In the century beginning from the year 600, the countries bordering upon the native land of our Saviour5, to the east and south, had not yet received his religion. Arabia was the seat of an idolatrous religion resembling that of the ancient Persians, who worshipped the sun, moon, and stars. In Mecca, in the year 571, Mahomet was born, and here, at the age of forty, he proclaimed himself the prophet of God, in dignity as superior to Christ as Christ had been to Moses. Having obtained by slow degrees a considerable number of disciples6, he resorted to arms to diffuse7 his religion. The energy and zeal8 of his followers9, aided by the weakness of the neighboring nations, enabled him and his successors to spread the sway of Arabia and the religion of Mahomet over the countries to the east as far as the Indus, northward10 over Persia and Asia Minor11, westward12 over Egypt and the southern shores of the Mediterranean13, and thence over the principal portion of Spain. All this was done within one hundred years from the Hegira14, or flight of Mahomet from Mecca to Medina, which happened in the year 622, and is the era from which Mahometans reckon time, as we do from the birth of Christ.
From Spain the way was open for the Saracens (so the followers of Mahomet were called) into France, the conquest of which, if achieved, would have been followed very probably by that of all the rest of Europe, and would have resulted in the banishment15 of Christianity from the earth. For Christianity was not at that day universally professed16, even by those nations which we now regard as foremost in civilization. Great parts of Germany, Britain, Denmark, and Russia were still pagan or barbarous.
At that time there ruled in France, though without the title of king, the first of those illustrious Charleses of whom we have spoken, Charles Martel, the grandfather of Charlemagne. The Saracens of Spain had made incursions into France in 712 and 718, and had retired17, carrying with them a vast booty. In 725, Anbessa, who was then the Saracen governor of Spain, crossed the Pyrenees with a numerous army, and took by storm the strong town of Carcassone. So great was the terror excited by this invasion, that the country for a wide extent submitted to the conqueror18, and a Mahometan governor for the province was appointed and installed at Narbonne. Anbessa, however, received a fatal wound in one of his engagements, and the Saracens, being thus checked from further advance, retired to Narbonne.
In 732 the Saracens again invaded France under Abdalrahman, advanced rapidly to the banks of the Garonne, and laid siege to Bordeaux. The city was taken by assault and delivered up to the soldiery. The invaders19 still pressed forward, and spread over the territories of Orleans, Auxerre and Sens. Their advanced parties were suddenly called in by their chief, who had received information of the rich abbey of St. Martin of Tours, and resolved to plunder20 and destroy it.
Charles during all this time had done nothing to oppose the Saracens, for the reason that the portion of France over which their incursions had been made was not at that time under his dominion21, but constituted an independent kingdom, under the name of Aquitaine, of which Eude was king. But now Charles became convinced of the danger, and prepared to encounter it. Abdalrahman was advancing toward Tours, when intelligence of the approach of Charles, at the head of an army of Franks, compelled him to fall back upon Poitiers, in order to seize an advantageous22 field of battle.
Charles Martel had called together his warriors23 from every part of his dominions25, and, at the head of such an army as had hardly ever been seen in France, crossed the Loire, probably at Orleans, and, being joined by the remains26 of the army of Aquitaine, came in sight of the Arabs in the month of October, 732. The Saracens seem to have been aware of the terrible enemy they were now to encounter, and for the first time these formidable conquerors27 hesitated. The two armies remained in presence during seven days before either ventured to begin the attack; but at length the signal for battle was given by Abdalrahman, and the immense mass of the Saracen army rushed with fury on the Franks. But the heavy line of the Northern warriors remained like a rock, and the Saracens, during nearly the whole day, expended28 their strength in vain attempts to make any impression upon them. At length, about four o’clock in the afternoon, when Abdalrahman was preparing for a new and desperate attempt to break the line of the Franks, a terrible clamor was heard in the rear of the Saracens. It was King Eude, who, with his Aquitanians, had attacked their camp, and a great part of the Saracen army rushed tumultuously from the field to protect their plunder. In this moment of confusion the line of the Franks advanced, and, sweeping29 the field before it, carried fearful slaughter30 amongst the enemy. Abdalrahman made desperate efforts to rally his troops, but when he himself, with the bravest of his officers, fell beneath the swords of the Christians31, all order disappeared, and the remains of his army sought refuge in their immense camp, from which Eude and his Aquitanians had been repulsed32. It was now late, and Charles, unwilling33 to risk an attack on the camp in the dark, withdrew his army, and passed the night in the plain, expecting to renew the battle in the morning.
Accordingly, when daylight came, the Franks drew up in order of battle, but no enemy appeared; and when at last they ventured to approach the Saracen camp they found it empty. The invaders had taken advantage of the night to begin their retreat, and were already on their way back to Spain, leaving their immense plunder behind to fall into the hands of the Franks.
This was the celebrated34 battle of Tours, in which vast numbers of the Saracens were slain35, and only fifteen hundred of the Franks. Charles received the surname of Martel (the Hammer) in consequence of this victory.
The Saracens, notwithstanding this severe blow, continued to hold their ground in the south of France; but Pepin, the son of Charles Martel, who succeeded to his father’s power, and assumed the title of king, successively took from them the strong places they held; and in 759, by the capture of Narbonne, their capital, extinguished the remains of their power in France.
Charlemagne, or Charles the Great, succeeded his father, Pepin, on the throne in the year 768. This prince, though the hero of numerous romantic legends, appears greater in history than in fiction. Whether we regard him as a warrior24 or as a legislator, as a patron of learning or as the civilizer36 of a barbarous nation, he is entitled to our warmest admiration37. Such he is in history; but the romancers represent him as often weak and passionate38, the victim of treacherous39 counsellors, and at the mercy of turbulent barons40, on whose prowess he depends for the maintenance of his throne. The historical representation is doubtless the true one, for it is handed down in trustworthy records, and is confirmed by the events of the age. At the height of his power, the French empire extended over what we now call France, Germany, Switzerland, Holland, Belgium, and great part of Italy.
In the year 800 Charlemagne, being in Rome, whither he had gone with a numerous army to protect the Pope, was crowned by the Pontiff Emperor of the West. On Christmas day Charles entered the Church of St. Peter, as if merely to take his part in the celebration of the mass with the rest of the congregation. When he approached the altar and stooped in the act of prayer the Pope stepped forward and placed a crown of gold upon his head; and immediately the Roman people shouted, “Life and victory to Charles the August, crowned by God the great and pacific Emperor of the Romans.” The Pope then prostrated41 himself before him, and paid him reverence42, according to the custom established in the times of the ancient Emperors, and concluded the ceremony by anointing him with consecrated43 oil.
Charlemagne’s wars were chiefly against the pagan and barbarous people, who, under the name of Saxons, inhabited the countries now called Hanover and Holland. He also led expeditions against the Saracens of Spain; but his wars with the Saracens were not carried on, as the romances assert, in France, but on the soil of Spain. He entered Spain by the Eastern Pyrenees, and made an easy conquest of Barcelona and Pampeluna. But Saragossa refused to open her gates to him, and Charles ended by negotiating and accepting a vast sum of gold as the price of his return over the Pyrenees.
On his way back, he marched with his whole army through the gorges44 of the mountains by way of the valleys of Engui, Eno, and Roncesvalles. The chief of this region had waited upon Charlemagne, on his advance, as a faithful vassal45 of the monarchy46; but now, on the return of the Franks, he had called together all the wild mountaineers who acknowledged him as their chief, and they occupied the heights of the mountains under which the army had to pass. The main body of the troops met with no obstruction48, and received no intimation of danger; but the rear-guard, which was considerably49 behind, and encumbered50 with its plunder, was overwhelmed by the mountaineers in the pass of Roncesvalles, and slain to a man. Some of the bravest of the Frankish chiefs perished on this occasion, among whom is mentioned Roland or Orlando, governor of the marches or frontier of Brittany. His name became famous in after times, and the disaster of Roncesvalles and death of Roland became eventually the most celebrated episode in the vast cycle of romance.
Though after this there were hostile encounters between the armies of Charlemagne and the Saracens, they were of small account, and generally on the soil of Spain. Thus the historical foundation for the stories of the romancers is but scanty51, unless we suppose the events of an earlier and of a later age to be incorporated with those of Charlemagne’s own time.
There is, however, a pretended history, which for a long time was admitted as authentic52, and attributed to Turpin, Archbishop of Rheims, a real personage of the time of Charlemagne. Its title is “History of Charles the Great and Orlando.” It is now unhesitatingly considered as a collection of popular traditions, produced by some credulous54 and unscrupulous monk55, who thought to give dignity to his romance by ascribing its authorship to a well-known and eminent56 individual. It introduces its pretended author, Bishop53 Turpin, in this manner:
“Turpin, Archbishop of Rheims, the friend and secretary of Charles the Great, excellently skilled in sacred and profane57 literature, of a genius equally adapted to prose and verse, the advocate of the poor, beloved of God in his life and conversation, who often fought the Saracens, hand to hand, by the Emperor’s side, he relates the acts of Charles the Great in one book, and flourished under Charles and his son Louis, to the year of our Lord eight hundred and thirty.”
The titles of some of Archbishop Turpin’s chapters will show the nature of his history. They are these: “Of the Walls of Pampeluna, that fell of themselves.” “Of the War of the holy Facundus, where the Spears grew.” (Certain of the Christians fixed58 their spears in the evening, erect59 in the ground, before the castle; and found them, in the morning, covered with bark and branches.) “How the Sun stood still for Three Days, and of the Slaughter of Four Thousand Saracens.”
Turpin’s history has perhaps been the source of the marvellous adventures which succeeding poets and romancers have accumulated around the names of Charlemagne and his Paladins, or Peers. But Ariosto and the other Italian poets have drawn60 from different sources, and doubtless often from their own invention, numberless other stories which they attribute to the same heroes, not hesitating to quote as their authority “the good Turpin,” though his history contains no trace of them; and the more outrageous61 the improbability, or rather the impossibility, of their narrations62, the more attentive63 are they to cite “the Archbishop,” generally adding their testimonial to his unquestionable veracity64.
The principal Italian poets who have sung the adventures of the peers of Charlemagne are Pulci, Boiardo, and Ariosto. The characters of Orlando, Rinaldo, Astolpho, Gano, and others, are the same in all, though the adventures attributed to them are different. Boiardo tells us of the loves of Orlando, Ariosto of his disappointment and consequent madness, Pulci of his death.
Ogier, the Dane, is a real personage. History agrees with romance in representing him as a powerful lord who, originally from Denmark and a Pagan, embraced Christianity, and took service under Charlemagne. He revolted from the Emperor, and was driven into exile. He afterwards led one of those bands of piratical Northmen which ravaged65 France under the reigns66 of Charlemagne’s degenerate68 successors. The description which an ancient chronicler gives of Charlemagne, as described by Ogier, is so picturesque69, that we are tempted70 to transcribe71 it. Charlemagne was advancing to the siege of Pavia. Didier, King of the Lombards, was in the city with Ogier, to whom he had given refuge. When they learned that the king was approaching they mounted a high tower, whence they could see far and wide over the country. “They first saw advancing the engines of war, fit for the armies of Darius or Julius C?sar. ‘There is Charlemagne,’ said Didier. ‘No,’ said Ogier. The Lombard next saw a vast body of soldiers, who filled all the plain. ‘Certainly Charles advanced with that host,’ said the king. ‘Not yet,’ replied Ogier. ‘What hope for us,’ resumed the king, ‘if he brings with him a greater host than that?’ At last Charles appeared, his head covered with an iron helmet, his hands with iron gloves, his breast and shoulders with a cuirass of iron, his left hand holding an iron lance, while his right hand grasped his sword. Those who went before the monarch47, those who marched at his side, and those who followed him, all had similar arms. Iron covered the fields and the roads; iron points reflected the rays of the sun. This iron, so hard, was borne by a people whose hearts were harder still. The blaze of the weapons flashed terror into the streets of the city.”
This picture of Charlemagne in his military aspect would be incomplete without a corresponding one of his “mood of peace.” One of the greatest of modern historians, M. Guizot, has compared the glory of Charlemagne to a brilliant meteor, rising suddenly out of the darkness of barbarism to disappear no less suddenly in the darkness of feudalism. But the light of this meteor was not extinguished, and reviving civilization owed much that was permanently72 beneficial to the great Emperor of the Franks. His ruling hand is seen in the legislation of his time, as well as in the administration of the laws. He encouraged learning; he upheld the clergy73, who were the only peaceful and intellectual class, against the encroaching and turbulent barons; he was an affectionate father, and watched carefully over the education of his children, both sons and daughters. Of his encouragement of learning we will give some particulars.
He caused learned men to be brought from Italy and from other foreign countries to revive the public schools of France, which had been prostrated by the disorders74 of preceding times. He recompensed these learned men liberally, and kept some of them near himself, honoring them with his friendship. Of these the most celebrated is Alcuin, an Englishman, whose writings still remain, and prove him to have been both a learned and a wise man. With the assistance of Alcuin, and others like him, he founded an academy or royal school, which should have the direction of the studies of all the schools of the kingdom. Charlemagne himself was a member of this academy on equal terms with the rest. He attended its meetings, and fulfilled all the duties of an academician. Each member took the name of some famous man of antiquity75. Alcuin called himself Horace, another took the name of Augustin, a third of Pindar. Charlemagne, who knew the Psalms76 by heart, and who had an ambition to be, according to his conception, a king after God’s own heart, received from his brother academicians the name of David.
Of the respect entertained for him by foreign nations an interesting proof is afforded in the embassy sent to him by the Caliph of the Arabians, the celebrated Haroun al Raschid, a prince in character and conduct not unlike to Charlemagne. The ambassadors brought with them, besides other rich presents, a clock, the first that was seen in Europe, which excited universal admiration. It had the form of a twelve-sided edifice77 with twelve doors. These doors formed niches78, in each of which was a little statue representing one of the hours. At the striking of the hour the doors, one for each stroke, was seen to open, and from the doors to issue as many of the little statues, which, following one another, marched gravely round the tower. The motion of the clock was caused by water, and the striking was effected by balls of brass79 equal to the number of the hours, which fell upon a cymbal80 of the same metal, the number falling being determined81 by the discharge of the water, which, as it sunk in the vessel82, allowed their escape.
Charlemagne was succeeded by his son Louis, a well-intentioned but feeble prince, in whose reign67 the fabric83 reared by Charles began rapidly to crumble84. Louis was followed successively by two Charleses, incapable85 princes, whose weak and often tyrannical conduct is no doubt the source of incidents of that character ascribed in the romances to Charlemagne.
The lawless and disobedient deportment of Charles’s paladins, instances of which are so frequent in the romantic legends, was also a trait of the declining empire, but not of that of Charlemagne.
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1
fables
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| n.寓言( fable的名词复数 )；神话，传说 | |
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momentous
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| adj.重要的，重大的 | |
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perusal
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| n.细读，熟读；目测 | |
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fabulous
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| adj.极好的；极为巨大的；寓言中的，传说中的 | |
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saviour
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| n.拯救者，救星 | |
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disciples
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| n.信徒( disciple的名词复数 )；门徒；耶稣的信徒；（尤指）耶稣十二门徒之一 | |
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diffuse
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| v.扩散；传播；adj.冗长的；四散的，弥漫的 | |
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zeal
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| n.热心，热情，热忱 | |
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followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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northward
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| adv.向北；n.北方的地区 | |
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minor
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| adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修 | |
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westward
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| n.西方，西部；adj.西方的，向西的；adv.向西 | |
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Mediterranean
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| adj.地中海的；地中海沿岸的 | |
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hegira
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| n.逃亡 | |
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banishment
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| n.放逐，驱逐 | |
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professed
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| 公开声称的，伪称的，已立誓信教的 | |
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retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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conqueror
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| n.征服者，胜利者 | |
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invaders
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| 入侵者，侵略者，侵入物( invader的名词复数 ) | |
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plunder
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| vt.劫掠财物，掠夺；n.劫掠物，赃物；劫掠 | |
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dominion
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| n.统治，管辖，支配权；领土，版图 | |
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advantageous
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| adj.有利的；有帮助的 | |
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warriors
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| 武士，勇士，战士( warrior的名词复数 ) | |
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warrior
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| n.勇士，武士，斗士 | |
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dominions
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| 统治权( dominion的名词复数 )； 领土； 疆土； 版图 | |
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remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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conquerors
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| 征服者，占领者( conqueror的名词复数 ) | |
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expended
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| v.花费( expend的过去式和过去分词 )；使用（钱等）做某事；用光；耗尽 | |
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sweeping
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| adj.范围广大的，一扫无遗的 | |
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slaughter
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| n.屠杀，屠宰；vt.屠杀，宰杀 | |
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Christians
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| n.基督教徒( Christian的名词复数 ) | |
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repulsed
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| v.击退( repulse的过去式和过去分词 )；驳斥；拒绝 | |
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unwilling
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| adj.不情愿的 | |
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celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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civilizer
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| vt.使文明；使开化；教化；启发vi.变得文明 | |
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admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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passionate
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，激昂的，易动情的，易怒的，性情暴躁的 | |
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treacherous
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| adj.不可靠的，有暗藏的危险的；adj.背叛的，背信弃义的 | |
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barons
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| 男爵( baron的名词复数 )； 巨头； 大王； 大亨 | |
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prostrated
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| v.使俯伏，使拜倒( prostrate的过去式和过去分词 )；（指疾病、天气等）使某人无能为力 | |
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reverence
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| n.敬畏，尊敬，尊严；Reverence:对某些基督教神职人员的尊称；v.尊敬，敬畏，崇敬 | |
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consecrated
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| adj.神圣的，被视为神圣的v.把…奉为神圣，给…祝圣( consecrate的过去式和过去分词 )；奉献 | |
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44
gorges
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| n.山峡，峡谷( gorge的名词复数 )；咽喉v.（用食物把自己）塞饱，填饱( gorge的第三人称单数 )；作呕 | |
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45
vassal
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| n.附庸的；属下；adj.奴仆的 | |
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46
monarchy
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| n.君主，最高统治者；君主政体，君主国 | |
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monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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obstruction
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| n.阻塞，堵塞；障碍物 | |
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49
considerably
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| adv.极大地；相当大地；在很大程度上 | |
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encumbered
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| v.妨碍，阻碍，拖累( encumber的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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scanty
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| adj.缺乏的，仅有的，节省的，狭小的，不够的 | |
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authentic
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| a.真的，真正的；可靠的，可信的，有根据的 | |
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bishop
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| n.主教，（国际象棋）象 | |
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54
credulous
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| adj.轻信的，易信的 | |
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monk
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| n.和尚，僧侣，修道士 | |
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eminent
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| adj.显赫的，杰出的，有名的，优良的 | |
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profane
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| adj.亵神的，亵渎的；vt.亵渎，玷污 | |
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fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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erect
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| n./v.树立，建立，使竖立；adj.直立的，垂直的 | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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outrageous
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| adj.无理的，令人不能容忍的 | |
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narrations
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| 叙述事情的经过，故事( narration的名词复数 ) | |
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attentive
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| adj.注意的，专心的；关心(别人)的，殷勤的 | |
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64
veracity
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| n.诚实 | |
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65
ravaged
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| 毁坏( ravage的过去式和过去分词 )； 蹂躏； 劫掠； 抢劫 | |
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66
reigns
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| n.君主的统治( reign的名词复数 )；君主统治时期；任期；当政期 | |
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67
reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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68
degenerate
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| v.退步，堕落；adj.退步的，堕落的；n.堕落者 | |
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69
picturesque
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| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
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70
tempted
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| v.怂恿（某人）干不正当的事；冒…的险（tempt的过去分词） | |
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71
transcribe
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| v.抄写，誉写；改编(乐曲)；复制，转录 | |
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72
permanently
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| adv.永恒地，永久地，固定不变地 | |
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73
clergy
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| n.[总称]牧师，神职人员 | |
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74
disorders
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| n.混乱( disorder的名词复数 )；凌乱；骚乱；（身心、机能）失调 | |
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75
antiquity
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| n.古老；高龄；古物，古迹 | |
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76
psalms
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| n.赞美诗( psalm的名词复数 )；圣诗；圣歌；(中的) | |
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77
edifice
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| n.宏伟的建筑物(如宫殿，教室) | |
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78
niches
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| 壁龛( niche的名词复数 )； 合适的位置[工作等]； （产品的）商机； 生态位（一个生物所占据的生境的最小单位） | |
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79
brass
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| n.黄铜；黄铜器，铜管乐器 | |
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80
cymbal
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| n.铙钹 | |
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81
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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82
vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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83
fabric
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| n.织物，织品，布；构造，结构，组织 | |
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84
crumble
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| vi.碎裂，崩溃；vt.弄碎，摧毁 | |
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incapable
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| adj.无能力的，不能做某事的 | |
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