄悄地，私下地 | |
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abode
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| n.住处，住所 | |
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prospered
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| 成功，兴旺( prosper的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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subdued
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| adj. 屈服的，柔和的，减弱的 动词subdue的过去式和过去分词 | |
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consorts
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| n.配偶( consort的名词复数 )；（演奏古典音乐的）一组乐师；一组古典乐器；一起v.结伴( consort的第三人称单数 )；交往；相称；调和 | |
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narrative
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| n.叙述，故事；adj.叙事的，故事体的 | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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supremacy
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| n.至上；至高权力 | |
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dispersed
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| adj. 被驱散的, 被分散的, 散布的 | |
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hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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survivor
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| n.生存者，残存者，幸存者 | |
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horrid
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| adj.可怕的；令人惊恐的；恐怖的；极讨厌的 | |
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afterward
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| adv.后来；以后 | |
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bestowed
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| 赠给，授予( bestow的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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sanctuary
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| n.圣所，圣堂，寺庙；禁猎区，保护区 | |
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labors
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| v.努力争取(for)( labor的第三人称单数 )；苦干；详细分析；（指引擎）缓慢而困难地运转 | |
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deposed
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| v.罢免( depose的过去式和过去分词 )；（在法庭上）宣誓作证 | |
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followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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distress
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| n.苦恼，痛苦，不舒适；不幸；vt.使悲痛 | |
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concealed
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| a.隐藏的，隐蔽的 | |
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feigned
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| a.假装的，不真诚的 | |
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persuasion
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| n.劝说；说服；持有某种信仰的宗派 | |
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abdicating
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| 放弃（职责、权力等）( abdicate的现在分词 )； 退位，逊位 | |
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ratified
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| v.批准，签认（合约等）( ratify的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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pious
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| adj.虔诚的；道貌岸然的 | |
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admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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bestowing
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| 砖窑中砖堆上层已烧透的砖 | |
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intervention
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| n.介入，干涉，干预 | |
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possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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trophy
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| n.优胜旗，奖品，奖杯，战胜品，纪念品 | |
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strut
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| v.肿胀，鼓起；大摇大摆地走；炫耀；支撑；撑开；n.高视阔步；支柱，撑杆 | |
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accomplishments
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| n.造诣；完成( accomplishment的名词复数 )；技能；成绩；成就 | |
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colonization
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| 殖民地的开拓，殖民，殖民地化； 移殖 | |
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lesser
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| adj.次要的，较小的；adv.较小地，较少地 | |
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colonists
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| n.殖民地开拓者，移民，殖民地居民( colonist的名词复数 ) | |
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lapse
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| n.过失，流逝，失效，抛弃信仰，间隔；vi.堕落，停止，失效，流逝；vt.使失效 | |
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withdrawn
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| vt.收回；使退出；vi.撤退，退出 | |
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harassed
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| adj. 疲倦的，厌烦的 动词harass的过去式和过去分词 | |
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incessantly
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| ad.不停地 | |
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alluded
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| 提及，暗指( allude的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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canto
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| n.长篇诗的章 | |
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vanquish
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| v.征服，战胜；克服；抑制 | |
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