It may strike at any moment unless the greatest precautions are taken, and even then there is no true help possible unless the fairy doctor is at once summoned to pronounce the mystic charm that can alone destroy the evil and fatal influence.
There are several modes in which the Evil Eye can act, some much more deadly than others. If certain persons are met the first thing in the morning, you will be unlucky for the whole of that day in all you do. If the evil-eyed comes in to rest, and looks fixedly4 on anything, on cattle or on a child, there is doom5 in the glance; a fatality6 which cannot be evaded7 except by a powerful counter-charm. But if the evil-eyed mutters a verse over a sleeping child, that child will assuredly die, for the incantation is of the devil, and no charm has power to resist it or turn away the evil. Sometimes the process of bewitching is effected by looking fixedly at the object, through nine fingers; especially is the magic fatal if the victim is seated by the fire in the evening when the moon is full. Therefore, to avoid being suspected of having the Evil Eye, it is necessary at once, when looking at a child, to say “God bless it.” And when passing a farmyard where the cows are collected for milking, to say, “The blessing9 of God be on you and on all your labours.” If this form is omitted, the worst results may be apprehended10, and the people would be filled with terror and alarm, unless a counter-charm were not instantly employed.
The singular malific influence of a glance has been felt by most persons in life; an influence that seems to paralyze intellect and21 speech, simply by the mere11 presence in the room of some one who is mystically antipathetic to our nature. For the soul is like a fine-toned harp12 that vibrates to the slightest external force or movement, and the presence and glance of some persons can radiate around us a divine joy, while others may kill the soul with a sneer13 or a frown. We call these subtle influences mysteries, but the early races believed them to be produced by spirits, good or evil, as they acted on the nerves or the intellect.
Some years ago an old woman was living in Kerry, and it was thought so unlucky to meet her in the morning, that all the girls used to go out after sunset to bring in water for the following day, that so they might avoid her evil glance; for whatever she looked on came to loss and grief.
There was a man, also, equally dreaded on account of the strange, fatal power of his glance; and so many accidents and misfortunes were traced to his presence that finally the neighbours insisted that he should wear a black patch over the Evil Eye, not to be removed unless by request; for learned gentlemen, curious in such things, sometimes came to him to ask for a proof of his power, and he would try it for a wager14 while drinking with his friends.
One day, near an old ruin of a castle, he met a boy weeping in great grief for his pet pigeon, which had got up to the very top of the ruin, and could not be coaxed15 down.
“What will you give me,” asked the man, “if I bring it down for you?”
“I have nothing to give,” said the boy, “but I will pray to God for you. Only get me back my pigeon, and I shall be happy.”
Then the man took off the black patch and looked up steadfastly16 at the bird; when all of a sudden it fell to the ground and lay motionless, as if stunned17; but there was no harm done to it, and the boy took it up and went his way, rejoicing.
A woman in the County Galway had a beautiful child, so handsome, that all the neighbours were very careful to say “God bless it” when they saw him, for they knew the fairies would desire to steal the child, and carry it off to the hills.
But one day it chanced that an old woman, a stranger, came in. “Let me rest,” she said, “for I am weary.” And she sat down and looked at the child, but never said “God bless it.” And when she had rested, she rose up, looked again at the child fixedly, in silence, and then went her way.
All that night the child cried and would not sleep. And all next day it moaned as if in pain. So the mother told the priest, but he would do nothing for fear of the fairies. And just as the poor mother was in despair, she saw a strange woman going by the22 door. “Who knows,” she said to her husband, “but this woman would help us.” So they asked her to come in and rest. And when she looked at the child she said “God bless it,” instantly, and spat18 three times at it, and then sat down.
“Now, what will you give me,” she said, “if I tell you what ails19 the child?”
“I will cross your hand with silver,” said the mother, “as much as you want, only speak,” and she laid the money on the woman’s hand. “Now tell me the truth, for the sake and in the name of Mary, and the good Angels.”
“Well,” said the stranger, “the fairies have had your child these two days in the hills, and this is a changeling they have left in its place. But so many blessings20 were said on your child that the fairies can do it no harm. For there was only one blessing wanting, and only one person gave the Evil Eye. Now, you must watch for this woman, carry her into the house and secretly cut off a piece of her cloak. Then burn the piece close to the child, till the smoke as it rises makes him sneeze; and when this happens the spell is broken, and your own child will come back to you safe and sound, in place of the changeling.”
Then the stranger rose up and went her way.
All that evening the mother watched for the old woman, and at last she spied her on the road.
“Come in,” she cried, “come in, good woman, and rest, for the cakes are hot on the griddle, and supper is ready.”
So the woman came in, but never said “God bless you kindly,” to man or mortal, only scowled21 at the child, who cried worse than ever.
Now the mother had told her eldest22 girl to cut off a piece of the old woman’s cloak, secretly, when she sat down to eat. And the girl did as she was desired, and handed the piece to her mother, unknown to any one. But, to their surprise, this was no sooner done than the woman rose up and went out without uttering a word; and they saw her no more.
Then the father carried the child outside, and burned the piece of cloth before the door, and held the boy over the smoke till he sneezed three times violently: after which he gave the child back to the mother, who laid him in his bed, where he slept peacefully, with a smile on his face, and cried no more with the cry of pain. And when he woke up the mother knew that she had got her own darling child back from the fairies, and no evil thing happened to him any more.
The influence of the mysterious and malign23 power of the Evil Eye has at all times been as much dreaded in Ireland as it is in Egypt, Greece, or Italy at the present day. Everything young,23 beautiful, or perfect after its kind, and which naturally attracts attention and admiration24, is peculiarly liable to the fatal blight25 that follows the glance of the Evil Eye. It is therefore an invariable habit amongst the peasantry never to praise anything without instantly adding, “God bless it;” for were this formula omitted, the worst consequences would befall the object praised.
The superstition26 must be of great antiquity27 in Ireland, for Balor, the Fomorian giant and hero, is spoken of in an ancient manuscript as able to petrify28 his enemies by a glance; and how he became possessed29 of the power is thus narrated30:—
One day as the Druids were busy at their incantations, while boiling a magical spell or charm, young Balor passed by, and curious to see their work, looked in at an open window. At that moment the Druids happened to raise the lid of the caldron, and the vapour, escaping, passed under one of Balor’s eyes, carrying with it all the venom31 of the incantation. This caused his brow to grow to such a size that it required four men to raise it whenever he wanted to exert the power of his venomed32 glance over his enemies. He was slain33 at last in single combat, according to the ancient legend, at the great battle of Magh-Tura2 (the plain of the towers), fought between the Firbolgs and the Tuatha-de-Dananns for the possession of Ireland several centuries before the Christian34 era; for before Balor’s brow could be lifted so that he could transfix his enemy and strike him dead with the terrible power of his glance, his adversary35 flung a stone with such violence that it went right through the Evil Eye, and pierced the skull36, and the mighty37 magician fell to rise no more.
An interesting account of this battle, with a remarkable38 confirmation39 of the legends respecting it still current in the district, is given by Sir William Wilde, in his work, “Lough Corrib; its Shores and Islands.” In the ancient manuscript, it is recorded that a young hero having been slain while bravely defending his king, the Firbolg army erected40 a mound41 over him, each man carrying a stone, and the monument was henceforth known as the Carn-in-en-Fhir (the cairn of the one man). Having examined the locality with a transcript43 of this manuscript in his hand, Sir William fixed3 on the particular mound, amongst the many stone tumuli scattered44 over the plain, which seemed to agree best with the description, and had it opened carefully under his own superintendence.
A large flag-stone was first discovered, laid horizontally; then another beneath it, covering a small square chamber45 formed of stones, within which was a single urn8 of baked clay, graceful46 and delicate in form and ornamentation, containing incinerated human bones, the remains47, there can be no reason to doubt, of the Firbolg24 youth who was honoured for his loyalty48 by the erection over him of the Carn-in-en-Fhir on the historic plains of Mayo.
After Balor, the only other ancient instance of the fatal effects of the malific Eye is narrated of St. Silan, who had a poisonous hair in his eyebrow49 that killed whoever looked first on him in the morning. All persons, therefore, who from long sickness, or sorrow, or the weariness that comes with years, were tired of life, used to try and come in the saint’s way, that so their sufferings might be ended by a quick and easy death. But another saint, the holy Molaise, hearing that St. Silan was coming to visit his church, resolved that no more deaths should happen by means of the poisoned hair. So he arose early in the morning, before any one was up, and went forth42 alone to meet St. Silan, and when he saw him coming along the path, he went boldly up and plucked out the fatal hair from his eyebrow, but in doing so he himself was struck by the venom, and immediately after fell down dead.
The power of the Evil Eye was recognized by the Brehon laws, and severe measures were ordained50 against the users of the malign influence. “If a person is in the habit of injuring things through neglect, or of will, whether he has blessed, or whether he has not blessed, full penalty be upon him, or restitution51 in kind.” So ran the ancient law.
The gift comes by nature and is born with one, though it may not be called into exercise unless circumstances arise to excite the power. Then it seems to act like a spirit of bitter and malicious52 envy that radiates a poisonous atmosphere which chills and blights53 everything within its reach. Without being superstitious54 every one has felt that there is such a power and succumbed55 to its influence in a helpless, passive way, as if all self-trust and self-reliant energy were utterly56 paralyzed by its influence.
Suspected persons are held in great dread2 by the peasantry, and they recognize them at once by certain signs. Men and women with dark lowering eyebrows57 are especially feared, and the handsome children are kept out of their path lest they might be overlooked by them.
Red hair is supposed to have a most malign influence, and it has even passed into a proverb: “Let not the eye of a red-haired woman rest on you.”
Many persons are quite unconscious that their glance or frown has this evil power until some calamity58 results, and then they strive not to look at any one full in the face, but to avert59 their eyes when speaking, lest misfortune might fall upon the person addressed.3
The saving invocation, “God bless it!” is universally used when25 praise is bestowed60, to prevent danger, and should a child fall sick some one is immediately suspected of having omitted the usual phrase out of malice62 and ill-will. Nothing is more dreaded by the peasantry than the full, fixed, direct glance of one suspected of the Evil Eye, and should it fall upon them, or on any of their household, a terrible fear and trembling of heart takes possession of them, which often ends in sickness or sometimes even in death.
Some years ago a woman living in Kerry declared that she was “overlooked” by the Evil Eye. She had no pleasure in her life and no comfort, and she wasted away because of the fear that was on her, caused by the following singular circumstance:—
Every time that she happened to leave home alone, and that no one was within call, she was met by a woman totally unknown to her, who, fixing her eyes on her in silence, with a terrible expression, cast her to the ground and proceeded to beat and pinch her till she was nearly senseless; after which her tormentor63 disappeared.
Having experienced this treatment several times, the poor woman finally abstained64 altogether from leaving the house, unless protected by a servant or companion; and this precaution she observed for several years, during which time she never was molested65. So at last she began to believe that the spell was broken, and that her strange enemy had departed for ever.
In consequence she grew less careful about the usual precaution, and one day stepped down alone to a little stream that ran by the house to wash some clothes.
Stooping down over her work, she never thought of any danger, and began to sing as she used to do in the light-hearted days before the spell was on her, when suddenly a dark shadow fell across the water, and looking up, she beheld66 to her horror the strange woman on the opposite side of the little stream, with her terrible eyes intently fixed on her, as hard and still as if she were of stone.
Springing up with a scream of terror, she flung down her work, and ran towards the house; but soon she heard footsteps behind her, and in an instant she was seized, thrown down to the ground, and her tormentor began to beat her even worse than before, till she lost all consciousness; and in this state she was found by her husband, lying on her face and speechless. She was at once carried to the house, and all the care that affection and rural skill could bestow61 were lavished67 on her, but in vain. She, however, regained68 sufficient consciousness to tell them of the terrible encounter she had gone through, but died before the night had passed away.
26
It was believed that the power of fascination69 by the glance, which is not necessarily an evil power like the Evil Eye, was possessed in a remarkable degree by learned and wise people, especially poets, so that they could make themselves loved and followed by any girl they liked, simply by the influence of the glance. About the year 1790, a young man resided in the County Limerick, who had this power in a singular and unusual degree. He was a clever, witty70 rhymer in the Irish language; and, probably, had the deep poet eyes that characterize warm and passionate71 poet-natures—eyes that even without necromancy72 have been known to exercise a powerful magnetic influence over female minds.
One day, while travelling far from home, he came upon a bright, pleasant-looking farmhouse73, and feeling weary, he stopped and requested a drink of milk and leave to rest. The farmer’s daughter, a young, handsome girl, not liking74 to admit a stranger, as all the maids were churning, and she was alone in the house, refused him admittance.
The young poet fixed his eyes earnestly on her face for some time in silence, then slowly turning round left the house, and walked towards a small grove75 of trees just opposite. There he stood for a few moments resting against a tree, and facing the house as if to take one last vengeful or admiring glance, then went his way without once turning round.
The young girl had been watching him from the windows, and the moment he moved she passed out of the door like one in a dream, and followed him slowly, step by step, down the avenue. The maids grew alarmed, and called to her father, who ran out and shouted loudly for her to stop, but she never turned or seemed to heed76. The young man, however, looked round, and seeing the whole family in pursuit, quickened his pace, first glancing fixedly at the girl for a moment. Immediately she sprang towards him, and they were both almost out of sight, when one of the maids espied77 a piece of paper tied to a branch of the tree where the poet had rested. From curiosity she took it down, and the moment the knot was untied78, the farmer’s daughter suddenly stopped, became quite still, and when her father came up she allowed him to lead her back to the house without resistance.
When questioned, she said that she felt herself drawn79 by an invisible force to follow the young stranger wherever he might lead, and that she would have followed him through the world, for her life seemed to be bound up in his; she had no will to resist, and was conscious of nothing else but his presence. Suddenly, however, the spell was broken, and then she heard her father’s voice, and knew how strangely she had acted. At the same time the power of the young man over her vanished, and the impulse to follow him was no longer in her heart.
27
The paper, on being opened, was found to contain five mysterious words written in blood, and in this order—
Sator.
Arepo.
Tenet.
Opera.
Rotas.
These letters are so arranged that read in any way, right to left, left to right, up or down, the same words are produced; and when written in blood with a pen made of an eagle’s feather, they form a charm which no woman (it is said) can resist; but the incredulous reader can easily test the truth of this assertion for himself.
These popular stories are provokingly incomplete, and one cannot help regretting that the romance of “The Poet and the Farmer’s Daughter” was not brought to a happy termination; but the Irish tales are in general rather incoherent, more like remembered fragments of ancient stories than a complete, well-organized dramatic composition, with lights well placed, and a striking catastrophe80. The opening is usually attractive, with the exciting formula, “Once upon a time,” from which one always expects so much; and there is sure to be an old woman, weird81 and witch-like, capable of the most demoniacal actions, and a mysterious man who promises to be the unredeemed evil spirit of the tale; but in the end they both turn out childishly harmless, and their evil actions seldom go beyond stealing their neighbours’ butter, or abducting82 a pretty girl, which sins mere mortals would be quite equal to, even without the aid of “the gods of the earth” and their renowned83 leader, Finvarra, the King of the Fairies. The following tale, however, of a case of abduction by fairy power, is well constructed. The hero of the narrative84 has our sympathy and interest, and it ends happily, which is considered a great merit by the Irish, as they dislike a tale to which they cannot append, as an epilogue, the hearty85 and outspoken86 “Thank God.”
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1
dreaded
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| adj.令人畏惧的；害怕的v.害怕，恐惧，担心( dread的过去式和过去分词) | |
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dread
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| vt.担忧，忧虑；惧怕，不敢；n.担忧，畏惧 | |
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3
fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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fixedly
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| adv.固定地；不屈地，坚定不移地 | |
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5
doom
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| n.厄运，劫数；v.注定，命定 | |
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fatality
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| n.不幸，灾祸，天命 | |
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7
evaded
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| 逃避( evade的过去式和过去分词 )； 避开； 回避； 想不出 | |
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urn
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| n.（有座脚的）瓮；坟墓；骨灰瓮 | |
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blessing
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| n.祈神赐福；祷告；祝福，祝愿 | |
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apprehended
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| 逮捕，拘押( apprehend的过去式和过去分词 )； 理解 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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harp
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| n.竖琴；天琴座 | |
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sneer
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| v.轻蔑；嘲笑；n.嘲笑，讥讽的言语 | |
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wager
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| n.赌注；vt.押注，打赌 | |
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coaxed
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| v.哄，用好话劝说( coax的过去式和过去分词 )；巧言骗取；哄劝，劝诱 | |
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steadfastly
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| adv.踏实地，不变地；岿然；坚定不渝 | |
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stunned
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| adj. 震惊的，惊讶的 动词stun的过去式和过去分词 | |
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spat
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| n.口角，掌击；v.发出呼噜呼噜声 | |
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ails
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| v.生病( ail的第三人称单数 )；感到不舒服；处境困难；境况不佳 | |
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blessings
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| n.（上帝的）祝福( blessing的名词复数 )；好事；福分；因祸得福 | |
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scowled
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| 怒视，生气地皱眉( scowl的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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eldest
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| adj.最年长的，最年老的 | |
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malign
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| adj.有害的；恶性的；恶意的；v.诽谤，诬蔑 | |
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admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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blight
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| n.枯萎病；造成破坏的因素；vt.破坏，摧残 | |
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superstition
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| n.迷信，迷信行为 | |
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antiquity
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| n.古老；高龄；古物，古迹 | |
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petrify
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| vt.使发呆；使…变成化石 | |
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possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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narrated
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| v.故事( narrate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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venom
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| n.毒液，恶毒，痛恨 | |
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venomed
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| adj.恶毒的，含有恶意的 | |
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slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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adversary
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| adj.敌手，对手 | |
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skull
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| n.头骨；颅骨 | |
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mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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confirmation
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| n.证实，确认，批准 | |
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40
ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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41
mound
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| n.土墩，堤，小山；v.筑堤，用土堆防卫 | |
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42
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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transcript
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| n.抄本，誊本，副本，肄业证书 | |
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44
scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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chamber
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| n.房间，寝室；会议厅；议院；会所 | |
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graceful
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| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
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47
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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48
loyalty
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| n.忠诚，忠心 | |
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49
eyebrow
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| n.眉毛，眉 | |
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50
ordained
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| v.任命（某人）为牧师( ordain的过去式和过去分词 )；授予（某人）圣职；（上帝、法律等）命令；判定 | |
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51
restitution
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| n.赔偿；恢复原状 | |
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52
malicious
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| adj.有恶意的，心怀恶意的 | |
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53
blights
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| 使凋萎( blight的第三人称单数 )； 使颓丧； 损害； 妨害 | |
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54
superstitious
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| adj.迷信的 | |
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55
succumbed
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| 不再抵抗（诱惑、疾病、攻击等）( succumb的过去式和过去分词 )； 屈从； 被压垮； 死 | |
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56
utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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57
eyebrows
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| 眉毛( eyebrow的名词复数 ) | |
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calamity
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| n.灾害，祸患，不幸事件 | |
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avert
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| v.防止，避免；转移(目光、注意力等) | |
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bestowed
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| 赠给，授予( bestow的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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bestow
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| v.把…赠与，把…授予；花费 | |
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malice
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| n.恶意，怨恨，蓄意；[律]预谋 | |
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tormentor
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| n. 使苦痛之人, 使苦恼之物, 侧幕 =tormenter | |
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abstained
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| v.戒（尤指酒），戒除( abstain的过去式和过去分词 )；弃权（不投票） | |
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molested
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| v.骚扰( molest的过去式和过去分词 )；干扰；调戏；猥亵 | |
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beheld
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| v.看，注视( behold的过去式和过去分词 )；瞧；看呀；（叙述中用于引出某人意外的出现）哎哟 | |
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lavished
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| v.过分给予，滥施( lavish的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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regained
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| 复得( regain的过去式和过去分词 )； 赢回； 重回； 复至某地 | |
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fascination
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| n.令人着迷的事物，魅力，迷恋 | |
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witty
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| adj.机智的，风趣的 | |
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passionate
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，激昂的，易动情的，易怒的，性情暴躁的 | |
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necromancy
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| n.巫术；通灵术 | |
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farmhouse
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| n.农场住宅（尤指主要住房） | |
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liking
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| n.爱好；嗜好；喜欢 | |
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grove
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| n.林子，小树林，园林 | |
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heed
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| v.注意，留意；n.注意，留心 | |
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espied
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| v.看到( espy的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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untied
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| 松开，解开( untie的过去式和过去分词 )； 解除，使自由； 解决 | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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catastrophe
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| n.大灾难，大祸 | |
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weird
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| adj.古怪的，离奇的；怪诞的，神秘而可怕的 | |
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abducting
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| 劫持，诱拐( abduct的现在分词 )； 使（肢体等）外展 | |
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renowned
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| adj.著名的，有名望的，声誉鹊起的 | |
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narrative
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| n.叙述，故事；adj.叙事的，故事体的 | |
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hearty
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| adj.热情友好的；衷心的；尽情的，纵情的 | |
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outspoken
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| adj.直言无讳的，坦率的，坦白无隐的 | |
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